The effect of early childhood caries on chewing function and tolerated food texture levels in preschool children.

BACKGROUND: The early form of caries can affect solid food consumption. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of oral health status on chewing performance, and tolerated food texture among preschool children suffering from early childhood caries (ECC). METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 109 children aged between 3 and 6 years, who were allocated to three groups (severe-ECC (s-ECC), ECC and control) on the basis of their caries. Chewing function was evaluated by using the 'Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS)' and the Turkish version of the 'Mastication Observation and Evaluation instrument (T-MOE)', and the tolerated food texture was determined by the 'International Dysphagia Diet Standardization Initiative (IDDSI)'. Carious lesions, oral hygiene and gingival health status were evaluated by using the 'decayed, missing, filled tooth/surface indices (dmft/s)', 'plaque and gingival indices'; respectively. RESULTS: A total of 56 children (51.4%) had s-ECC, 39 (35.8%) had ECC and 14 (12.8%) had no caries (control group). KCPS showed that 26 (86.7%) children suffering from s-ECC were at level 1, and 11 (100%) children were at level 2. Seven (100%) children with s-ECC had IDDSI level-5. All children with healthy oral status had IDSSI level-7. Compared to the ECC and control groups, the s-ECC group had significantly lower scores from the T-MOE total and subscale scores (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The evaluation of chewing performance during routine dental examinations of children with ECC (especially s-ECC) may considerably contribute to the early diagnosis of chewing problems and the provision of necessary oral rehabilitation.

Incidence and Bayesian Mapping of Myeloid Hematologic Malignancies in Sardinia, Italy.

BACKGROUND: The epidemiology of myeloid hematologic malignancies in Italy has been poorly investigated. METHODS: We used a validated database of 1974-2003 incident cases of hematologic malignancies among the resident population (all ages) of Sardinia, Italy, to describe the incidence of myeloid malignancies overall (N = 4389 cases) and by subtype. We investigated the time trend of acute myeloid leukemia (N = 1227 cases), chronic myeloid leukemia (N = 613 cases), and myelodysplastic syndrome (N = 1296 cases), and used Bayesian methods to explore their geographic spread, and Poisson regression analysis to estimate their association with environmental and socio-economic factors. RESULTS: The annual standardized (world population) incidence rate (IR) of myeloid malignancies over the study period was 6.5 per 100,000 (95% CI 6.2-6.7). Myelodysplastic syndromes were the most prevalent subgroup (IR = 1.7, 95% CI 1.5-1.8). Incidence of all myeloid malignancies combined increased sharply during the study period with an annual percent change (APC) of 10.06% (95% CI 9.51-10.61), 19.77% for myelodysplastic syndromes (95% CI 19.63-19.91), and 3.18% (95% CI 2.99-3.37) for acute myeloid leukemia. Chronic myeloid leukemia did not show an upward trend. Apart from sporadic excesses in small rural communities and the major urban area, there was no evidence of spatial clustering. The risk of myeloid malignancies increased with increasing prevalence of sheep breeding. CONCLUSIONS: Our results might prompt further research on the local genetic and environmental determinants of myeloid hematologic malignancies.

Evaluation of periodontal status and cytokine response in children with familial Mediterranean fever or systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Familial Mediterranean fever (FMF) and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis (sJIA) are chronic inflammatory diseases and anti-inflammatory agents are used in their treatment. This study evaluates the periodontal status and cytokine response in pediatric patients with FMF or sJIA. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty-eight FMF/sJIA patients were under treatment/control and in attack-free period; 20 systemically healthy children participated in the study. FMF/sJIA patients were divided into two subgroups based on the treatment they received: receiving anti-IL-1 therapy (anti-IL-1 ( +)) and not receiving anti-IL-1 therapy (anti-IL-1 ( -)). The clinical periodontal indices were recorded. Gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum samples were collected. Cytokine levels (IL-1ß, IL-1α, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-33) in GCF and serum were measured using ELISA kits. RESULTS: There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of GCF IL-1ß and IL-1α levels although, BoP and GI were significantly lower in the anti-IL-1 ( +) group compared to the control group. GCF IL-10 level was higher in the anti-IL-1 ( -) group than in the control group; GCF IL-8 levels were lower in both FMF/sJIA subgroups versus controls. There was no significant difference between serum cytokine levels of FMF/sJIA subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the significant decrease in GI, BoP, and GCF IL-8 levels in the anti-IL-1 ( +) group, it can be concluded that anti-IL-1 medications may suppress periodontal inflammation clinically and immunologically. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Anti-IL agents are not currently used in periodontal therapy. However, this study demonstrated the positive effect of anti-IL-1 medications on periodontal inflammation in pediatric patients with FMF or sJIA.

Cross-cultural adaptation of Turkish version of Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ).

INTRODUCTION: Parental-Caregiver Perceptions Questionnaire (P-CPQ) is one of the scales used for evaluating the quality of life of children. Dental caries is an important factor affecting oral health-related quality of life. It was aimed to translate into Turkish and evaluate the psychometric properties of the P-CPQ with the evaluation of dental caries status of 6- to 14-year-old children. METHODS: Children-parent pairs attending to paediatric dental clinic were involved. After the translation and adaptation of the scale, the data were collected from the parents with the Turkish version of the P-CPQ and a short questionnaire, and then, the intra-oral examination of the children was performed by a paediatric dentist. Statistical analysis was performed by using SPSS version 22.0 and SPSS AMOS 22. The significance level was 0.05. Confirmatory factor analysis for construct validity; and item analysis, item discrimination index and the Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient for reliability measurement were calculated. Discriminant validity was tested by comparing the median P-CPQ scores between children with caries experience and those without. RESULTS: Totally, 312 children-parent pair (52.9% female) participants were involved. The mean age of participated children was 9.00 ± 1.89. P-CPQ score was calculated by summing the scores of all 31 items; the mean score of the parents was 18.8 ± 12.8. Cronbach's alpha for the total scale was 0.87 and ranged from 0.680-0.795 for four subscales. The relationship between total and subscales was found to be statistically significant. Confirmatory factor analysis, item analysis and item discriminant index were approved. Model fit values were admissible. CONCLUSIONS: Turkish version of P-CPQ was created, and it had good internal consistency reliability of subscales and found to be valid in 6- to 14-year-old children.

Pediatric dentists can determine chewing performance level in children.

OBJECTIVES: The current study was aimed to verify whether pediatric dentists could determine chewing performance level in children by using Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Typical developing children and children with cerebral palsy (CP) who were referred to pediatric dentistry above the age of 2 years were included in the study. The chewing performance level was scored according to KCPS. One experienced physical therapist and three pediatric dentists independently assessed the chewing videos of the children and scored each child's chewing function. The correlation between the KCPS scores of the physical therapist and the pediatric dentists was used for reliability. The agreement between the scorings of the physical therapist and pediatric dentists was assessed using Fleiss kappa statistics. RESULTS: Fifty-four typical developing children and 43 children with CP were included. A strong positive correlation between the KCPS scoring of the physical therapist and pediatric dentists was found (r=0.911-0.939, p<0.001). An excellent agreement in the KCPS scoring between the physical therapist and the 1st and 3rd dentists (p<0.001, κ 0.754-0.763), and a good agreement in the KCPS scoring between the physical therapist and the 2nd dentist was detected (p<0.001, κ 0.687). CONCLUSIONS: The study results show that the KCPS is reliable for pediatric dentists in determining the chewing performance level in children. Therefore, it could be suggested that pediatric dentists could use the KCPS in their clinical settings and research studies. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The study may have clinical implications in the evaluation of children with chewing difficulty in dental practice. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT04407455.

Evaluation of periodontal status and cytokine/chemokine profile of GCF in patients with severe congenital neutropenia.

Severe congenital neutropenia (SCN) is a primary immunodeficiency characterized by defect in neutrophil count. Increased risk of infections in addition to periodontal problems, such as ulcerations of oral mucosa, gingival inflammation, and rapid loss of attachment are common in the course of the disease. The aim of the present study is to define the causal relationship between the severity of periodontal inflammation and severe congenital neutropenia through identification of cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). A case-control study was performed in patients diagnosed with SCN and healthy controls. Demographic data, the molecular defect, laboratory work-up were gathered from the hospital registry. Periodontal indices were recorded and GCF samples were analyzed using multiplex analysis for the simultaneous measurements of the particular cytokines and chemokines. The present study included 14 patients and 22 control subjects. Both groups were comparable in terms of age and sex. Severity of gingival inflammation measured by the criteria of Löe was higher in the SCN cases (p < 0.05). Moreover, GCF levels of IFN-α, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13, IL-15, IL-17, IL-2, IL-7, IL-33, IP-10, MIG, MIP-1ß were significantly higher in the controls. Decreased cytokine secretion seems to correlate with the decrease in neutrophil counts. The severity of gingival inflammation in SCN patients may be due to the bacterial overgrowth and the change in the content of the oral flora due to the decreased neutrophil counts. Therefore, regular periodontal examinations, the motivation of oral hygiene as well as the compliance with therapy in SCN patients contribute to the periodontal health.

Levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in cystic fibrosis patients with or without gingivitis.

BACKGROUND: Inflammatory periodontal diseases are caused by interaction between gram negative, anaerobic bacteria and host response. Persistent infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients also cause increased pro-inflammatory response and the imbalance of pro- and anti-inflammatory response in brochoalveolar lavage fluid which leads to destruction of lungs. The aim of this study is to evaluate periodontal status of CF patients, to measure level of cytokines and biochemical molecules in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF), and to detect presence of P. aeruginosa in dental plaque samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: GCF samples were collected from 41 CF patients and 39 healthy (non-CF) subjects. Interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-17, IL-10, human neutrophil elastase (HNE), cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) protein, and human ß-defensin-1 (HBD1) in GCF were evaluated by ELISA method. Dental plaque samples were collected from 18 CF patients with history of P. aeruginosa colonization and 15 non-CF subjects. Presence of P. aeruginosa was evaluated by using conventional culture methods and molecular methods. RESULTS: Levels of IL-1ß, HNE, and HBD1 in CF patients were significantly higher than non-CF subjects. However, IL-10 level was significantly lower in CF patients. Increased pro-inflammatory (IL-1ß) and decreased anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokine levels were observed in GCF samples from CF patients, irrespective of their periodontal status. P. aeruginosa were detected in four samples of 18 CF patients, and all were negative in non-CF group. CONCLUSIONS: As a result of this study, CF coexists increasing pro-inflammatory and decreasing anti-inflammatory response locally. Due to increasing pro-inflammation, CF patients should be followed-up more often than non-CF children.

Pufa Index and Related Factors Among 36- to 71-month-old Children in Turkey: A Cross-Sectional Study.

PURPOSE: To determine the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries among preschool children by using the pufa index (visible pulp, ulceration of the oral mucosa due to root fragments, a fistula or an abscess) and the incorporation of some risk factors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were collected via structured, pre-tested questionnaires from 729 parents in Turkey's capital, Ankara. Examinations were performed under field conditions by one examiner. The decayed teeth were scored according to the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) II criteria. The filled and missing teeth and surfaces were also recorded as dmft and dmfs, and the pufa index was used for the consequences of untreated caries. The associations were evaluated by univariate analysis and logistic regression. RESULTS: The means age of the study population was 58.8 ± 8.6 months. 45% of the children were female and 55% were male. Mean dmft and dmfs were 4.8 ± 4.7 and 8.3 ± 10.2, respectively. 73.8% of the children had early childhood caries (ECC), while 51.0% had severe cases. Only 58 children (8.0%) had totally healthy primary teeth according to ICDAS II. Of the children with caries (n = 538), 17.5% had at least one pufa tooth. According to the logistic regression analysis, sex, having at least one sibling, extraction experience, and father's educational level were found to be the factors associated with the existence of pufa. CONCLUSION: Healthcare providers' attention must be drawn to both untreated carious lesions and the high ECC proportion among preschool children.

Epidemiology of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in Sardinia, Italy: Age, sex, and environmental correlates.

Using a database of 1974-2003 incident cases of haematological malignancies, we explored the time trend, geographic spread and socio-economic and environmental correlates of ALL incidence in Sardinia, Italy, by sex and age. The age- and sex-standardized (World population) ALL incidence rate was 2.0 per 100,000 (95% CI 1.8 - 2.1) and showed variable trend patterns by sex and age. In the total population, ALL incidence showed an annual per cent change of -1.4% (95% CI -0.59 - -3.34) over the study period, with a knot separating a downward slope in 1974-1996 from an increase in 1996-2003. ALL incidence replicated such pattern in women but not men, whose incidence did not substantially vary over the study period (APC = -2.57%, 95% CI -5.45 - 0.26). Among women, the spatial analysis suggested a clustering of ALL in the southwestern part of the region, whilst only a commune had a high posterior probability of a high ALL incidence among men. Three unrelated communes showed a high posterior probability of ALL at age ≤ 24; only the most populated urban centre showed excess cases at age ≥ 25 years. There was no correlation between the geographic spread of ALL at ages ≤ 24 and ≥ 25 years (p = 0.082). Urban residence was a risk factor for the younger age group. Residences near industrial settlements and in the most populated urban centre were risk factors for subjects aged ≥ 25 years. Our findings suggest age-related differences in ALL aetiology.

Epidemiology of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia in Sardinia, Italy (1974-2003).

Several reports have described a worldwide increasing incidence of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) dating back seven to eight decades. Although genetic susceptibility would be an implausible explanation, the determinants of this upward trend and its spatial coordinates are poorly understood. We explored CLL incidence in Sardinia, Italy, using a validated database including the 1700 CLL cases diagnosed during 1974-2003. We applied Bayesian methods to map the CLL probability by administrative unit and Poisson regression analysis to investigate socioeconomic and environmental determinants adjusting by possible confounders. The standardized (Standard European population) incidence rate for the Sardinian population over the study period was 5.1 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9-5.3), increased annually by 5.8% (95% CI 5.7-6.0) consistently by sex and age, and was more noticeable in urban areas. Five administrative units exceeded the 95% posterior probability of an elevated CLL incidence: these were rural areas spread over the regional territory, not suggestive of spatial clustering. The Poisson regression analysis showed that the risk was elevated in urban areas (RR = 1.11, 95% CI 1.05-1.17), among residents ≥ 30 km from the nearest hospital (RR = 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.12), and with the local prevalence of cork harvesting (RR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.12-2.34). Our results suggest that better access to health care facilities and improvements in diagnostic efficacy might have generated the observed upward trend in CLL incidence, along with contributing environmental factors.

Development and validation of a comprehensive food frequency questionnaire that assesses the dietary intake related with dental health in children: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: This study aimed to develop a validated and reliable food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) that assess dietary intake related with dental health in children. METHODS: Children, two-to-nine-years old, who consulted to a paediatric dental clinic for any reason, were recruited to complete the FFQ and 24-h recall, inquired oral hygiene habits, performed oral examinations, recorded dmft(s)/DMFT(S) index, and taken anthropometric measurements. The statistical methods used for validation were Wilcoxon signed rank test, Spearman ranked correlations, weighted kappa statistic and Bland-Altman graphs were drawn. Besides, intraclass and spearman correlation coefficients calculated for the reliability. RESULTS: A total of 120 children participated in to the first stage of the study while 70 participants completed the 4-month period. The Spearman correlation coefficient and weighted kappa values confirmed that the FFQ had moderate validation against the food records for lactose, calcium and phosphorus. Dietary fat, fibre, lactose, calcium, potassium, fluoride, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc intakes were negatively and statistically significantly correlated with DMFT and DMFS according to both FFQ and 24-h (p < 0.05, for each). Furthermore, a positive correlation between DMFT/S and dietary carbohydrate, starch, polysaccharide and sucrose intakes was obtained. CONCLUSIONS: These results provide the preliminary evidence for the moderated reliability and validity of the FFQ; the higher DMFT and DMFS scores might be linked to lower dietary intakes of fat, fibre, lactose, calcium, potassium, fluorine, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc; and probably higher dietary intakes of carbohydrate, starch, polysaccharide and sucrose in children.

Incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma among adults in Sardinia, Italy.

The causes of the peculiar time trend in the incidence of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) in most parts of the world and of its geographic distribution are still unknown. We used the data base of 1974-2003 incident cases of hematological malignancies to explore the time trend of NHL incidence in the region of Sardinia, Italy, and we used Bayesian methods to plot the probability of NHL incidence by residential unit on the regional map. In 1974-2003, 4109 NHL cases were diagnosed among resident adults in Sardinia, with an incidence rate of 13.38 x 10-5 (95% CI 12.97-13.80). NHL incidence showed an upward trend along the study period with an average annual percent change (APC) of 4.94 (95% CI -5.39-16.4), which did not vary by gender or by age-group. Cancer registry data, covering part of the region starting from 1993, suggest that the increasing trend did not persist in the subsequent years. Areas with the highest probability of an excess incidence tended to cluster in the north-eastern part of the region and in two major urban centers, with the low incidence areas located in the south, confirming previous observations. Prevalence of viral infections, environmental and occupational exposures, or socio-economic deprivation would not explain the peculiar geographic distribution we observed. These findings provide convincing arguments for extending the coverage of routine cancer registration over the whole Sardinian population, while prompting further research on the genetic and environmental determinants of NHL in the risk areas.

Time trend and Bayesian mapping of multiple myeloma incidence in Sardinia, Italy.

A few reports have described increasing trends and spatial distribution of multiple myeloma (MM). We used a validated database including the 1606 cases of MM diagnosed in Sardinia in 1974-2003 to explore its time trend, and we applied Bayesian methods to plot MM probability by administrative unit on the regional map. Over the 30 years of observation, the MM standardized incidence rate (standard world population, all ages) was 2.17 × 10-5 (95% CI 2.01-2.34), 2.29 (95% CI 2.06-2.52) among men, and 2.06 (95% CI 1.83-2.28) among women. MM incidence increased by 3.3%/year in 1974-2003, in both males and females, particularly among the elderly and in the high incidence areas. Areas at risk tended to cluster in the north-eastern part of the region. A higher proportion of elderly in the resident population, but not socioeconomic factors, nor livestock farming, was associated with higher incidence rates. The steep upward time trend and the spatial clustering of MM suggest interactions between genetic and environmental determinants that might be more efficiently investigated in the areas at risk.

Dental caries and associated salivary biomarkers in patients with cystic fibrosis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the caries status of the Cystic fibrosis (CF) children and adolescents with the comparation of some biochemical markers, secretory-immunoglobulin-A (sIgA), and antimicrobial peptides in the saliva. METHODS: In this cross-sectional descriptive study, the approval Ethics Board was obtained. Unstimulated saliva samples were collected from CF and healthy control children (non-CF) patients. Both groups underwent the same dental and periodontal evaluation scheme of the assessment. Human beta defensin (HBD1), human alpha defensin (HNP-1), cathelicidin (LL-37), sIgA in saliva were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunoassay method. A general biochemical analysis was performed. Statistical analysis was performed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences Version 20.0 (SPSS Inc.). RESULTS: A total of 21 (9 male, 12 female) CF and 23 (11 male, 12 female) control patients were participated with the mean age of 10.17 ± 3.38 and 9.52 ± 2.15 years, respectively. In control children, DMFT/S (decayed-missing-filled-tooth/surface-in-permanent-dentition), dmft/s (decayed-missing-filled-tooth/surface-in-primary-dentition) values were higher; DT (decayed-tooth in permanent dentition), ft (filled-tooth in primary dentition) and plaque index values were statistically significantly higher (p = 0.042, p = 0.005, p = 0.038, respectively) than CF patients. Bicarbonate was higher in control group; sodium, chloride, and total protein were higher in CF group; magnesium, calcium and phosphate levels were similar in each group (p > 0.05). Alpha and beta defensin-1 levels in control group was statistically significantly higher (p = 0.037 and p = 0.020, respectively), while LL37 and sIgA were not statistically significantly higher (p > 0.05) than CF group. CONCLUSIONS: Children with CF had lower caries in permanent teeth, filling in primary teeth, and an altered salivary biomarker profile, especially in HNB1, HNP1. Therefore, it is important to conduct periodic oral-dental controls among CF patients during their childhood.

Cytokine profile in serum and gingival crevicular fluid of children with inflammatory bowel disease: A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the cytokine profile in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and serum of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and determine the cluster patterns of cytokines. METHODS: Fifty IBD patients and 21 systemically healthy children were enrolled in the study. The GCF samples were collected from the participants during periodontal examination and periodontal indices were recorded. Based on activity indexes and response to conventional treatment, patients with IBD were further categorized into subgroups as: remission, active disease, and treatment-resistant. Serum samples were obtained from IBD patients to determine serum levels of cytokines. The levels of pro- (interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-12, IL-21, IL-22, IL-23, IL-17A, IL-17F) and anti-inflammatory (IL-4, IL-10) cytokines in serum and GCF were measured using Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) kits. RESULTS: Among 50 IBD patients, 58% were in remission, 20% had active disease, and 22% were defined as treatment-resistant. The severity of gingival inflammation measured by the criteria of Löe had increasing trends in IBD patients with active disease and treatment resistance. GCF IL-1ß level was lower and GCF IL-4 and GCF IL-23 levels were higher in IBD patients compared to healthy controls. In the active disease group, more cytokine clusters occurred compared to the control group and other IBD subgroups, as explained by increased cytokine-cytokine interactions. CONCLUSIONS: Considering the increased complexity of cytokine interactions and the increased severity of gingival inflammation in patients with active disease, it can be concluded that disease activity might have an impact on gingival inflammation in pediatric patients with IBD.

Orofacial functions and oral health: An analysis on children aged 5-8 years old.

The aim of this study is to assess the orofacial function performance and oral health status of healthy children as well as their potential correlations. In this descriptive study, the oral functions of four hundred systemically healthy children who applied for the pediatric dentistry clinic were evaluated. Three scales, namely Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS), Pediatric version of the Eating Assessment Tool (PEDI-EAT-10), and Nordic Orofacial Test Screening (NOT-S) protocol, are used to collect the data. These children's carious lesions were evaluated by using the decayed, missing, filled tooth/surface (DMFT/S, dmft/s) indices, the International Caries Detection and the Assessment-II System (ICDAS-II). In total, 400 (6.5 years [78.02 months]) children were participated in the study. Their KCPS scores indicate that 58.0% of the children were at level 0 and 35.8% were at level 1. The results of the KCPS levels and the DMFT, dmft, DT, dt, MT, mt (as =0 and ≥1) were found to be statistically significant; p = .044, p = .009, p = .008, p = .000, p = .032, and p = .003, respectively. The total PEDI-EAT-10 score of 13.4% of the children was found to be 3 or higher, suggesting that they experience a problem in swallowing. According to the NOT-S, the most affected domains were "habits" (51.0%), "facial expression" (49.3%), and "chewing and swallowing" (45.3%). Among healthy children without a defined problem in swallowing and orofacial functions, the oral health status may affect orofacial functions. Decayed (particularly, extensive caries existence) or missing tooth may have critical importance for adequate chewing in children. Especially in the presence of so many decayed or missing teeth, evaluating the orofacial functions through different scales may considerably contribute to early diagnosis of functional problems.

Professional motivations and perceptions of senior dental students in the distance education period during the first year of the Covid-19 pandemic.

Purpose: Dental students are particularly prone to be affected by the global emergency of Coronavirus-19 (Covid-19) pandemic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the professional motivations and perceptions of senior dental students during the distance education period due to pandemic. Materials and methods: The data was collected via an online questionnaire, including questions related to students' professional motivation and perceptions, and views about preventive dentistry. For identifying the distress levels, Turkish version of Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS)-21 was used. Descriptive statistics and marginal homogeneity test were used for statistical analysis. Results: A total of 114 (83 female, 31 male) students, with the mean age of 23.7±1.03 participated the study. Statistically significant changes were observed on the students' career plans (p<0.001); fear about getting and transmitting infectious diseases (p<0.001); and satisfaction about their profession (p<0.001) during the Covid-19 pandemic. Motivation loss was determined on the participants. Conclusion: There is an urgent need for revision on dental education in order to ensure the students be competent to provide oral health service that can meet the latest needs and achieve professional self-confidence without deterioration on their professional motivation and perceptions. Crisis-oriented psychological support programs should be provided for students. Some improvements should be structured in terms of preventive dentistry issues, both for dental education and dental health service aspects.

Oral Health Status among Children with Repaired Esophageal Atresia.

INTRODUCTION: Esophageal atresia (EA) is a congenital anomaly, presenting multifactorial etiology. Swallowing problems and gastroesophageal reflux disease may accompany EA, which have adverse effects on oral health. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this descriptive study, intraoral examination of the children with repaired EA and of the dental patients without systemic/chronic disease was performed. Dental caries, dental erosion, and halitosis status were evaluated using the International Caries Detection and Evaluation System II, and the Basic Erosive Wear Examination indices as well as the Halimeter, respectively. RESULTS: There were 19 (n = 12 male; n = 7 female) case subjects and 16 (n = 10 male; n = 6 female) control subjects whose age ranged between 14 and 72 months. Among cases, 15 children had dental caries (78.9%; initial caries n = 4, moderate caries n = 4, and extensive caries n = 7). Of the controls, 13 had dental caries (81.2%; initial caries n = 5, moderate caries n = 5, and extensive caries n = 3). Although the median scores of decayed, missing, filled teeth (dmft) and decayed, missing, filled surfaces (dmfs)-for primary dentition-were not statistically significantly different between two groups, both dmft and dmfs were found to be higher among the case subjects (p = 0.172 for dmft; p = 0.230 for dmfs). Furthermore, six children with repaired EA had dental abnormalities (in shape, number, or calcification) and six children with repaired EA had dental erosion. The Halimeter measurement was performed for five case children of whom three had oral malodor, and for seven control children of whom two had oral malodor. CONCLUSION: Regular dental counseling adopting the multidisciplinary team approach for patients with EA is necessary to ensure better general and oral health.

Haemolymphatic cancer among children in Sardinia, Italy: 1974-2003 incidence.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the time trend and geographical distribution of childhood leukaemia incidence over the territory of the Italian region of Sardinia. SETTING: All hospitals departments, diagnostic centres and social security agencies in Sardinia were regularly screened in 1974-2003 to identify, register and review the diagnoses of incident cases of haematological malignancies (HM). PARTICIPANTS: The whole child population aged 0-14 resident in Sardinia. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES: Incidence and time trend of childhood HM and childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) over the study period, and use of Bayesian methods to plot the probability of areas with excess incidence on the regional map. RESULTS: Overall, 675 HM cases, including 378 ALL cases, occurred among children aged 0-14 years resident in Sardinia in 1974-2003, with an incidence rate of 6.97×10-5 (95% CI 6.47 to 7.51) and 3.85×10-5 (95% CI 3.48 to 4.26), respectively. Incidence of HM and ALL showed an upward trend along the study period especially among females. Three communes out of the 356 existing in 1974, namely Ittiri, Villa San Pietro and Carbonia, stand out as areas with excess incidence of HM and ALL in particular and another, Carloforte, for ALL only. CONCLUSIONS: Our results might serve as convincing arguments for extending the coverage of routine cancer registration over the whole Sardinian population, while prompting further research on the genetic and environmental determinants in the areas at risk.