Is Robotic Surgery the Future for Resectable Esophageal Cancer?: A Systematic Literature Review of Oncological and Clinical Outcomes.

BACKGROUND: Radical esophagectomy for resectable esophageal cancer is a major surgical intervention, associated with considerable postoperative morbidity. The introduction of robotic surgical platforms in esophagectomy may enhance advantages of minimally invasive surgery enabled by laparoscopy and thoracoscopy, including reduced postoperative pain and pulmonary complications. This systematic review aims to assess the clinical and oncological benefits of robot-assisted esophagectomy. METHODS: A systematic literature search of the MEDLINE (PubMed), Embase and Cochrane databases was performed for studies published up to 1 August 2023. This review was conducted according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) protocols and was registered in the PROSPERO database (CRD42022370983). Clinical and oncological outcomes data were extracted following full-text review of eligible studies. RESULTS: A total of 113 studies (n = 14,701 patients, n = 2455 female) were included. The majority of the studies were retrospective in nature (n = 89, 79%), and cohort studies were the most common type of study design (n = 88, 79%). The median number of patients per study was 54. Sixty-three studies reported using a robotic surgical platform for both the abdominal and thoracic phases of the procedure. The weighted mean incidence of postoperative pneumonia was 11%, anastomotic leak 10%, total length of hospitalisation 15.2 days, and a resection margin clear of the tumour was achieved in 95% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: There are numerous reported advantages of robot-assisted surgery for resectable esophageal cancer. A correlation between procedural volume and improvements in outcomes with robotic esophagectomy has also been identified. Multicentre comparative clinical studies are essential to identify the true objective benefit on outcomes compared with conventional surgical approaches before robotic surgery is accepted as standard of practice.

The 2022 FASEB Virtual Catalyst Conference on the Cardiac Interatrial Septum and Stroke Risk, December 7, 2022.

There is emerging evidence that the cardiac interatrial septum has an important role as a thromboembolic source for ischemic strokes. There is little consensus on treatment of patients with different cardiac interatrial morphologies or pathologies who have had stroke. In this paper, we summarize the important background, diagnostic, and treatment considerations for this patient population as presented during the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology (FASEB) Virtual Catalytic Conference on the Cardiac Interatrial Septum and Stroke Risk, held on December 7, 2022. During this conference, many aspects of the cardiac interatrial septum were discussed. Among these were the embryogenesis of the interatrial septum and development of anatomic variants such as patent foramen ovale and left atrial septal pouch. Also addressed were various mechanisms of injury such as shunting physiologies and the consequences that can result from anatomic variants, as well as imaging considerations in echocardiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging. Treatment options including anticoagulation and closure were addressed, as well as an in-depth discussion on whether the left atrial septal pouch is a stroke risk factor. These issues were discussed and debated by multiple experts from neurology, cardiology, and radiology.

Systematic review of disparities in continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump utilization in the United States: Key themes and evidentiary gaps.

AIM: This study aims to provide a comprehensive overview of real-world evidence pertaining to disparities in the utilization of continuous glucose monitors (CGMs)/insulin pumps to highlight potential evidentiary gaps and discern emerging themes from the literature. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A systematic review of published manuscripts and abstracts was conducted from: MEDLINE, EMBASE, Nursing and Allied Health, Web of Science and CINHAL. Attributes related to patients, outcomes, interventions (CGMs/pumps/both) and study type were captured. In addition, factors associated with disparities in device utilization were examined. RESULTS: Thirty-six studies were included in the final analysis; the studies predominantly focused on people living with type 1 diabetes. Only two studies included individuals with type 2 diabetes. Almost two-thirds of the studies reported outcomes associated with disparities (e.g. glycated haemoglobin, diabetic ketoacidosis, resource utilization). Most studies highlighted disparities across race, ethnicity and insurance type. Evidentiary gaps were identified, particularly in the evidence for people with type 2 diabetes, the continuation of CGM/pump use and limited studies addressing disparities among Native Americans/American Indians. CONCLUSION: This study reveals critical disparities in diabetes technology use across race, ethnicity and insurance type, particularly among people with type 1 diabetes. Evidentiary gaps assessing disparities in diabetes technology use persist, particularly concerning people with type 2 diabetes, Native American/American Indian and LGBTQ+ populations, and in outcomes related to continuation of use. Social and digital determinants of health, such as income, transportation, residential location and technological literacy, are crucial to achieving equitable access. Future research should focus on the patient journey to identify opportunities for equitable access to diabetes technology as its use grows.

Association between immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced myocarditis and concomitant use of thiazide diuretics.

Although an association has been reported between diuretics and myocarditis, it is unclear whether the risk of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced myocarditis is affected by concomitant diuretics. Thus, the aim of this work was to evaluate the impact of concomitant diuretics on ICI-induced myocarditis. This cross-sectional study used disproportionality analysis and a pharmacovigilance database to assess the risk of myocarditis with various diuretics in patients receiving ICIs via the analysis of data entered into the VigiBase database through December 2022. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for myocarditis in patients who received ICIs. A total of 90 611 patients who received ICIs, including 975 cases of myocarditis, were included as the eligible dataset. A disproportionality in myocarditis was observed for loop diuretic use (reporting odds ratio 1.47, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-2.04, P = .03) and thiazide use (reporting odds ratio 1.76, 95% CI 1.20-2.50, P < .01) in patients who received ICIs. The results of the multiple logistic regression analysis showed that the use of thiazides (odds ratio 1.67, 95% CI 1.15-2.34, P < .01) was associated with an increased risk of myocarditis in patients who received ICIs. Our findings may help to predict the risk of myocarditis in patients receiving ICIs.

The Cancer Hub Approach for Upper Gastrointestinal Surgery During COVID-19 Pandemic: Outcomes from a UK Cancer Centre.

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused unprecedented disruption to global healthcare delivery. In England, the majority of elective surgery was postponed or cancelled to increase intensive care capacity. Our unit instituted the 'RM Partners Cancer Hub' at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London, to deliver ongoing cancer surgery in a 'COVID-lite' setting. This article describes the operational set-up and outcomes for upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer resections performed during this period. METHODS: From April 2020 to April 2021, the Royal Marsden Hospital formed the RM Partners Cancer Hub. This approach was designed to coordinate resources and provide as much oncological treatment as feasible for patients across the RM Partners West London Cancer Alliance. A UGI surgical case prioritisation strategy, along with strict infection control pathways and pre-operative screening protocols, was adopted. RESULTS: A total of 231 patients underwent surgery for confirmed or suspected UGI cancer during the RM Partners Cancer Hub, with 213 completed resections and combined 90-day mortality rate of 3.5%. Good short-term survival outcomes were demonstrated with 2-year disease free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) for oesophageal (70.8% and 72.9%), gastric (66.7% and 83.3%) and pancreatic cancer resections (68.0% and 88.0%). One patient who developed perioperative COVID-19 during the RM Partners Cancer Hub operation made a full recovery with no lasting clinical sequelae. CONCLUSION: Our experience demonstrates that the RM Partners Cancer Hub approach is a safe strategy for continuing upper gastrointestinal (GI) resectional surgery during future periods of healthcare service disruption.

Left atrial Thrombus formation after discontinuation of anticoagulation in patient with severe bioprosthetic mitral stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Mitral valve stenosis can be a highly symptomatic condition with significant complications if left untreated. In such cases, mitral valve replacement with a bioprosthetic or mechanical valve may be a viable solution to prevent progressive disease. Current guidelines do not recommend continued anticoagulation beyond 6 months for patients who have undergone bioprosthetic valve replacement without a separate indication for anticoagulation. With this case discussion we aim to 1) Review the current indications for anticoagulation for bioprosthetic mitral valves in patients without atrial fibrillation and 2) Discuss the constellation of comorbidities that may affect the decision to begin anticoagulation therapy. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case describing a 55-year-old male with end-stage renal disease, coronary artery disease with coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and bioprosthetic mitral valve replacement 2 years prior with rapid degeneration of the replaced valve and on warfarin without a clear indication for anticoagulation. The patient was admitted for symptomatic, severe mitral stenosis and consideration of transcatheter mitral valve-in-valve replacement. During hospital admission, warfarin was discontinued and replaced with prophylactic anticoagulation. However, 8 days after warfarin cessation an intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography revealed a newly developed large left atrial thrombus leading to cancellation of the planned operation. CONCLUSIONS: This patient developed a left atrial thrombus after discontinuing warfarin in the setting of rapidly deteriorating bioprosthetic valve stenosis and vascular comorbidities. The decision to discontinue warfarin was made in concordance with current guidelines, which do not indicate systemic anticoagulation post 3-6 months after bioprosthetic valve replacement without separate indication for anticoagulation. This case identifies the need to investigate rebound hypercoagulability and further risk stratify comorbidities which may independently increase the risk of clot formation in the setting of severe mitral valve stenosis.

Radiomic applications in upper gastrointestinal cancer surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Cross-sectional imaging plays an integral role in the management of upper gastrointestinal (UGI) cancer, from initial diagnosis and staging to determining appropriate treatment strategies. Subjective imaging interpretation has known limitations. The field of radiomics has evolved to extract quantitative data from medical imaging and relate these to biological processes. The key concept behind radiomics is that the high-throughput analysis of quantitative imaging features can provide predictive or prognostic information, with the goal of providing individualised care. OBJECTIVE: Radiomic studies have shown promising utility in upper gastrointestinal oncology, highlighting a potential role in determining stage of disease and degree of tumour differentiation and predicting recurrence-free survival. This narrative review aims to provide an insight into the concepts underpinning radiomics, as well as its potential applications for guiding treatment and surgical decision-making in upper gastrointestinal malignancy. CONCLUSION: Outcomes from studies to date have been promising; however, further standardisation and collaboration are required. Large prospective studies with external validation and evaluation of radiomic integration into clinical pathways are needed. Future research should now focus on translating the promising utility of radiomics into meaningful patient outcomes.

Trends in Time in Range-Related Publications and Clinical Trials: A Bibliometric Review.

Objective: The goal of this article was to describe trends in publications (including conference abstracts) and clinical trials that report on glycemic time in range (TIR). Data sources: Reviewed databases included but were not limited to MEDLINE and Embase. Clinical trial registries were also sourced. Study selection: All studies reporting TIR published between 2010 and 2021 were included. Clinical trials reporting TIR that started in or after 2010 were also included. Non-English publications, abstracts, and clinical trials were excluded. Book chapters, nonhuman studies, and studies not reporting TIR were excluded. Data extraction: Manuscript/abstract category, publication year, study region, interventional versus observational role of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM), and clinical trial start and completion dates were captured. Glycemic outcomes reported in publications or trials, including TIR as a primary outcome, A1C, time below range (TBR), and time above range (TAR), were also captured. Results: A total of 373 clinical trials, 531 publications, and 620 abstracts were included in the review. The number of trials, publications, and abstracts reporting TIR significantly increased, particularly between 2018 and 2021, during which time the number of clinical trials, publications, and conference abstracts reporting TIR increased by 6-fold, 12-fold, and 4.5-fold, respectively. About 35-44% of studies reported TIR as a primary outcome. Approximately 54% of clinical trials, 47% of publications, and 47% of conference abstracts reported the role of CGM to be observational. TBR was reported more often than TAR. Conclusion: The marked increase in the number of trials, publications, and abstracts reporting TIR highlights the increasing significance and acceptance of TIR as an outcome measure in diabetes management.

The importance of social risk factors for patients diagnosed with opioid use disorder.

BACKGROUND: Opioid Use Disorder (OUD) is a major public health concern, with mortality rates in individuals who use opioid medications being up to 30 times greater than those of individuals who do not use such medications. Social risk factors influence one's ability to make healthy choices and pose challenges for individuals recovering from OUD. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to explore the relationship between OUD and social risk factors for patients who have been prescribed opioid medications. METHODS: Data for this retrospective cohort study were obtained from a health care system's comprehensive data warehouses consisting of electronic health records (EHR) with Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) screening information, and medical and prescription claims data. The study compared patients 18 years of age or older with an opioid prescription who were considered users of opioids to patients who had a documented diagnosis of OUD in the EHR. All patients were screened for SDoH. The analyses were performed using Statistical Analysis System (SAS) (SAS Institute Inc, Cary, NC). RESULTS: The study included patients with an outpatient visit at one of the health care system's primary care or oncology facilities between January 1, 2017 and December 31, 2018. There were 5003 patients with an opioid prescription who were considered users of opioids, and 209 patients with an opioid prescription as well as a diagnosis of OUD. Compared to the opioid use group, patients with OUD were more likely to have a lower educational attainment, encounter financial hardship, or be food insecure. Being female, older than 40, and having a higher Charlson Comorbidity Index score were factors associated with lower rates of opioid misuse. CONCLUSION: Identifying social risk factors and providing appropriate services to individuals with OUD is essential in mitigating challenges to recovery and promoting overall health for these individuals.

Scrub typus fulminating as liver failure: A rare report.

Scrub typhus is almost an endemic tropical mite-borne, zoonotic illness often cognate with the bacterium Orientia tsutsugamushi. After a typical incubation period of a fortnight, non-specific symptoms including fever, headache, and a specific skin 'eschar' is customary. If untreated after a symptomatic week, scrub typus may precipitate end-organ involvements spiraling into vivid complications. Nevertheless, crub typhus tends to display mild transaminitis, frank liver failure is hardly common in clinical practice. An instance of scrub typus triggering fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) in a middle-aged female is being reported here.

Resolving the full spectrum of human genome variation using Linked-Reads.

Large-scale population analyses coupled with advances in technology have demonstrated that the human genome is more diverse than originally thought. To date, this diversity has largely been uncovered using short-read whole-genome sequencing. However, these short-read approaches fail to give a complete picture of a genome. They struggle to identify structural events, cannot access repetitive regions, and fail to resolve the human genome into haplotypes. Here, we describe an approach that retains long range information while maintaining the advantages of short reads. Starting from ∼1 ng of high molecular weight DNA, we produce barcoded short-read libraries. Novel informatic approaches allow for the barcoded short reads to be associated with their original long molecules producing a novel data type known as "Linked-Reads". This approach allows for simultaneous detection of small and large variants from a single library. In this manuscript, we show the advantages of Linked-Reads over standard short-read approaches for reference-based analysis. Linked-Reads allow mapping to 38 Mb of sequence not accessible to short reads, adding sequence in 423 difficult-to-sequence genes including disease-relevant genes STRC, SMN1, and SMN2 Both Linked-Read whole-genome and whole-exome sequencing identify complex structural variations, including balanced events and single exon deletions and duplications. Further, Linked-Reads extend the region of high-confidence calls by 68.9 Mb. The data presented here show that Linked-Reads provide a scalable approach for comprehensive genome analysis that is not possible using short reads alone.

Can B-Type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) be a Predictor of Severity and Outcome of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)? A Prospective Follow-Up Study.

Tropical India holds about 23% of the global pneumonia burden with case fatalities ranging between 15 to 30%, with CAP being one of the prominent causes of morbidity and mortality among adults. BNP, a hormone from ventricular myocytes during myocardial stretch or stress, causes vasodilation and natriuresis. Perhaps established as an efficient biomarker in cardiac illnesses, the possibility of it being a predictor of severity and mortality in CAP is studied. Material: 175 participants with CAP were included in the study excluding anemia and cardiac/ renal/ hepatic morbidities. Clinical history and examination, BNP, CRP, ESR, TLC, CRB-65 scores were elucidated at the time of presentation and after two weeks. Observation: At presentation, the mean values of BNP, CRP, ESR, and TLC values at presentation were 189.59, 137.29, 69.31, and 18.53* 103, whereas after two weeks of treatment, they were 94.08, 43.21, 33.01, 11.14 respectively all being significant (p <0.05). 41 participants had a CRB-65 score of one (mean BNP of 149.68), whereas rest 34 had more than one (mean BNP of 229.51). The BNP levels correlated positively with CRP, and ESR both at baseline (r=0.62, p< 0.05; r= 0.74, p< 0.05) and after treatment (r=0.39, p< 0.05; r= 0.56, p< 0.05) Conclusion: Gauging BNP levels at admission is a rapid and reliable means to triage CAP pneumonia patients into various levels of care. BNP correlates well with other biomarkers and CRB-65 scores and thus the clinical severity and outcome of CAP.

Suitcase Lab for Rapid Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Based on Recombinase Polymerase Amplification Assay.

In March 2020, the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak was declared as a world pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). The only measures for controlling the outbreak are testing and isolation of infected cases. Molecular real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays are very sensitive but require highly equipped laboratories and well-trained personnel. In this study, a rapid point-of-need detection method was developed to detect the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRP), envelope protein (E), and nucleocapsid protein (N) genes of SARS-CoV-2 based on the reverse transcription recombinase polymerase amplification (RT-RPA) assay. RdRP, E, and N RT-RPA assays required approximately 15 min to amplify 2, 15, and 15 RNA molecules of molecular standard/reaction, respectively. RdRP and E RT-RPA assays detected SARS-CoV-1 and 2 genomic RNA, whereas the N RT-RPA assay identified only SARS-CoV-2 RNA. All established assays did not cross-react with nucleic acids of other respiratory pathogens. The RT-RPA assay's clinical sensitivity and specificity in comparison to real-time RT-PCR (n = 36) were 94 and 100% for RdRP; 65 and 77% for E; and 83 and 94% for the N RT-RPA assay. The assays were deployed to the field, where the RdRP RT-RPA assays confirmed to produce the most accurate results in three different laboratories in Africa (n = 89). The RPA assays were run in a mobile suitcase laboratory to facilitate the deployment at point of need. The assays can contribute to speed up the control measures as well as assist in the detection of COVID-19 cases in low-resource settings.

A prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study for the Truenat tuberculosis assays.

BACKGROUND: Bringing reliable and accurate tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis closer to patients is a key priority for global TB control. Molbio Diagnostics have developed the Truenat point-of-care molecular assays for detection of TB and rifampicin (RIF) resistance. METHODS: We conducted a prospective multicentre diagnostic accuracy study at 19 primary healthcare centres and seven reference laboratories in Peru, India, Ethiopia and Papua New Guinea to estimate the diagnostic accuracy of the point-of-care Truenat MTB, MTB Plus and MTB-RIF Dx assays for pulmonary TB using culture and phenotypic drug susceptibility testing as the reference standard, compared with Xpert MTB/RIF or Ultra. RESULTS: Of 1807 enrolled participants with TB signs/symptoms, 24% were culture-positive for Mycobacterium tuberculosis, of which 15% were RIF-resistant. In microscopy centres, the pooled sensitivity of Truenat MTB and Truenat MTB Plus was 73% (95% CI 67-78%) and 80% (95% CI 75-84%), respectively. Among smear-negative specimens, sensitivities were 36% (95% CI 27-47%) and 47% (95% CI 37-58%), respectively. Sensitivity of Truenat MTB-RIF was 84% (95% CI 62-95%). Truenat assays showed high specificity. Head-to-head comparison in the central reference laboratories suggested that the Truenat assays have similar performance to Xpert MTB/RIF. CONCLUSION: We found the performance of Molbio's Truenat MTB, MTB Plus and MTB-RIF Dx assays to be comparable to that of the Xpert MTB/RIF assay. Performing the Truenat tests in primary healthcare centres with very limited infrastructure was feasible. These data supported the development of a World Health Organization policy recommendation of the Molbio assays.

Determining patient preferences of community pharmacy attributes: A systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: Patient selection of community pharmacy is based on a multitude of factors. With increasing competition and rapidly changing face of pharmacy, identification of these factors is critical for patient satisfaction and financial success. This systematic review summarizes patient preferences for different attributes of community pharmacy. DATA SOURCES: Systematic review of peer-reviewed studies conducted on U.S. population, published from 2005 to 2018 in EBSCO, PubMed, and EMBASE, was conducted to identify attributes of community pharmacy that determine patient patronage. STUDY SELECTION: Studies conducted between 2005 and 2018 on U.S. population that examined attributes in choosing a pharmacy were eligible for this systematic review. DATA EXTRACTION: Data were independently extracted, assessed, and evaluated by 2 reviewers. Any disagreements were resolved by the third reviewer. Data obtained included year, setting, number of patients, data collection and evaluation methods, and relevant results and outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 713 papers identified, 10 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included in this systematic review. Majority of the studies used surveys to examine key attributes that influence patients' selection of a pharmacy. Pharmacist traits like friendly, helpful, trustworthy, professional, competent, caring, knowledgeable, responsive, and approachable are critical attributes that influence a patient's selection of pharmacy. Convenience (i.e., location, hours of operation, wait time, stock availability) also influenced patients' selection of pharmacy. Cost and contract with insurance were other important factors. Availability of auto-refills appeared consistently in the studies. Medication safety (detecting drug interactions) quality metrics also appeared high among patients' preferences. CONCLUSION: The results of this review found that a relationship with a respectful, friendly, competent pharmacist represents important pharmacist-related attributes in the process of pharmacy selection. Important pharmacy-related attributes include cost, convenience, and wait times. Availability of auto-refill service was also a frequently reported attribute in this review.

Trends in Hospitalization, Acute Kidney Injury, and Mortality in Patients With Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis.

GOALS: The purpose of our study was to evaluate trends of hospitalization, acute kidney injury (AKI) and mortality in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis (SBP). BACKGROUND: SBP is a frequent bacterial infection in cirrhotic patients leading to increased morbidity and mortality. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 4,840,643 patients hospitalized with cirrhosis from 2005 to 2014 were identified using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample database, of which 115,359 (2.4%) had SBP. We examined annual trends and used multivariable mixed-effects logistic regression analyses to obtain adjusted odds ratios by accounting for hospital level and patient level variables. RESULTS: We identified a striking increase in hospitalizations for SBP in cirrhotic patients (0.45% to 3.12%) and AKI in SBP patients (25.6% to 46.7%) from 2005 to 2014. Inpatient mortality decreased over the study period in patients with SBP (19.1% to 16.1%) and in patients with SBP plus AKI (40.9% to 27.6%). Patients with SBP had a higher inpatient mortality rate than those without SBP [15.5% vs. 6%, adjusted odd ratio (aOR): 2.02, P<0.001]. AKI was 2-fold more prevalent in cirrhotics with SBP than those without SBP (42.8% vs. 17.2%, aOR: 1.91, P<0.001) and concomitant AKI was associated with a 6-fold mortality increase (aOR: 5.84, P<0.001). Cirrhotic patients with SBP had higher hospitalization costs and longer length of stays than patients without SBP. CONCLUSIONS: Despite a higher hospitalization rate and prevalence of concomitant AKI, mortality in patients with SBP decreased during the study period. SBP is associated with high likelihood of development of AKI, which in turn, increases mortality.

Development of Mobile Laboratory for Viral Hemorrhagic Fever Detection in Africa.

Background: A mobile laboratory transportable on commercial flights was developed to enable local response to viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks. Methods: The development progressed from use of mobile real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction to mobile real-time recombinase polymerase amplification. In this study, we describe various stages of the mobile laboratory development. Results: A brief overview of mobile laboratory deployments, which culminated in the first on-site detection of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in March 2014, and their successful use in a campaign to roll back EVD cases in Conakry in the West Africa Ebola virus outbreak are described. Conclusions: The developed mobile laboratory successfully enabled local teams to perform rapid disgnostic testing for viral hemorrhagic fever.