Chloroquine regulates the lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: Macrophage-induced inflammation plays a key role in defense against injury and harmful pathogens. Autophagy and the inflammatory response are associated; however, the relationship between the autophagy pathway and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)- induced inflammatory responses remains unknown. We aimed to determine the effect of autophagy on the LPS-induced myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88)/nuclear transcription factor kB (NF-kB) pathway-mediated inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To determine the effect of autophagy on the LPS-induced inflammatory response, using various in vitro assays, we determined the effect of autophagy inhibitors and inducers on the inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells. RESULTS: Chloroquine (CQ), an autophagy inhibitor, suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. CQ also affected inflammatory mediators such as myeloid differentiation factor 88 and NF-kB in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrated that CQ regulates the LPS-induced inflammatory response in RAW264.7 cells. We propose that targeting the regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and inflammatory mediators using CQ is a promising therapeutic approach for preventing inflammatory injury. CQ serves as a potential therapeutic target for treating various inflammatory diseases.

Effect of Chloroquine on Doxorubicin-induced Apoptosis in A549 Cells.

BACKGROUND/AIM: We investigated the effects of chloroquine, an autophagy inhibitor, on doxorubicin-induced apoptosis in A549 cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A549 cells were treated with doxorubicin, chloroquine, or both. Then, cytotoxicity was measured. The expression levels of caspases and mitogen-activated protein kinases were also quantified. In addition, the levels of doxorubicin-derived reactive oxygen species were measured. RESULTS: Chloroquine enhanced doxorubicin-induced apoptosis and oxidative stress and suppressed the doxorubicin-induced extracellular-signal-regulated kinase activation. CONCLUSION: Chloroquine enhances doxorubicin-induced and oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. This mechanism may involve the dephosphorylation of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases.

Prediction of corneal curvature radius after pterygium surgery using anterior segment optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To investigate the validity of a multiple regression equation to predict postoperative corneal curvature radius (K) in simultaneous cataract and pterygium surgery using preoperative factors, including preoperative K. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective study. METHODS: Seventy eyes of 58 patients who had undergone initial pterygium removal at the Hayashi Eye Hospital between June 2014 and December 2017 were included in this study. In all eyes, the shape of the cornea could be measured using anterior segment optical coherence tomography 2 months after surgery. The independent variables were determined using a multiple regression equation that predicted the average postoperative K on the basis of a single regression analysis of the average postoperative K and each preoperative parameter. A multiple regression equation was then formulated, and leave-one-out cross-validation was used to determine its validity. RESULTS: Five independent variables were selected from a single regression analysis, and the multiple regression equation was formulated as follows. prediction of average K = 0.278 + (0.272 × central anterior K) + (0.276 × upper anterior K) + (0.329 × lower anterior K) + (0.113 × average posterior K) - (0.410 × horizontal pterygium size). These five variables were validated using leave-one-out cross-validation. The difference between the prediction average K and the average postoperative K, as determined using the multiple regression equation, 83% of cases had a difference ≤ 0.50 D. CONCLUSIONS: We confirmed the validity and utility of our multiple regression equation for predicting postoperative K from the K before pterygium surgery.