[The use of fixed expanders with orthodontic miniscrews support in children with mesial occlusion]. / Ispol'zovanie nes"emnykh rasshiritelei s vnutrikostnoi oporoi u detei s mezial'noi okklyuziei.

OBJECTIVE: Prevention of the development of pronounced skeletal abnormalities in patients with mesial occlusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Biometric analysis of control and diagnostic models of dentition was performed in 60 patients with dental anomalies before and after treatment in 3 mutually perpendicular planes to identify violations in the formation of dental arches by sagittal and transversal dimensions, and alveolar processes - by vertical dimensions (methods of A. Pont, G. Korkhaus). Measurements of 23 parameters of TRG and sections of CBCT were carried out using the modified Nad-Ars technique with analysis of skeletal parameters before and after treatment. Treatment was carried out using dilators for the upper jaw in combination with a facial mask and further dynamic observation using active retention devices. RESULTS: The results of treatment showed an increase in the length of the anterior segment of the upper dental arch by 2.8±0.55 mm (p<0.05 mm); expansion in the area of temporary molars by 2.85±0.65 mm (p<0.05); in the area of permanent molars by 2.75±0.55 mm (p<0.05); in the area of the apical basis of HF by 3.82±0.45 mm (p<0.05). The length of the lower dental arch in the anterior segment has not changed. Analysis of TRG parameters showed a significant increase in the values of

[The use of distal occlusion correctors during treatment on an individual lingual bracket system in adult patients]. / Primenenie korrektorov distal'noi okklyuzii pri lechenii s ispol'zovaniem individual'noi lingval'noi breket-sistemy u vzroslykh patsientov.

A case of treatment of a 35-year-old patient with a retroposition of the lower jaw, distal occlusion of the posterior teeth, deep incisal overlap, narrowing of the deformity of the dentoalveolar arches, protrusion of the lower incisors, crowded position of the teeth, mismatch between the incisor lines, absence due to extraction of tooth 3.6, with impacted dystopic tooth 3.8 is presented. Fixed individual orthodontic appliances of the WIN («DW Lingual Systems GmbH¼ Germany) were used. It was found that the use of the Herbst apparatus in combination with the WIN lingual bracket system in adult patients helps to achieve optimal functional and aesthetic results. The use of a distal bite correction device is an additional support for the mesialization of the molars of the lower jaw.

[Orthodontic treatment as a stage of rational dental prosthetics]. / Ortodonticheskoe lechenie kak etap podgotovki k ratsional'nomu zubnomu protezirovaniyu.

OBJECTIVE: To improving the effectiveness of complex treatment of adult patients with the absence of individual teeth. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical and radiological examination and comprehensive treatment of 37 patients with dental anomalies and the absence of individual teeth were carried out, 24 of them were women (average age 35 years), 13 men (average age 38 years). The patients were divided into two groups: the 1st group - 22 patients with distal occlusion; the 2nd group - 15 patients with mesial occlusion. RESULTS: The results of the developed algorithms for the complex treatment of patients with dental anomalies and the absence of individual teeth during the bite of permanent teeth are presented on a clinical example. The complex treatment included orthodontic treatment using a bracket system, functional fixed telescopic appliance, orthodontic mini screws for bone support and further rational prosthetics. After conducting a clinical and radiological examination and analyzing the data obtained, an individual patient treatment plan was developed, which included orthodontic and orthopedic stages. Orthodontic treatment made it possible to normalize the position of the teeth, the shape of the dental alveolar arches, occlusal planes, improve the bite, which made it possible to prepare the patient for rational prosthetics. The chosen treatment plan was optimal and correct for this patient: all the tasks were solved with changes not only at the dental alveolar level, a stable dental ratio was achieved and not only dental, but also facial parameters were improved. CONCLUSION: Orthodontic preparation of adult patients before orthopedic treatment significantly improves the quality of orthopedic treatment and allows to achieve the most stable functional and aesthetic results.

Specific Interaction of Novel Friunavirus Phages Encoding Tailspike Depolymerases with Corresponding Acinetobacter baumannii Capsular Types.

Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most clinically important nosocomial pathogens. The World Health Organisation refers it to its «critical priority¼ category to develop new strategies for effective therapy. This microorganism is capable of producing structurally diverse capsular polysaccharides (CPSs), which serve as primary receptors for A. baumannii bacteriophages carrying polysaccharide-depolymerasing enzymes. In this study, eight novel bacterial viruses that specifically infect A. baumannii strains belonging to K2/K93, K32, K37, K44, K48, K87, K89 and K116 capsular types were isolated and characterized. The overall genomic architecture demonstrated that these viruses are representatives of the Friunavirus genus of the family Autographiviridae The linear double-stranded DNA phage genomes of 41,105-42,402 bp share high nucleotide sequence identity, except for genes encoding structural depolymerases or tailspikes which determine the host specificity. Deletion mutants lacking N-terminal domains of tailspike proteins were cloned, expressed and purified. The structurally defined CPSs of the phage bacterial hosts were cleaved with the specific recombinant depolymerases, and the resultant oligosaccharides that corresponded to monomers or/and dimers of the CPS repeats (K-units) were isolated. Structures of the derived oligosaccharides were established by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The data obtained showed that all depolymerases studied were glycosidases that cleave specifically the A. baumannii CPSs by the hydrolytic mechanism, in most cases, by the linkage between the K-units.IMPORTANCE Acinetobacter baumannii, a nonfermentative, Gram-negative, aerobic bacterium, is one of the most significant nosocomial pathogens. The pathogenicity of A. baumannii is based on the cooperative action of many factors, one of them being the production of capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) that surround bacterial cells with a thick protective layer. Polymorphism of the chromosomal capsule loci is responsible for the observed high structural diversity of the CPSs. In this study, we describe eight novel lytic phages which have different tailspike depolymerases (TSDs) determining the interaction of the viruses with corresponding A. baumannii capsular types (K-types). Moreover, we elucidate the structures of oligosaccharide products obtained by cleavage of the CPSs by the recombinant depolymerases. We believe that as the TSDs determine phage specificity, the diversity of their structures should be taken into consideration as selection criteria for inclusion of certain phage candidate to the cocktail designed to control A. baumannii with different K-types.

[Algorithms for orthodontic treatment of patients with maxillary constriction based on the stages of formation of the palatal suture]. / Algoritmy ortodonticheskogo lecheniya patsientov s suzheniem verkhnei chelyusti na osnovanii stadii formirovaniya sredinnogo nebnogo shva.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Improving the effectiveness of complex orthodontic treatment of patients with constriction and deformation of the upper jaw during the period of replacement and permanent bite based on the analysis of cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of complex treatment of 70 patients with constriction and deformation of the upper jaw during the period of temporary and permanent bite are presented. The patients were divided into groups according to the stage of formation of the midpalatal suture: 1st group - 40 patients with stage «A¼ and «B¼ (average age 11.5 years); 2nd group - 15 patients with stage «C¼ (average age 20.5 years); 3rd group - 15 patients with stage «D¼ and «E¼ (average age 24.5 years). Orthodontic treatment was carried out using palatine expanders with a dental and intraosseous type of fixation. The complex treatment consisted of: orthodontic treatment using a bracket system, transgingival laser corticotomy, piezocorticotomy, surgically assisted rapid palatal expansion, orthodontic appliances for the expansion of the upper jaw. After conducting a clinical X-ray examination of all patients and analyzing the data obtained, we developed algorithms for therapeutic measures. RESULTS: As a result of the diagnosis and treatment planning, the expansion of the upper jaw was achieved both at the dental alveolar and skeletal levels. Detailed algorithms of complex treatment were developed based on the analysis of CBCT data, the stage of formation of the midpalatal suture individually for each patient. CONCLUSION: It was found that the analysis of CBCT data makes it possible to choose the optimal treatment method for patients with skeletal deformities of the dentition complex, thereby increasing the effectiveness of orthodontic treatment.

[Orthodontic treatment of adult patients with mandibular retrognathia]. / Ortodonticheskoe lechenie vzroslykh patsientov s nizhnei retrognatiei.

This article describes a case report of the patient with mandibular retrognathia, class II malocclusion, constriction and deformation of dental arches and bimaxillary protrusion. Due to the patient's refuse to undergo the orthognathic surgery, after diagnostic, it was decided to carry out the orthodontic dentoalveolar compensation. The combined use of the functional fixed telescopic appliance (FFTA), bracket system and orthodontic miniscrews made it possible to effectively normalize the mandibular position, achieve orthognathic occlusion, eliminate bimaxillary protrusion and improve the face profile. This method significantly reduced invasiveness and time of orthodontic treatment.

[Assessment of dental arches expansion using ligature and passive self-ligating braces in combination with Pitts broad arches and early elastics]. / Otsenka rasshireniya zuboal'veolyarnykh dug u patsientov pri ispol'zovanii ligaturnykh i passivnykh samoligiruyushchikh breket-sistem v sochetanii s dugami Pittsa shirokoi formy i rannei elastichnoi tyagi.

THE AIM OF THE STUDY: Was to analyze the effectiveness of the use of Pitts Broad and early elastics in the treatment of patients with narrowing and deformation in dentition. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of orthodontic treatment of 46 adult patients with narrowing and deformation in dentition are presented. Patients were separated in 2 groups, depending on the algorithm of treatment: group 1 - using the braces of passive self-ligation, Pitts Broad and early short elastics; group 2 - using ligature braces and archwires Orthos. RESULTS: Biometric analysis of the diagnostic models of the 1st group after treatment showed a significant increase in the area of the premolars on the upper (between premolars - 39.8±0.4 mm, between molars - 48.3±0.5 mm) and lower (between premolars - 37.1±0.5 mm, between molars - 46.3±0.6 mm) jaws compared to the data before treatment. Biometric analysis of the diagnostic models of the 2d group showed that expansion in the area of the molars was achieved in a much smaller volume in the upper and lower jaws, compared with the 1st group (upper jaw: between premolars - 35.7±0.4 mm, between molars - 43.5±0.5 mm; lower jaw: between premolars - 33.2±0.3 mm, between molars - 42.3±0.5 mm). CONCLUSION: The passive self-ligation system in combination with protocol of Pitts Broad already contributes the expansion of dentition in aesthetically significant areas (distal regions) in the early stages of treatment. Using of early light elastics provides an early control of the lateral tooth torque, which allows achieving a harmonious and wide smile at the end of treatment.

[Algorithm for treatment of patients with class II malocclusion rejecting orthognathic surgery]. / Algoritm lecheniya patsientov s nizhnei retrognatiei, otkazavshikhsya ot kostno-rekonstruktivnoi operatsii.

The aim of this study is to develop algorithms for the treatment of patients with class II malocclusion and incisor protrusion using the combination of bracket system, functional fixed telescopic appliance (FFTA) and skeletal anchorage, which allows to achieve effective dentoalveolar compensation of skeletal forms of class II malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Orthodontic treatment of 60 patients with class II malocclusion at the age of 18 to 44 years, using the bracket system, FFTA and orthodontic miniscrews was performed. In order to assess the results of treatment, cone-beam computed tomography were obtained at the beginning and at the end of treatment. RESULTS: As a result of the treatment normalization of lower jaw position, dental position and occlusion were achieved, the lower incisors protrusion was eliminated and the facial profile was improved, reliably confirmed by lateral cephalograms. CONCLUSION: The proposed treatment algorithm proved to be effective for stable correction of skeletal class II malocclusion in patients rejecting orthognathic surgery.

[Improving the effectiveness of treatment of the adult patients with dentoalveolar anomalies and deformities using Er,Cr:YSGG laser: a clinical study]. / Povyshenie effektivnosti lecheniya vzroslykh patsientov s zubochelyustnymi anomaliyami i deformatsiyami zubnykh ryadov s pomoshch'yu Er,Cr:YSGG lazera: klinicheskoe issledovanie.

THE AIM: Of the work is to develop and substantiate the method of minimally invasive complex orthodontic treatment of patients with constriction and deformation of the upper jaw in the period of permanent bite with the combined use of a bracket system, orthodontic devices for the expansion of the upper jaw and fractional photothermolysis to improve the effectiveness of complex treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The results of complex treatment of patients with the deficiency of the upper jaw in the period of permanent bite are presented. Complex treatment consisted of orthodontic treatment using a bracket system, laser corticotomy, orthodontic devices for the expansion of the upper jaw. Ultrasound examination before and after the procedure was performed to obtain reliable results of laser impact on bone tissue. RESULTS: After conducting a clinical and radiological examination (using cone-beam computed tomography) of all patients and analyzing the data obtained, we have developed algorithms for therapeutic measures. As a result of orthodontic treatment aimed at the expansion of the upper jaw patients who underwent fractional photothermolysis procedure achieved the expansion of the upper jaw at both the dentoalveolar and skeletal levels. CONCLUSION: It was found that a comprehensive approach with minimally invasive effects can improve the effectiveness of treatment of patients with constriction and deformation of the upper jaw during the period of permanent bite and achieve stable treatment results.

Mechanisms of Acinetobacter baumannii Capsular Polysaccharide Cleavage by Phage Depolymerases.

Aerobic gram-negative bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii has recently become one of the most relevant pathogens associated with hospital-acquired infections worldwide. A. baumannii produces a capsule around the cell, which represents a thick viscous layer of structurally variable capsular polysaccharide (CPS). The capsule protects the bacteria against unfavorable environmental factors and biological systems, including bacteriophages and host immune system. Many A. baumannii phages have structural depolymerases (tailspikes) that specifically recognize and digest bacterial CPS. In this work, we studied the interaction of tailspike proteins of four lytic depolymerase-carrying phages with A. baumannii CPS. Depolymerases of three bacteriophages (Fri1, AS12, and BS46) were identified as specific glycosidases that cleave the CPS of A. baumannii strains 28, 1432, and B05, respectively, by the hydrolytic mechanism. The gp54 depolymerase from bacteriophage AP22 was characterized as a polysaccharide lyase that cleaves the CPS of A. baumannii strain 1053 by ß-elimination at hexuronic acid (ManNAcA) residues.

Elucidation of the K32 Capsular Polysaccharide Structure and Characterization of the KL32 Gene Cluster of Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5549.

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS), isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5549 carrying the KL32 capsule biosynthesis gene cluster, was studied by sugar analysis, Smith degradation, and one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The K32 CPS was found to be composed of branched pentasaccharide repeats (K units) containing two residues of ß-D-GalpNAc and one residue of ß-D-GlcpA (ß-D-glucuronic acid) in the main chain and one residue each of ß-D-Glcp and α-D-GlcpNAc in the disaccharide side chain. Consistent with the established CPS structure, the KL32 gene cluster includes genes for a UDP-glucose 6-dehydrogenase (Ugd3) responsible for D-GlcA synthesis and four glycosyltransferases that were assigned to specific linkages. Genes encoding an acetyltransferase and an unknown protein product were not involved in CPS biosynthesis. Whilst the KL32 gene cluster has previously been found in the global clone 2 (GC2) lineage, LUH5549 belongs to the sequence type ST354, thus demonstrating horizontal gene transfer between these lineages.

[Tongue position assessment in patients before and after maxilla expansion]. / Otsenka polozheniya yazyka u patsientov s suzheniem verkhnei chelyusti do i posle ee rasshireniya.

The aim of this research is to increase the accuracy of determining the position of the tongue, the amount of space occupied by the tongue and space, free from tongue, increase of efficiency of diagnostics of dentofacial anomalies in patients based on CBCT analysis-the study of the skull conducted in transversal, sagittal and coronal planes. Clinical and x-ray examination and orthodontic treatment were carried out in 120 patients with anomalies of the dentition complex. Patients were divided into three groups. Group 1 - 30 patients aged 5 to 11 years. Group 2 - 50 patients aged 12 to 17 years. Group 3 - 40 patients aged 18 to 40 years. All patients underwent CT examination of the skull before treatment, and during the retention period of treatment. After a diagnostic examination of the proposed method for diagnosing the anatomical and functional state of the dentition complex and drawing up a treatment plan, all patients underwent orthodontic treatment, which consisted in the expansion of the upper jaw using various orthodontic appliances for expansion. This method allows to identify anomalies in the position of the tongue before and after orthodontic treatment, to assess the quality of orthodontic treatment, based on the analysis of not only the tongue filling the space of the dome of the palate, but also the position of the bone structures of the skull in three planes. The high quality of the study allows us to give a reliable assessment of the state of maxillofacial structures: the position of the upper and lower jaws, inclination of teeth, the stage of formation of the patient's growth, airway lumen and the influence of tongue on these structures at different stages of development of the maxillofacial skull. When comparing the results of the study, not all patients carried out recovered the anatomical and functional balance of the maxillofacial complex after orthodontic treatment, suggesting the need for more myogymnastics of the tongue before, during, and after treatment.

[Elimination of discoordination of the masticatory muscles work in patients with muscular-articular dysfunction of the temporomandibular joint by using «elastocorrector¼ appliance]. / Primenenie elastokorrektora dlya ustraneniya diskoordinatsii raboty zhevatel'nykh myshts u patsientov s disfunktsiei visochno-nizhnechelyustnogo sustava.

The aim of the study was to analyze the effectiveness of elastocorrective therapy in the complex treatment of patients with musculo-articular dysfunction of TMJ. Patients (n=237) underwent a comprehensive examination, including: 1) analysis of control and diagnostic plaster models of the jaws; 2) clinical examination; 3) X-ray examination: panoramic X-ray and TRG in lateral projection, computed tomography (CT) of the temporomandibular joint or X-ray zonography of the temporomandibular joint, and magnetic resonance tomography (MRI) of the temporomandibular joint, 4) electromyography of the chewing muscles, 5) T-Scan occlusion computer analysis; 6) stabilometry. After clinical, X-ray examination and data analysis of functional research methods, an algorithm for diagnostic and therapeutic measures was developed. All patients were prescribed the use of elastocorrector: at night during sleep and during the day for 1.5-2 hours. As a result of the use of elastocorrector in patients with muscle-articular dysfunction of the TMJ the position of the mandible was normalized and the spatial ratio of TMJ elements was optimized, the masticatory muscles function and bioelectric activity was normalized and the overload of muscles of mastication during functional movements is eliminated. «Elastocorrector¼ appliance can be used in patients with TMJ musculo-articular dysfunction both for orthodontic treatment (to eliminate chewing muscle hypertonus, compression of intra-articular structures, premature occlusive contacts) and to prepare for further treatment (orthopedic, therapeutic, etc.).

[Complex orthodontic-surgical rehabilitation of adults with malocclusions and deformations in dentition]. / Kombinirovannoe ortodonto-khirurgicheskoe lechenie vzroslykh patsientov s zubochelyustnymi anomaliyami i deformatsiyami zubnykh ryadov.

The aim of the study was the development and substantiation of the method of orthodontic treatment of patients with malocclusions and deformities of dentoalveolar arches with the combined use of braces, orthodontic miniscrew, piezo-surgical corticotomy or laser corticotomy to improve the efficiency and reduce the time of complex treatment. The results of complex rehabilitation of 80 adult patients with dentoalveolar anomalies and deformities of dentition are presented. As a result of the orthodontic treatment of patients who underwent piezo-surgical corticotomy the bodily movement of the posterior teeth in the area of the previously removed tooth was achieved. After piezo-surgical or laser corticotomy the rate of tooth protraction remained elevated for 3 to 5 months (on average 0.3±0.5 mm/month), then gradually decreased. Piezo-surgical corticotomy led to a decrease in bone density, which was measured on the Hounsfield scale. As a result of orthodontic treatment in patients who underwent laser corticotomy an expansion of the upper jaw and normalization of occlusion in the transversal and sagittal directions was achieved: in the region of the hard palate by 7.1±0.4 mm; in the region of the alveolar bone by 6.5±0.5 mm; in the region of the roots of molars by 6.4±0.9 mm; in the area of crowns of molars by 8.3±0.7 mm. It was found that the combined use of piezo-surgical corticotomy and orthodontic miniscrews improve the efficiency and reduce the duration of orthodontic treatment by 3 to 6 months.

Structure of the K82 Capsular Polysaccharide from Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5534 Containing a d-Galactose 4,6-Pyruvic Acid Acetal.

Type K82 capsular polysaccharide (CPS) was isolated from Acinetobacter baumannii LUH5534. The structure of a linear tetrasaccharide repeating unit of the CPS was established by sugar analysis along with one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. Proteins encoded by the KL82 capsule gene cluster in the genome of LUH5534 were assigned to roles in the synthesis of the K82 CPS. In particular, functions were assigned to two new glycosyltransferases (Gtr152 and Gtr153) and a novel pyruvyltransferase, Ptr5, responsible for the synthesis of d-galactose 4,6-(R)-pyruvic acid acetal.

[A regularity changes occlusal plane inclination in the case of treatment of distocclusion by fixed individual lingual appliance]. / Zakonomernoe izmenenie naklona okkliuzionnoi ploskosti pri lechenii distal'noi okkliuzii individual'nym lingval'nym apparatom.

The use of the lingual individual orthodontic appliance is accompanied by prematurity contact of the front teeth, which affects the rotation of the occlusal plane, especially in cases with distocclusion and deep overbite. The study of regularities of changes in the inclination of the occlusal plane is an important diagnostic feature, contributes to treatment planning and obtaining sustainable results. AIM: To assess the direction of rotation and the degree of change in inclination of the occlusal plane in cases with distocclusion. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study included 56 patients, of which 44 were female and 12 were male, with distal occlusion of the dentition and deep overbite. We studied the position of the occlusal plane, relative to the geometric center of the Ramus - point Xi in two groups of patients: 50% with occlusal Biteplanes and 50% without occlusal Biteplanes in the upper canine's brackets. RESULTS: In both groups, the position of the occlusal plane, relative to the point Xi, has improved: in the first - by 1.2 mm, the second - by 2.4 mm. CONCLUSION: The comparison of the dataset shows automatical improving of position of the occlusal plane in both groups. The most pronounced changes, detected in the treatment with lingual braces, shows Biteplane group.

Structure and Gene Cluster of the K93 Capsular Polysaccharide of Acinetobacter baumannii B11911 Containing 5-N-Acetyl-7-N-[(R)-3-hydroxybutanoyl]pseudaminic Acid.

Capsular polysaccharide (CPS) assigned to the K93 type was isolated from the bacterium Acinetobacter baumannii B11911 and studied by sugar analysis along with one- and two-dimensional 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The CPS was found to contain a derivative of pseudaminic acid, and the structure of the branched tetrasaccharide repeating unit was established. Genes in the KL93 capsule biosynthesis locus were annotated and found to be consistent with the CPS structure established. The K93 CPS has the α-d-Galp-(1→6)-ß-d-Galp-(1→3)-d-GalpNAc trisaccharide fragment in common with the K14 CPS of Acinetobacter nosocomialis LUH 5541 and A. baumannii D46. It also shares the ß-d-Galp-(1→3)-d-GalpNAc disaccharide fragment and the corresponding predicted Gal transferase Gtr5, as well as the initiating GalNAc-1-P transferase ItrA2, with a number of A. baumannii strains.

[Effects of smoking and alcohol consumptionon reproductive and metabolic indicators in young men in western siberia].

INTRODUCTION: Smoking and alcohol consumption remain widespread throughout the world, including Russia. Recently, due to the increase in male infertility and subfertility, special attention has been paid to the effects of smoking and alcohol on the reproductive health of young men. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of smoking and moderate alcohol consumption on spermatogenesis, reproductive hormone levels and metabolic status in young men living in Western Siberia (Novosibirsk). MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred thirty-three volunteers (mean age 21.1+/-0.3 years) were tested for the sperm concentration, the proportion of mobile and morphologically normal spermatozoa in the ejaculate, blood serum levels of follicle-stimulating and luteinizing hormones, prolactin, testosterone, estradiol, inhibin B, triglycerides, total cholesterol, high and low density lipoprotein cholesterol, glucose and uric acid. RESULTS: and conclusions The studied lifestyle factors were found to have no effects on spermatogenesis. Smoking more than 10 cigarettes per day and a moderate frequency of alcohol consumption (up to 1 time per week) was associated with higher blood serum testosterone levels and engaging in more frequent sexual contacts compared to non-smoking and non-drinking men. Drinking alcohol more than once a week and smoking more than 8 cigarettes per day was associated, along with the increase in testosterone levels and the frequency of sexual contacts, with lower levels of follicle-stimulating hormone and higher serum triglyceride levels. Thus, in young men, frequent drinking and smoking can alter the hormonal and metabolic balance, which, as the duration of the exposure and the strength of the factors increase, will increase the risk of reproductive disorders.

[Molecular-genetic characterization of shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli isolated during a food-borne outbreak in St. Petersburg in 2013].

UNLABELLED: Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) food-borne infections are reported worldwide and represent a serious problem for public healthcare. In the Russian Federation there is little information on epidemiology and etiology of STEC-infections as well as on molecular-genetic peculiarities of STEC pathogens. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to describe a food-borne outbreak as hemorrhagic colitis (HC) along with hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), enterocolitis, and acute gastroenteritis in children in St. Petersburg in 2013. METHODS: Epidemiological, microbiological, molecular-genetic and bioinformatic methods were applied. RESULTS: Objects to study were clinical specimens, milk and food samples, as well as STEC strains isolated during the outbreak. The outbreak of food-borne infection was found to be caused by STEC-contaminated raw milk as confirmed by epidemiological analysis, detection of STEC DNA and isolation of relevant pathogens in milk and sick children fecal specimens. The whole-genome sequencing revealed two groups ofpathogens, E. coli O157:H7 and E. coli O101:H33 among collected strains. Group I strains were attributed to the previously known sequence type ST24, while group II strains belonged to the previously non-described sequence type ST145. In strain genomes of both groups there were identified nucleotide sequences of VT2-like prophage carrying stx2c gene, plasmid enterohemolysin gene, and gene of the STEC main adhesion factor intimin. Gene of intimin gamma was identified in E. coli O157:H7 strains and intimin iota 2 in E. coli O101:H33 strains. The latter previously was identified only in enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) strains. CONCLUSION: The additional knowledge of epidemiology and biology of STEC pathogens would assist clinicians and epidemiologists in diagnosing, treating and preventing hemorrhagic colitis.

[Early orthodontic treatment of children with dentofacial anomalies in the mixed dentition with the use of fixed appliances]. / Rannee ortodonticheskoe lechenie detei s zubocheliustnymi anomaliiami v period smeny zubov s ispol'zovaniem nes''emnoi ortodonticheskoi tekhniki.

The article summarizes the authors experience in the treatment of patients with dentofacial anomalies in mixed dentition with fixed orthodontic appliances ("system 2×4") and combined treatment type with the use of extraoral device. Indications and contraindications, advantages and disadvantages, special conditions of the treatment, the mechanism of a face-bow action with extraoral traction, the sequence of events during the treatment are described in the article. Clinical cases of early treatment with "system 2×4" and in combination with the face-bow and extraoral traction demonstrate the effectiveness of the methods.