Combined Effect of Hypertension and Alcohol Consumption on the Risk of Death (27­Year Cohort Prospective Study).

Aim      To study the effect of arterial hypertension (AH) in combination with frequent alcohol consumption on the formation of risk for cardiovascular death and all-cause death according to results of a 27-year prospective cohort study.Material and methods  This 27­year prospective cohort study of an unorganized population of the Tomsk city (1546 people aged 20-59 years, including 630 men and 916 women) investigated AH prevalence and alcohol consumption (1988-1991) and analyzed the predictive significance of the effect of AH in combination with frequent alcohol consumption on the formation of risk for all-cause and cardiovascular death. AH was diagnosed at blood pressure ≥140 / 90 mm Hg. Frequent alcohol users were defined as those who consumed alcohol more than once a week.Results The combination of AH and frequent alcohol consumption increased the risk of all-cause death 4.1 times compared to that for persons without these risk factors (p<0.001). This was true for all age groups of the total cohort (higher relative risk, RR, was observed for persons aged 20-39 years) and for men (except for the group aged 40-59 years). RR of cardiovascular death was 5.3 (p<0.001) for frequent alcohol users with AH. It was established that frequent alcohol consumption additionally increased RR of all-cause death for persons with AH (RR 1.89; p<0.05) primarily at the expense of persons aged 20-39 years. Prediction of 27­year survival for frequent alcohol users with AH was 35.3 %.Conclusion      A combination of AH with frequent alcohol consumption considerably increases the risk of all-cause and cardiovascular death. Frequent alcohol consumption significantly impairs the prediction of 27-year survival for persons with AH by additionally (1.9 times) increasing the risk of all-cause death. Binary AH combinations with frequent alcohol consumption exert a more pronounced adverse effect on young men and women.

Cholesterol oxidation on fluorocarbon emulsion surface leads to the formation of 7-peroxycholesterol.

Formation of biologically active oxidized derivatives of cholesterol as a result of its oxidation on the surface of fluorocarbon emulsions was studied. A single product of cholesterol oxidation, 7-peroxycholesterol, was found. It was shown that 7-peroxycholesterol and its derivative 7-keto-cholesterol inhibit the rosette formation between human T-lymphocytes and sheep erythrocytes. These substances exert a strong cytostatic action on the growth of procaryotic and eucaryotic cell cultures. Thus, oxidative modification of blood plasma components on the surface of fluorocarbon emulsion particles with the formation of highly active compounds must be taken into account when using the fluorocarbon emulsions in medicine.

The phenobarbital-type induction of rat liver microsomal monooxygenases by perfluorodecalin.

Induction of perfluorodecalin (PFD) of the liver microsomal system of metabolism of xenobiotics has been studied and compared with the inductions by phenobarbital (PB) and 3-methylcholanthrene (MC). It has been shown that PFD increases the content of cytochrome P-450, NADPH-cytochrome c reductase activity. Like PB, PFD induces the activities of benzphetamine-N-demethylase, aldrine-epoxidase, 16 beta-androstendion-hydroxylase. Using specific antibodies against cytochromes P-450b and P-450c (which are the main isoenzymes of cytochrome P-450 in the PB- and MC-microsomes respectively), an immunological identity of the cytochrome P-450 isoforms during PFD and PB induction has been found. According to the rocket immunoelectrophoresis the content of cytochrome P-450 in PFD-microsomes, which is immunologically indistinguishable from P-450b, was approximately 70% of the total cytochrome P-450. Two forms of cytochrome P-450 were isolated from the liver microsomes of PFD-induced rats and purified to homogeneity. A comparison of these forms with cytochromes P-450b and P-450e obtained from the PB-induced rat liver microsomes revealed their similarity in a number of properties, e.g., chromotographic behavior on DEAE-Sephacel column, molecular weight determined by sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) electrophoresis in polyacrylamide gel, immunoreactivity, peptide mapping, catalytic activity. The data presented demonstrate that PFD induced in rat liver microsomes the cytochrome P-450 forms whose immunological properties and substrate specificity correspond to those of the PB-type cytochrome P-450. These findings suggest that PFD and PB, which differ in their chemical structure, induce in the rat liver microsomes identical forms of cytochrome P-450.

[Viscosity of free and protein-bound lipids in membranes]. / Izuchenie viazkosti svobodnykh i sviazannykh s belkom lipidov v membranakh.

Structural transitions induced by temperature in the lipid bilayer of rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes have been detected by means of the hydrophobic fluorescent probe pyren. Using the phenomenon of energy migration from membrane protein tryptophan residues to pyren a correct estimate of lipid viscosity near protein molecules was made by an empirical formula. The structural transitions of free and protein-bound lipids proceeded at the same temperature intervals. It was found that viscosity of protein-bound lipids was higher than that of free lipids, but they became equal at 36--39 degrees C.

[Rate of interaction of ferricytochrome c with negatively charged liposomes from natural lecithin: effect of the physicochemical state of the membrane hydrophobic layer]. / Izuchenie skorosti vzaimodeistviia ferritsitokhroma c s otritsatel'no zariazhennymi liposomami iz prirodnogo letsitina: vliianie fiziko-khimecheskogo sostoianiia gidrofobnogo sloia membrany

The absorption velocity of ferricytochrome c on the surface of liposomes from egg lecithin containing 10% of lauric acid was studied. Liposomes were prepared from lecithin of three fractions which differed by the composition of fatty acids, unsaturation and the lipid interaction decreased at the temperature below T phi pi for lecithin fractions containing larger quantity of saturated fatty acids. An opposite tendency was observed for the temperature above T phi pi. In the phase transition region of lecithin of refractory fraction the local maximum of protein-lipid interaction was observed. Judging by the character of the changes of the values of energy activation, small additions of cholesterol in the membrane loosen the bilayer at the temperature below T phi pi and condense it at above T phi pi. The data obtained are discussed in terms of the effect of the state of molecule hydrophobic part on the velocity of protein-lipid interaction.

[Influence of protein molecule conformation on the character of its interaction with a phospholipid bilayer]. / O vliianii konformatsii molekuly belka na kharakter ego vzaimodeistviia s fosfolipidnym bisloem.

The adsorption of lysozyme on mixed phosphatidyl choline-cardiolipin vesicles was studied at pH 4.0 and 6.0. The binding constants at both pH were determined at 0 and 22 degrees C. The presence of maximum on the adsorption isotherm at pH 6.0 was interpreted as an indication of the formation of two types of the protein-lipid complexes. This interpretation was confirmed by electron-microscopic observations. On the other hand, at pH 4.0 only one type of the protein-lipid complex was formed. The lysozyme conformation in solution and in the protein-lipid complexes was studied by circular dichroism. It was found that at acidic pH the lysozyme molecule contains a higher per cent of alpha-helix segments than at neutral pH. As follows from the measurements of lysozyme distribution in two phase systems the increase in alpha-helicity results in the formation of hydrophobic patches on the surface of the protein molecule. The results of the present work and of the previous studies of the interaction of red- and oxy- form of cytochrome C with phospholipid allow the conclusion that for peripheral proteins the nature of protein-lipid interactions is determined by the protein alpha-helix content and by hydrophobic pattern of the protein molecule surface.

[Influence of phospholipids of different natures on the structure of ferricytochrome c]. / Vliianie fosfolipidov razlichnoi prirody na strukturu ferritsitokhroma c.

Influence of the two types of lipid molecules (neutral and acidic phospholipids) on the structure of ferricytochrome c in lipid-protein complexes was studied with the use of circular dichroism and absorption spectroscopy methods. It was found that interaction of ferricytochrome c with acidic phospholipids (cardiolipin and phosphatidylinositols) brings about some changes in the protein conformation, while interaction with neutral phospholipid (phosphatidylcholine plus 10% lauric acid) does not. Some difference in the mode of interaction of different acidic phospholipids with ferricytochrome c was also observed. As evidenced by visual light absorption spectra, cardiolipin induced the disruption of hem--methionine 80 bond in the protein molecule, while phosphatidylinositols do not cause such an effect.

[Structural lability of biomembranes and their components studied by fluorescent analysis. V. Liposomes]. / Issledovanie strukturnoi labil'nosti biomembran i ikh komponentov metodom fluorestsentnogo analiza. V. Liposomy

The nature of binding of ionic and neutral fluorescent probes in liposome structures of natural lecithin at various pH and ionic strength of the medium. Temperature relationship of fluorescence intensity of both probes presented in Arrhenius coordinates is shown to have bends at 32--42degrees C. A smaller bend in the temperature range of 20--40degrees C is fixed while studying the correlation time of the spin probe, line width of (CH2)n groups in the NMR-spectrum and light scattering at the angle of 90 degrees. Differences between the sensitivity of these procedures to the phase transition in the lipid structure and the method of measuring fluorescence probe intensity is discussed in terms of literature data.

[Dynamics of intramembrane particles during proteolysis of certain membranes]. / Dinamika vnutrimembrannykh chastits pri proteolize nekotorykh membran.

Freeze-fracture electron microscopy has been used to study the ultrastructure of proteolytic enzymes treated of the bovine photoreceptor membranes, the rat liver microsome ghosts and the rabbit sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes. The observed increase in the intramembranous particle number in the inner fracture face suggests transmembrane dipping of amphipathic integral proteins affected by the partial proteolysis.

[Mechanisms of distribution and elimination of perfluorocarbons upon multiple exposures]. / Mekhanizmy raspredeleniia i vyvedeniia perftoruglerodov pri mnogokratnykh vvedeniiakh.

In clinical practice much more often one meets a necessity of repeated administration of fluorocarbon blood substitutes. The 19F(-)-NMR-spectroscopy has been used to study the kinetics of the blood and tissue fluorocarbon concentration after repeated administration of PFC emulsion. Analysis of the data suggests that redistribution of PFCs between organs and blood after their repeated administration is under control of Ostwald ripening depending on PFC physicochemical properties (water and lipid solubility), emulsion particle diameter etc and does not connect with activity of reticuloendothelial system.

[Free radical oxidation of biological membrane lipids. IV. iron salts in peroxidation catalysis of linoleic acid]. / Svobodnoradikal'noe okislenie lipidov biologicheskikh membran. IV. Soli zheleza v katalize pereokisleniia linolevoi kisloty

The validity of Nernst law for oxidative-reductive pair Fe3+:Fe2+ and absence of reproducible potential for pure solution of linoleic acid is shown. The value of Eo is calculated. It is found by comparing ORP values and spectrophotometrically measured concentrations of hydroperoxides that: 1) the rate of accumulation of hydroperoxides is determined by the initial concentration bivalent ferrum salt and seems not to depend on the kinetics of further change of ORP in the system; 2) during oxidation of linoleic acid the stationary concentration of Fe3+:Fe2+=40:1 is established which is independent of the initial concentration of ferrum ions; 3) ORP zone necessary for maximum rate of catalysis of free radical oxidation of linoleic acid in methanol lies in a more positive region than normal ORP of the pair Fe3+:Fe2+.

[Perfluorocarbons do not induce cytochrome P-448 in the rat liver]. / Perftororganicheskie soedineniia ne indutsiruiut obrazovaniia tsitokhroma P-448 v pecheni krys.

Cytochrome P-450 forms appearing in the liver after injection of methylcholanthrene, polychlorinated biphenyls and perfluorochemical emulsion to rats were studied. Activities of marker enzymes, benzpyrenehydroxylase and 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase, as well as the interaction of liver microsomal membranes with antibodies against different cytochrome forms were investigated. It was shown that fluorocarbon emulsion containing perfluorodecalin did not induce cytochrome P-448 in the rat liver.

[A new model describing the isolation of fluorocarbons from an organism: dissolution of fluorocarbons in the lipid components of blood]. / Novaia model', opisyvaiushchaia vyvedenie ftoruglerodov iz organizma: rastvorenie ftoruglerodov v lipidnykh komponentakh krovi.

Perfluorodecalin (PFD), intravenously administrated to rabbits in the form of submicron emulsion, quickly disappears from the blood stream and accumulates in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. The expiration rate of PFD from the body can be significantly enhanced by intravenous administration of sunflower oil emulsion. It is supposed that the limit stage of PFD excretion is a fluorocarbon transport from accumulatory organs to the lungs by lipid carriers (lipoproteins, chylomicrons and cell membranes) in which fluorocarbons are physically dissolved.

[Perfluorocarbon emulsions and other corpuscular systems influence on neutrophil activity]. / Deistvie emul'sii perftororganicheskikh soedinenii i drugikh korpuskuliarnykh sred na aktivnost' neitrofilov.

Influence of perfluorodecalin, perfluoromethilcyclohexylpiperidine, perfluorotributylamine emulsions on active oxygen form (AOF) generation by neutrophils has been studied. All investigated emulsions stabilized both proxanol 268 and egg yolk phospholipids inhibited PMA-stimulated neutrophil activity. Castor oil emulsion also inhibited the neutrophil activity. Neutrophil response for chemotactic peptide, was unchanged in the presence of all tested emulsions. We suppose that fast hydrophobic attachment of inert submicrone emulsion particles to cell surface provokes alteration of neutrophil plasma membrane function resulting in a decrease of AOF generation.

[Formation of a secondary adrenaline-heparin-fibrinogen complex and its properties]. / Obrazovanie vtorichnogo kompleksa adrenalin-geparin-fibrinogen i ego svoistva

An effect of increase in fibrinolytic activity of adrenaline-heparin (ADH) complex was studied under its incubation in a mixture with pure fibrinogen on unstablized plates of fibrin in presence of xi-aminocapronic acid, By means of spectrophotometry in UV-light an increase in lytic activity of the incubated mixture of adrenaline-heparin complex with fibrinogen was shown to be due to formation of a secondary complex, which included adrenaline, heparin and fibrinogen. After intravenous administration of a mixture of ADH complex with fibrinogen, containing products of interaction of adrenaline, heparin and fibrinogen, not only an increase in non-enzymic fibrinolytic activity of plasma occurred, but also an increase in duration of an effect of adrenaline--heparin--fibrinogen complex was observed in vivo as compared with the equivalent dose of the ADH complex