A mitochondrial analysis reveals distinct founder effect signatures in Canarian and Balearic goats.

In the course of human migrations, domestic animals often have been translocated to islands with the aim of assuring food availability. These founder events are expected to leave a genetic footprint that may be recognised nowadays. Herewith, we have examined the mitochondrial diversity of goat populations living in the Canarian and Balearic archipelagos. Median-joining network analysis produced very distinct network topologies for these two populations. Indeed, a majority of Canarian goats shared a single ancestral haplotype that segregated in all sampled islands, suggesting a single founder effect followed by a stepping-stone pattern of diffusion. This haplotype also was present in samples collected from archaeological assemblies at Gran Canaria and Lanzarote, making evident its widespread distribution in ancient times. In stark contrast, goats from Majorca and Ibiza did not share any mitochondrial haplotypes, indicating the occurrence of two independent founder events. Furthermore, in Majorcan goats, we detected the segregation of the mitochondrial G haplogroup that has only been identified in goats from Egypt, Iran and Turkey. This finding suggests the translocation of Asian and/or African goats to Majorca, possibly as a consequence of the Phoenician and Carthaginian colonisations of this island.

The molecular structure and multifunctionality of the cryptic plant polymer suberin.

Suberin, a plant polyester, consists of polyfunctional long-chain fatty acids and glycerol and is an intriguing candidate as a novel antimicrobial material. We purified suberin from cork using ionic-liquid catalysis during which the glycerol bonds that ensure the polymeric nature of suberin remained intact or were only partially cleaved-yielding the closest to a native configuration reported to date. The chemistry of suberin, both in situ (in cryogenically ground cork) and ex situ (ionic-liquid extracted), was elucidated using high-resolution one- and two-dimensional solution-state NMR analyses. Centrifugation was used to isolate suberin particles of distinct densities and their monomeric composition, assembly, and bactericidal effect, inter alia, were assessed. Analysis of the molecular structure of suberin revealed the relative abundance of linear aliphatic vs. acylglycerol esters, comprising all acylglycerol configurations and the amounts of total carbonyls (C[bond, double bond]O), free acid end groups (COOH), OH aliphatics, and OH aromatics. Suberin centrifuged fractions revealed generic physiochemical properties and monomeric composition â€‹and self-assemble into polygonal structures that display distinct degrees of compactness when lyophilized. Suberin particles-suberinsomes-display bactericidal activity against major human pathogenic bacteria. Fingerprinting the multifunctionality of complex (plant) polyesters such as suberin allows for the identification of novel polymer assemblies with significant value-added properties.

Sustainable plant polyesters as substrates for optical gas sensors.

The fast and non-invasive detection of odors and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by gas sensors and electronic noses is a growing field of interest, mostly due to a large scope of potential applications. Additional drivers for the expansion of the field include the development of alternative and sustainable sensing materials. The discovery that isolated cross-linked polymeric structures of suberin spontaneously self-assemble as a film inspired us to develop new sensing composite materials consisting of suberin and a liquid crystal (LC). Due to their stimuli-responsive and optically active nature, liquid crystals are interesting probes in gas sensing. Herein, we report the isolation and the chemical characterization of two suberin types (from cork and from potato peels) resorting to analyses of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The collected data highlighted their compositional and structural differences. Cork suberin showed a higher proportion of longer aliphatic constituents and is more esterified than potato suberin. Accordingly, when casted it formed films with larger surface irregularities and a higher C/O ratio. When either type of suberin was combined with the liquid crystal 5CB, the ensuing hybrid materials showed distinctive morphological and sensing properties towards a set of 12 VOCs (comprising heptane, hexane, chloroform, toluene, dichlormethane, diethylether, ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol, methanol, and acetic acid). The optical responses generated by the materials are reversible and reproducible, showing stability for 3 weeks. The individual VOC-sensing responses of the two hybrid materials are discussed taking as basis the chemistry of each suberin type. A support vector machines (SVM) algorithm based on the features of the optical responses was implemented to assess the VOC identification ability of the materials, revealing that the two distinct suberin-based sensors complement each other, since they selectively identify distinct VOCs or VOC groups. It is expected that such new environmentally-friendly gas sensing materials derived from natural diversity can be combined in arrays to enlarge selectivity and sensing capacity.

[Tarlov cyst and symptomatic bladder disfuction]. / Quiste de Tarlov y disfunción vesical sintomática.

Tarlov cysts or perineural cyst are lesions of the nerve roots located at the sacral level and uncertain aetiology. Most of these cysts remain asymptomatic with no clinical relevance. The symptomatic cysts are uncommon and the usual symptoms are pain or radiculopathy. We report the case of a 53-year-old woman witha symptomatic cyst (with a history of frequency and urgency syndrom), that disappears after surgery.

Targeting STEAP1 Protein in Human Cancer: Current Trends and Future Challenges.

Cancer is a global health issue that impairs the life quality of patients and origins thousands of deaths annually worldwide. Six-transmembrane epithelial antigen of the prostate (STEAP1) was identified to be overexpressed in several types of cancers, namely in prostate cancer (PCa). Considering its secondary structure, associated with its location in the cell membrane, has been suggested a role in intercellular communication between tumour cells. Taking into account its high specificity and overexpression in human cancers, STEAP1 is nowadays a promising candidate to be imposed as a therapeutic target. Several strategies have been developed during the last few years for targeting STEAP1, including antibody-drug conjugates, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), DNA vaccines and small noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs). This review presents the current knowledge about STEAP1 protein expression in human tissues, its biochemical properties and targeting strategies with the purpose to evaluate its potential as therapeutic agent for cancer.

Solitary plasmacytoma of the rectum: report of a case treated by endoscopic polypectomy and radiotherapy.

Solitary extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) of the rectum is an exceedingly rare entity. We report the fourth case of solitary EMP of the rectum and the first one treated by endoscopic polypectomy and radiotherapy. The patient showed no signs of local recurrence or dissemination of the disease after a 12-month follow-up. This case report is presented along with a review of the literature dealing with solitary plasmacytomas of the rectum.

Bioequivalence evaluation of two omeprazole enteric-coated formulations in humans.

Omeprazole, a proton pump inhibitor, effectively suppresses the gastric acid secretion in the parietal cells of the stomach. Several previously published papers focus on the pharmacokinetics of the drug and its interactions with physiological aspects or with other drugs. The increasing number of omeprazole containing products available in the market, raises questions of therapeutic equivalence and/or generic substitution. The bioequivalence evaluation between two or more formulations provides information about in vivo performance. In a favorable decision regarding bioequivalence, the products are considered to have a similar therapeutic efficacy when used under the same therapeutic conditions. This paper reports the design, results and some important aspects involved in a bioequivalence study between two solid oral formulations from different manufacturers. Some important findings were the high intra-subject variability observed for Cmax and the variability observed between subject profiles, probably caused by the multi-unit type of formulations studied.

Topical delivery of caffeine from some commercial formulations.

Permeation of caffeine through human skin and artificial membranes (mounted in modified Franz type diffusion cells) was evaluated, either from saturated solutions or from commercially available topical formulations (all containing 3% caffeine). Data interpretation of the caffeine diffusion through human skin does not implicate transfer through pores despite caffeine being a relatively polar molecule. No correlation was found between transfer though the synthetic membranes (cellulose acetate impregnated with isopropyl myristate and silicone rubber soaked in isopropyl myristate) and that observed through skin. The synthetic membranes can be used for assessing product performance in quality assurance but will give little indication of its performance in vivo. The study investigated the percutaneous permeation of caffeine through human skin in order to obtain a mechanistic interpretation of its route of permeation. Synthetic membranes were also examined to determine if they could be used as models for human skin. Different commercial formulations investigated to determine the significance of enhancement strategies.

Determination of apovincaminic acid in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography.

An isocratic high-performance liquid chromatographic method is described for the quantitative analysis of low concentrations of apovincaminic acid (AVA) in blood plasma. AVA, interfering plasma components and primidone (used as the internal standard) were separated on a reversed-phase column of LiChrospher 60 RP-Select B (125 mm x 3 mm i.d.; 5 microns) (Merck). A UV-Vis detector was used at a wavelength of 254 nm. Each chromatographic separation was completed in 14 min and the results showed a relative recovery which varied between 95.9 and 116%, a good overall precision (relative standard deviation, 7.00%) and sensitivity over a linear range of 5.00-300 ng ml-1 (R = 0.999) for AVA in plasma. The method was applied to the analysis of plasma samples obtained from healthy subjects treated with one single oral dose of 20 mg of vinpocetine. The results indicate the method to be suitable for pharmacokinetic studies.

Porphyria cutanea tarda associated with autoimmune hypothyroidism, vitiligo and alopecia universalis.

The aetiology of porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) has not been elucidated, but the possibility of an autoimmune mechanism has been proposed. We report a case of an unknown clinical combination of PCT with autoimmune hypothyroidism, alopecia universalis and vitiligo with thyroid and parietal cell circulating antibodies. This is highly suggestive of underlying autoimmune damage in this patient.

Nimesulide in the short-term treatment of inflammatory process of dental tissues: a double-blind controlled trial against oxyphenbutazone.

One hundred out-patients with inflammatory process of dental tissues due to tooth extraction, root abscess alveolitis and periodontitis, were randomly assigned, according to a double-blind design, to one of two treatment groups with nimesulide (200 mg/day) or oxyphenbutazone (400 mg/day). By means of a self-rating record, each patient rated his pain, difficulty of chewing, redness and swelling before starting, during and at the end of treatment. Nimesulide and oxyphenbutazone were both well tolerated and effective, but the improvements during the first and the second day of treatment were of greater magnitude in the nimesulide-treated patients. Nimesulide, being well tolerated, rapid acting and effective, could be considered as a drug of choice for the treatment of inflammatory process of dental tissues.

[Cooperative study of bacterial incidence and susceptibility to cefamandole and other antibiotics (author's transl)]. / Ensayo multicéntrico de frecuencia bacteriana y sensibilidad a cefamandol y otros antibióticos.

A total of 44 medical centers participated in a cooperative study on nosocomial infections. Percentages of Gram-negative, Gram-positive and anaerobic germs isolated during 30 alternate-days for 3 months were 80.35 percent, 17.25 percent and 0.52 percent, respectively. Activity of cefamandole and cefalotin against Gram-positive bacteria was very similar, and both antibiotics showed a low number of resistances. On the contrary, against Gram-negative strains the activity of cefamandole was definitely superior to that of cefalothin, but it was similar when compared to that of gentamicin. In many instances, cefamandole may be a valid alternative in treating hospital-acquired infections (except for Pseudomonas).

A comparative bioavailability study to estimate the influence of an antacid on droxicam pharmacokinetics.

The influence of an antacid on droxicam pharmacokinetics was investigated in 12 healthy male volunteers. A two way cross-over study was performed after the oral administration of 20 mg of droxicam (Ombolan capsules) and droxicam together with an antacid (Mucal powder). The plasma concentrations of piroxicam, the active moiety of droxicam, were determined by a high-performance liquid chromatographic method. The pharmacokinetic parameter values (mean +/- RSD) of piroxicam after administration of droxicam alone were: AUC0-->infinity = 125.5 +/- 25.1 micrograms.h/l, Cmax = 2.08 +/- 19.9 micrograms/l, tmax = 7.08 +/- 36.8 h and t1/2 = 46.3 +/- 27.0 h. Following administration of droxicam together with the antacid the values obtained for the same parameters were: AUC0-->infinity = 135.1 +/- 24.1 micrograms.h/l. Cmax = 1.85 +/- 23.9 micrograms/l, tmax = 8.17 +/- 34.9 h and t1/2 = 52.0 +/- 22.4 h. These results indicate that concurrent administration of the antacid does not significantly change the bioavailability and pharmacokinetics of droxicam.

[The combined treatment of anaplastic thyroid carcinoma]. / Tratamiento combinado del carcinoma anaplásico de tiroides.

Five patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma (ATC) were treated with chemotherapy (adriamycin 60 mg/m2 and cisplatin 90 mg/m2) followed by surgery and postoperative radiotherapy. The average survival in this series was 11.2 months. Partial response of the cervical tumoration was observed in 4 patients and of the distant metastasis, in 1 of 3 cases. One patient with mixed thyroid carcinoma (follicular and anaplastic) had complete remission of the disease. Four patients died: two due to metastatic disease and two due to local tumor growth. We conclude that this type of combined therapy is affective in patients with anaplastic thyroid carcinoma in terms of local control of the disease, avoiding mortality due to local invasion in some of these patients.