Influence du score de Gleason des marges chirurgicales de prostatectomie totale sur la récidive biologique.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to assess the impact of the aggressiveness of cancer cells at the level of positive surgical margins (PSM) on the biochemical recurrence rate (BRR) by studying the Gleason score (GS) at this level. METHODS: We included all radical prostatectomy (RP) procedures performed from January 2007 to November 2011. All of the RP specimens with PSM were reviewed to determine the GS at the level of PSM. We compared the GS at PSM with BRR. RESULTS: A total of 658 RP were analysed, among which 16% had PSM. From the 101 patients with PSM included, 32% had biochemical recurrence (BR) with a median follow-up of 38 months. GS at PSM was significantly associated with earlier BR (P=0.008). Univariate analysis showed that GS at PSM (P=0.013), initial PSA (P<0.0001), pathologic GS (P<0.001), length of PSM (P=0.013), and seminal vesicle invasion (P<0.0001) were predictors of BR. Multivariate analysis confirmed that PSA greater than 10ng/mL and length of PSM greater than 3mm were independent prognostic factors for BR, but GS at the level of PSM was not. CONCLUSION: GS at PSM was not confirmed as an independent risk factor for BR. Initial PSA greater than 10ng/mL and length of PSM greater than 3mm were the sole independent predictors for BR. LEVEL OF PROOF: 4.

[Radical cystectomy with orthotopic neobladder replacement: Comparison of robotic assisted and open surgical route]. / Cystectomie totale avec remplacement vésical orthotopique : comparaison des résultats des patients opérés par voie ouverte et par voie cœlioscopique robot-assistée.

INTRODUCTION: Radical cystectomy remains the referent treatment of non-metastatic muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). The fast development of robotic surgery has led some teams to use it for the surgical treatment of the MIBC, in the hope of reducing postoperative morbidity. Urinary diversion by bladder substitution is a bypass option. The aim of our study was to compare the robot-assisted cystectomy with open cystectomy, with urinary diversion by bladder substitution. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Over a two-year period, all the patients who underwent a robot-assisted laparoscopic or open cystectomy with urinary diversion by bladder substitution have been included. The urinary diversion performed was extra-corporeal. RESULTS: The study concerned were 26 men, 15 of them underwent robot-assisted cystectomy, and 11 open cystectomy. There was no significant difference in the median operating time or duration of stay (300 vs 314min and 14 vs 18 days). However, there were less blood loss and more lymph nodes collected in the cystectomies robot-assisted group (median: 400 vs 800mL, P=0.016; 15 vs 10, P=0.01). Three grade III complications of the Clavien-Dindo classification have been described in the robot-assisted group, and none in the open group. No robot-assisted procedure required a conversion to laparotomy. Within 90 postoperative days, complications are basically low grades and results are consistent with the literature. CONCLUSION: In our series, robot-assisted cystectomies with extracorporeal bladder substitution is technically feasible, with best results on blood loss and the number of lymph nodes removed, without impact on the length of stay. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Eight years of experience with HIFU for prostate cancer: Oncological and functional results]. / Huit ans d'expérience dans le traitement du cancer de prostate par HIFU, résultats oncologiques et fonctionnels.

OBJECTIVE: To study the oncologic and functional results of HIFU as a first-line treatment for localized prostate cancer. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Enrolment of patients between 2006 and 2011 for the first treatment against localized prostate cancer with HIFU (Integrated Imaging(®), EDAP-TMS, Vaulx-en-Velin, France). The biochemical recurrence-free survival was calculated by using the Phoenix criterion (PSA>nadir+2 ng/mL). The functional complications were assessed clinically and through standardised questionnaires. RESULTS: The condition of 191 patients was assessed at a mean follow-up of 55.5 ± 22.7 months. In 10,1% of the treatments, an incident during the medical procedure was observed with the volume of the prostate (P=0.026) as risk factor. The overall survival, the survival and the metastatic free survival rate were respectively 89.5%, 98.4% and 97.4%. The biochemical free survival rate for 5 years was 87.5%, 69% and 39% respectively for the low, medium and high-risk groups of d'Amico classification. Eighty-six percent of the patients with a PSA nadir ≤ 0.3 ng/mL were relapse free at 5 years. Whereas only 48% of the patients with a nadir>0.3 ng/mL did not. Only 17.8% of the patients had a rescue treatment with an average delay of 31.1 months. The urinary and sexual impairment was significant but 78.1% of the patients were dry at the end of the study. The most common complication found in 18.3% of the patients was the prostatic obstruction. CONCLUSION: The oncologic and functional results of the HIFU seem similar to the other first-line treatments results and reveal that the HIFU is a therapeutic option for the treatment of prostate cancer in men over 70 years. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Partial nephrectomy on solitary kidney: Renal function outcome and predictive factors of impairment]. / Néphrectomie partielle pour cancer sur rein unique : évolution de la fonction rénale et facteurs prédictifs de son altération.

OBJECTIVES: To assess the postoperative functional outcome of PN in solitary kidney and define some predictive factors of renal change. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A monocentric series of 45 partial nephrectomies on solitary kidneys, performed between 1988 and 2014, was retrospectively analyzed. Pre-, per- and postoperative clinicopathological data were collected in the UroCCR database. The evolution of early, medium and long-term postoperative Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) was evaluated. Predictive factors of GFR decline and hemodialysis were assessed in multivariate analysis. RESULTS: Mean age was 61 years old (±10.8). Mean preoperative GFR and tumor size were respectively 59.6 mL/min (±18.7) and 3.9 cm (±2.6). Vascular clamping was performed in 41 cases (91%). Median time of warm ischemia was 20 minutes (2-60). Mean follow-up was 66 months (±47). Mean GFR at day 5, 1 month and last follow-up were respectively 46.4 mL/min, 50.3 mL/min and 53.1 mL/min. At day 5 and at last follow-up, a GFR decrease ≥ 20% was found in 20 patients (44.4%) and in 16 patients (35.5%), respectively. Five patients (11%) required definitive hemodialysis (HD) at last follow-up. At day 5, tumor size>4 cm (0.006) and operative time (P=0.003) were independent predictive factors of GFR decline. At 1 year, RENAL ns ≥ 10 was the only independent predictive factor of GFR alteration (P=0.0007). Preoperative GFR was significantly associated with final hemodialysis (P=0.023). CONCLUSION: Partial nephrectomy allows most of the patients presenting with renal cell carcinoma on solitary kidney to be free of hemodialysis. Tumor complexity, tumor size and preoperative GFR seems to play a determinant role on postoperative functional outcome. These non-modifiable predictive factors should be recognized and taken into account to better select patients with high risk of postoperative renal failure. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 5.

[Multicenter study of Advance ® suburethral sling for treatment of postoperative urinary incontinence of male]. / Évaluation multicentrique de la bandelette sous-urétrale Advance ® dans le traitement de l'incontinence urinaire masculine postopératoire.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate in the medium term, the efficiency and morbidity of Advance(®) for the treatment of postoperative urinary incontinence for male, and determine predictive preoperative factors of success or failure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective multicentric clinical study of patients presenting a postoperative urinary incontinence and treated by Advance(®) suburethral sling. The importance of the preoperative incontinence was classified in three groups: light (pad-test<50 g/day or 1 pad/day), moderated (pad-test between 50 and 100 g/day or 2 or 3 pads/day), severe (pad-test>100 g/day or >3 pads/day). The functional results were classified in 4 categories: continence and improvement, defining the criterion of success and unchanged situation and deteriorated situation defining the criterion of failure. RESULTS: Sixty-six patients were included from 2008 till 2013. The radical prostatectomy was responsible in 85.5% of the cases. The incontinence was light, moderated and severe for respectively 43.4%, 35.6% and 21% of the patients. After treatment, 39.4% of the patients were continent and 78.9% in situation of success. The rate of success decreased with the severity of the incontinence (respectively 94%, 74% and 56%). For 9 patients, implantation of artificial urinary sphincter was performed without operative difficulties. Complications were urine retention (n=4), hematoma (n=3) and scrotal pains persistent more than one postoperative month (n=11). CONCLUSION: Advance(®) suburethral sling is a technique in which the efficiency decreases with the severity of the incontinence, but which does not seem to prevent from implanting artificial urinary sphincter. Its main problem is the apparition of scrotal pain.

[ACT device: what place in the treatment of female urinary incontinence?]. / Ballons ACT: quelle place dans le traitement de l'incontinence urinaire de la femme?

OBJECTIVES: Assessment of the adjustable continence therapy device (ACT) in the treatment of female stress or mixed urinary incontinence in terms of efficacy and complications. MATERIAL: Between April 2005 and September 2011, the device ACT was put by two different operators to treat a stress and/or mixed urinary incontinence at women. The results were studied under two shutters: complications and efficacy. RESULTS: Seventy-seven women were operated. Mean age of the patients was of 68 years (34-87). Mean follow-up was of 22 months (1-72). Over the 77 patients, eight peroperative complications (10%) were noted. Twenty-five explantations were required in 22 patients (28%). In terms of efficacy, after an average follow-up of 22 months, the results were: 19 patients (25%) were continents, 25 (33%) very improved and five (6%) improved regards to the initial stage preceding the implantation. Fifteen patients (19%) were in failure. Seven patients (9%) were unchanged and in the course of adjustment (recent implantation) and six others (8%) explanted waiting for another implantation. CONCLUSION: The ACT procedure was feasible on a population of multi-operated women with 64% of improvement in our hands. Complications were rare, easily detected and repaired. The risk of explantation was reported to be 28%.

[Tolerance and effectiveness of Memokath® 051 ureteral stents : a prospective 3 year follow-up study]. / Efficacité et tolérance des endoprothèses urétérales métalliques Memokath® 051 : étude prospective sur trois ans.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the effectiveness and tolerance of the metallic stent Memokath® 051 in the management of patients with chronic ureteral stricture treated by JJ stenting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A prospective observational study included 16 patients with chronic ureteral stricture managed with JJ stents. They were all treated with Memokath® 051 metallic stents. The primary endpoint was the medium durability of the stent. Adverse events and complications were prospectively collected. The evolution of the irritative urinary symptoms and lumbar pain after stent insertion were also assessed. RESULTS: Sixteen patients (mean age: 62, standard deviation: 11,4) had a total of 20 stents inserted. It was technically impossible to insert the stent in two patients and one stent was removed one day after insertion. The medium durability of the stents was 13 months (standard deviation: 10,9). Eight stents (40%) were still functioning at the end of the study. Complications were: six migrations (30%) and four obstructions (20%) of the stents. Thirteen of the 14 patients with a Memokath® stent experienced significant improvement of their JJ stent-related symptoms. CONCLUSION: The Memokath® 051 stent was an interesting alternative to JJ stents in the management of chronic ureteral strictures. Their tolerance was good and complications were easily managed without threatening the urologic prognosis of the patients. Larger studies are required to identify the risk factors of complications and the best indications for stent insertion.

[Primary angiosarcoma of the kidney: case report and literature review]. / Angiosarcome primitif du rein : à propos d'un cas et revue de la littérature.

The primary angiosarcoma of the kidney is a rare tumor. We report a case of angiosarcoma of the right kidney in a man of 60 years. The CT-scan appearance is the one of a solid tumor compatible with renal cell carcinoma. Histological examination of the piece of nephrectomy straightens diagnosis and reveals the angiosarcomatous nature. In this patient with bone and lung synchronous metastasis, evolution has been a lightning death in less than three months. The literature review confirms the high potential of malignancy of these tumors (metastases almost constant and very short survival in spite of local and systemic treatment).

[Mood and cognitive disorders, and androgen deprivation]. / Troubles de l'humeur et cognitifs et suppression androgénique.

Prostate cancer has become a chronic disease. In this context, it is important to take into account the quality of life of patients and their family in the therapeutic approach. Recent studies have demonstrated the importance of depression and the risk of suicide in patients with prostate cancer as well as the repercussions of the disease on the spouse and their relationship. The implication of hormonal treatment in the increase in risk of depression is difficult to affirm. Few studies have investigated this subject and they present methodological biases. Some authors report an increased risk of cognitive decline in patients on androgen deprivation. However, even if certain physiopathological hypotheses have been put forward, the imputability of the treatment on the alteration of cognitive functions has not been clearly established. Urologists are at the forefront of diagnosis and treatment of prostate cancer occurring most often in elderly subjects. Therefore, given the prevalence of depression syndromes and/or the alteration of cognitive functions in this population, the urologist must be aware of these different factors, which are potentially aggravated by the introduction of androgen deprivation. Based on a review of the recent literature, the authors suggest using a simple depression screening tool: confirmation of the diagnosis and management is within the competence of the general practitioner. As for the risk of cognitive decline, it seems difficult to imagine, and not necessarily relevant, to systematically propose a battery of neuropsychometric screening tests. On the other hand, giving the patient the G8 screening test can allow the urologist to assess whether the patient needs a geriatric consultation or not.

[Outcomes of HIFU for localised prostate cancer using the Ablatherm Integrate Imaging® device]. / Traitement du cancer localisé de la prostate avec l'appareil Ablatherm Imagerie Intégrée® : résultats carcinologiques et fonctionnels.

OBJECTIVES: To report the functional and oncological outcomes of HIFU for prostate cancer using the Ablatherm Integrate Imaging(®) device. METHODS: Between January 2005 and June 2009, all patients treated with HIFU as a primary care option for localized prostate cancer and fulfilling the French Urological Association (AFU) guideline were included in this study. Validated questionnaires were used to assess continence, potencies and quality of life. RESULTS: A total of 297 patients met the inclusion criteria: 149 were low risk and 148 were intermediate risk according to d'Amico's risk group. The median prostate specific antigen (PSA) nadir was 0.12ng/ml with 65% of patients reaching a nadir less than 0.3 ng/ml. Systematic control biopsies were performed on 175 patients with 89% of negative biopsies. The disease free survival rate at 40 months was 79% for low risk group and 62% for intermediate risk group. The pre and post-HIFU treatment International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS) score and quality of life questionnaire were not statistically different. In the opposite, the pre and post-HIFU erection function and continence status were significantly different. CONCLUSION: Local control and Biochemical Free Survival Rate achieved with HIFU were similar to those expected with conformal external radiation beam therapy. Among the functional outcomes, potency was the most impacted by the treatment.

[Bladder located gastric heterotopy: a case report confronting embryology to histopathology]. / Hétérotopie gastrique de siège vésical: un cas clinique au carrefour de l'embryologie et de l'histopathologie.

We report a case of bladder located gastric heterotopy, which has never been described, to our mind in the scientific literature. We discuss the diagnosis and the physiopathological mechanisms that may have been involved in the genesis of such a lesion.