Pro-vegetarian dietary pattern and risk of breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: There are a few conflicting results from studies assessing the association between plant-based diets, particularly pro-vegetarian dietary pattern (PDP), and breast cancer (BC) incidence. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between PDP and BC odds in the Iranian population. METHODS: This case-control study was conducted on 134 women with BC and 265 without cancer (control). Participants were selected from two referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran. Also, a validated food frequency questionnaire was used to collect food information. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between PDP and BC and the association between PDP and BC by menopausal status. RESULTS: It was observed that in two models of logistic regression, the chance of BC was lower in the second and last tertile (T) than in the first tertile of PDP (model 1-T2: odds ratio (OR) = 0.39; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.23-0.67; P = 0.001, and T3: OR = 0.43; 95% CI: 0.26-0.73; P = 0.002-model 2: T2: OR = 0.42; 95% CI: 0.24-0.74; P = 0.003, and T3: OR = 0.49; 95% CI: 0.27-0.88; P = 0.017). Also, according to menopausal status, the odds of developing BC in post-menopausal women in the second and last tertile of PDP was significantly lower than the first tertile in both logistic regression models. CONCLUSIONS: The findings revealed that Iranian women who followed PDP had a lower chance of developing BC. Also, we found that a diet high in plant-based foods and low in animal products is beneficial for reducing BC odds, particularly for post-menopausal women.

The predictive role of the total potassium intake and odds of breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUNDS: Dietary potassium can play an important role in decreasing inflammatory factors as a protective factor for cancers. In this case-control study, we aimed to assess the possible association between dietary potassium intake and the risk of breast cancer (BC) among Iranian adult women. METHODS: The present case-control study was conducted at Shohada and Imam Hossain hospitals, in Tehran. The study included 134 newly diagnosed cases of BC and 267 controls. A validated semi-quantitative 168-item food frequency questionnaire was used to compute the potassium intake. Logistic regression, adjusted for potential confounders, was used to estimate odds ratios(ORs) and 95% confidence intervals(CI) of BC according to tertiles of potassium intake. RESULTS: The mean(M) ± standard deviation(SD) of age and body mass index (BMI) were 47.9 ± 10.3 years and 29.4 ± 5.5 kg/m2, respectively. Also, the M ± SD of potassium intake for the control and case groups was 1616 ± 293 and 1542 ± 338 (mg/1000 Kcal), respectively. In the multivariable-adjusted model for potential confounders, the higher total potassium intake was associated with decreased odds of BC (OR: 0.35, 95%CI: 0.19-0.62, P for trend < 0.001). Moreover, an inverse relationship was observed between potassium from plant sources (OR: 0.39, 95%CI: 0.22-0.69, P for trend = 0.001) and fruit and vegetable sources (OR: 0.49, 95%CI: 0.28-0.87, P for trend = 0.016) and odds of BC. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggested that diet rich in potassium may have a predictive role to reduce the odds of BC.

Dietary Diabetes Risk Reduction Score (DDRRS) and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study in Iran.

INTRODUCTION: Given the role of type 2 diabetes and insulin resistance in tumor initiation, we hypothesized that following a diet that reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes could also reduce the risk of breast cancer. Herein, we conducted a case-control study to investigate the association between dietary diabetes risk reduction score and breast cancer risk in Iranian women. METHOD: We recruited 136 newly diagnosed cases and 272 age-matched hospitalized controls from referral hospitals. A valid and reliable 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to collect the data on dietary intake. We used Multivariate Logistic regression to assess the odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) of breast cancer by the dietary diabetes risk reduction score tertiles. RESULTS: After adjusting for confounding variables, no association was seen between dietary diabetes risk reduction score and breast cancer risk (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.37-1.14). However, after stratification by menopausal status, a decreased risk was observed between adherence to dietary diabetes risk reduction score and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal individuals (OR = 0.43, 95% CI: 0.19-0.99). CONCLUSION: The present study states that there is no significant relationship between the dietary diabetes risk reduction score and the risk of breast cancer. However, adherence to dietary diabetes risk reduction score could have a preventive role for breast cancer among postmenopausal women.

Validity and reproducibility of the PERSIAN Cohort food frequency questionnaire: assessment of major dietary patterns.

BACKGROUND: Dietary patterns, encompassing an overall view of individuals' dietary intake, are suggested as a suitable means of assessing nutrition's role in chronic disease development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the validity and reproducibility of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) designed for use in the Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN), by comparing major dietary patterns assessed by the FFQ with a reference method. METHODS: Study participants included men and women who enrolled in the PERSIAN Cohort Study at seven of the eighteen centers. These centers were chosen to include dietary variations observed among the different Iranian ethnic populations. Two FFQ were completed for each participant over a one-year study period (FFQ1 upon enrollment and FFQ2 at the end of the study), with 24 interviewer-administered 24-hour dietary recalls (24 h) being completed monthly in between. Spearman correlation coefficients (SCC) were used comparing FFQs 1 and 2 to the 24 h to assess validity, while FFQ1 was compared to FFQ2 to assess reproducibility of the questionnaire. RESULTS: Three major dietary patterns-Healthy, Low Protein/High Carb and Unhealthy-were identified, accounting for 70% of variance in the study population. Corrected SCC ranged from 0.31 to 0.61 in the validity and from 0.34 to 0.57 in reproducibility analyses, with the first two patterns, which accounted for over 50% of population variance, correlated at above 0.5 in both parameters, showing acceptable findings. CONCLUSIONS: The PERSIAN Cohort FFQ is suitable for identification of major dietary patterns in the populations it is used for, in order to assess diet-disease relationships.

High-protein diet scores, macronutrient substitution, and breast cancer risk: insights from substitution analysis.

BACKGROUND: Evidence from recent studies suggested that variation in the quantity and quality of macronutrients in the diet may potentially play a role in predicting the risk of breast cancer (BC). In the current study, we aimed to assess the association of different high-protein diet scores and replacing fats and carbohydrate (CHO) with protein in the diet with the BC risk among Iranian women. METHODS: The current hospital-based case-control study was conducted on 401 participants, aged ≥ 30 years old, including 134 women in the case group who had been diagnosed with histologically confirmed BC and 267 women in the control group. Dietary intake data was collected using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and high protein diet scores were determined. Logistic regression models were used to determine the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of BC across tertiles of high protein diet scores. Also, we assessed how substituting protein with other macronutrients affected BC odds while adjusting for the various confounding variables. RESULTS: Participants' mean ± SD of age and body mass index were 47.9 ± 10.3 years and 29.4 ± 5.5 kg/m2, respectively. The scores of high-protein-low-CHO and fat diet, high-protein and CHO-low-fat diet, and high-protein and fat-low-CHO diet in participants were 16.5 ± 3.8, 16.5 ± 6.7, and 16.4 ± 5.9, respectively. In the multivariable model, individuals in the highest tertile of high-protein-low-CHO and fat diet score (OR:0.71;95%CI:0.56-0.90) and high-protein and CHO-low-fat diet (OR:0.76;95%CI:0.60-0.97) had lower odds of BC compared to those in the lowest tertile (P < 0.05). However, no significant association was found between high-protein and fat-low-CHO diet and BC risk. Our results showed that replacing fat by protein (ORdifferences:-0.40;95%CI:-0.73,-0.07) and also replacing refined-CHO by plant protein (ORdifferences:-0.66;95%CI:-1.26,-0.07) in the diet are associated inversely with risk of BC(P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study suggested that higher adherence to a high-protein-low-CHO and fat diet, characterized by a higher intake of plant proteins and a lower intake of refined grains and saturated fat can play a protective role against the odds of BC.

Carbohydrate quality indices and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the fourth and third most common cancer in Iran and the world, respectively. Carbohydrates can lead to the proliferation of cancer cells, including CRC. The current study aimed to investigate the association between glycemic load (GL), insulin load (IL), glycemic index (GI), insulin index (II), low-carbohydrate diet score (LCDS), and carbohydrate quality index (CQI) with CRC odds. METHODS: The present case-control study was performed on 71 CRC cases and 142 controls in the Hospital Cancer Organization and three general hospitals in Tehran, Iran. We calculated the dietary GI, GL, IL, II, CQI, and LCDS by a validated food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: The results indicated that people who were in the highest tertile of the GI had higher odds of CRC compared to the lower tertile (in the adjusted model: odds ratio (OR) = 3.89; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.71-8.84). On the contrary, people who were in the highest tertile of the CQI and LCDS had significantly lower odds of CRC compared to the lower tertile (in the adjusted model: tertile (T) 2-OR = 0.24; 95% CI: 0.11-0.53 and T3-OR = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.06-0.39 for CQI and T2-OR = 0.33; 95% CI: 0.13-0.79 and T3-OR = 0.28; 95% CI: 0.10-0.82 for LCDS). Also, IL was positively associated with the odds of CRC after adjusting for confounding factors (T2-OR = 2.46; CI: 1.08-5.61 and T3- OR = 2.80; 95% CI: 1.07-7.31). Regarding the GL, only individuals who were in the second tertile had significantly higher odds of CRC compared to the first tertile (OR = 2.42; CI: 1.07-5.47). CONCLUSION: According to the findings, it is recommended to use a diet with high-quality carbohydrates and low GI and GL to minimize the odds of developing CRC. People should also be encouraged to have a balanced carbohydrate intake.

Dietary advanced glycation end products are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in Iranian adults.

BACKGROUND: Dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can play an important role in increasing inflammatory factors and oxidative stress as risk factors for cancers. In the present study, we aimed to assess the relationship between dietary AGEs and the risk of breast cancer (BC) in Iranian adult women. METHODS: This hospital-based case-control study includes 401 participants aged ≥ 30 years old. The cases group consisted of 134 women diagnosed with histologically confirmed BC. The control group included 267 women enrolled randomly from patients admitted to the same hospitals. Dietary intake information was determined using a validated food frequency questionnaire, and dietary AGEs intake was computed for all participants. Logistic regression models, adjusted for potential confounders, were used to determine the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) of BC across tertiles of dietary AGEs. RESULTS: The mean ± SD age and body mass index of the study population were 47.92 ± 10.33 years and 29.43 ± 5.51 kg/m2, respectively. The median (interquartile) of dietary AGEs in all individuals was 9251(7450, 11,818) kU/day. After adjusting for age, first pregnancy age, and energy intake, participants in the highest tertile of dietary AGEs intakes had higher odds of BC compared to those in the lowest tertile of dietary AGEs (OR:2.29;95%CI:1.19-4.39, Ptrend:0.012). Additionally, in the multivariable model, after adjusting for age, age at first pregnancy, energy, menopausal status, family history of cancer, anti-inflammatory drug use, Vitamin D supplementation, physical activity, body mass index, number of childbirths, and history of abortion, breastfeeding, and oral contraceptive pills use, the odds of BC were increased across tertiles of dietary AGEs intake (OR: 2.33; 95%CI: 1.18-4.60, Ptrend: 0.017). CONCLUSION: The present findings suggest that a diet with high AGEs is associated with a higher likelihood of BC in adult women.

Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity and Odds of Breast Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed female cancer worldwide. It has been shown that oxidative stress can contribute to cancer development. Therefore, we investigated the association between dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and breast cancer risk in a case-control study. This study was conducted on 136 newly diagnosed breast cancer patients and 272 hospitalized controls in Tehran, Iran. Participant habitual diet was obtained using a 168-item validated food frequency questionnaire. Dietary TAC scores were computed using two different methods: the dietary ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) method and oxygen radical scavenging capacity (ORAC). The association between dietary TAC and breast cancer risk was estimated by logistic regression. The score of DTAC calculated by ORAC method was associated with lower odds of BC, especially among premenopausal women. However, this association was not significant after controlling potential confounders (ORAC: OR Q4-Q1 = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.42-2.44, p-trend = 0.96). Estimation of DTAC by FRAP method was not associated with the risk of BC (FRAP: OR Q4-Q1 = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.53-2.05, p-trend = 0.8). There were no association detected based on menopausal status. In this study, dietary TAC was not significantly related to the odds of breast cancer.

Adherence to Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Iran.

Few dietary patterns are related to reduce the Bladder Cancer (BC) risk. One of the well-known dietary patterns is the Mediterranean diet (MD). This case-control study investigated the association between MD and the odds of BC among Iranian population. The present case-control study was performed on 103 eligible cases and 200 controls age 45 to 92 years. Diet of participants was assessed by a validated 168-item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Adherence to MD was measured by Mediterranean-Style Dietary Pattern Score (MSDPS). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the relationship between MSDPS and risk of BC. After controlling for potential confounders, a negative association was observed between MSDPS and risk of BC (OR = 0.22; 95%CI = 0.09-0.52; p trend = 0.001). Furthermore, significant negative associations were observed for dairy, fish and other seafood, whole-grain, bread intake and risk of BC (p for trend < 0.05). In contrast, the risk of BC increased for high intake of poultry (OR = 1.09; 95%CI = 1.03-1.15; p trend = 0.003), sweets (OR = 1.24; 95%CI = 1.03-1.48; p trend = 0.018) and egg (p for trend = 0.01). Our results suggested that dietary habit in concordance with the principles of the Mediterranean dietary pattern may protect against BC.

Nutrient Patterns and Bladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study in Iran.

To examine the association between nutrient patterns (NP) and the risk of bladder cancer (BC) in the Iranian population, this Hospital-based case-control study was conducted with 306 participants (106 cases and 200 controls). The cases were newly diagnosed with BC (transitional cell carcinoma). Participants' past year's dietary intake was obtained via a valid 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ). Principal Component Analysis was applied to derive NPs considering the intake of the nutrients. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds ratio (ORs) and 95%CIs. Two main NPs were obtained - Mineral Dominant (NP1) and Fat Dominant (NP2). NP1 was characterized by a high loading of folate, total carbohydrate, iron, phosphorus, fiber, total protein, magnesium, potassium, and calcium. NP2 had high loadings of trans-fatty acid (TFA), poly-unsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), total fat, saturated fatty acid (SFA), sodium, and cholesterol. Higher adherence to NP1 pattern significantly decreased the odds of BC (OR = 0.24, 95%CI: 0.09-0.67). In contrast, high adherence to NP2 resulted in almost a five-fold increase in the odds of BC (OR = 5.41, 95%CI: 2.26, 12.95). Variability in nutrient patterns has significant associations with the risk of BC, further highlighting the need to study patterns of nutrient intake rather than single nutrients.

Ultra-Processed Food Intake and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Matched Case-Control Study.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most prevalent and the second fatal cancer in the world. Ultra-processed foods (UPFs) are suggested to be related to various non-communicable diseases including cancers. However, studies on the relationship between UPFs and CRC are scarce. The aim of this study was to determine the association between consumption of UPFs and CRC. In a case-control study conducted in four hospitals in Tehran, Iran, consumption of UPFs in 71 CRC patients and 142 controls (patients with non-neoplastic diseases) were compared. Using 125-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire, dietary intakes were assessed. We used Multivariate logistic regression to estimate the association between UPFs intake and risk of CRC. Intake of nondairy beverages (P = 0.009), processed meat and fast food (P = 0.04) was significantly higher in those in the highest tertile of UPFs intake compared to the lowest tertile. In addition, intake of UPFs was associated with higher risk of CRC. The association remained constant after adjustment for BMI, income, smoking, type of job, educational level, and physical activity (OR, 3.32; 95% CI, 1.44-7.61; P = 0.003). Results of this study indicate that the intake of UPFs is associated with increased odds of CRC.

Dietary and lifestyle indices for hyperinsulinemia and colorectal cancer risk: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has increased in Iran, and determining the dietary patterns that can contribute to reducing or increasing the risk of CRC will help better control this disease. Therefore, in the current study, we assessed the association between the empirical lifestyle index for hyperinsulinemia (ELIH) and the empirical dietary index for hyperinsulinemia (EDIH) with the CRC odds. METHODS: The present case (n = 71)-control (n = 142) study was carried out in several CRC surgical units of hospitals in Tehran, Iran. A semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire containing 168 items was used to assess participants' dietary intakes. The EDIH and ELIH scores were calculated by food groups and some variables such as body mass index and physical activity. Logistic regression models were applied to evaluate the association between the EDIH and ELIH scores with CRC odds. RESULTS: According to baseline features of the study participants, there were significant differences between the controls and cases in ELIH score, fiber intake, taking aspirin, and family history of CRC in first- and second-degree relatives. Also, we found that the odds of CRC increased significantly in the last tertile compared to the first tertile in EDIH and ELIH in the adjusted model (odds ratio (OR) = 3.12; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.30-7.48 and OR = 4.72; 95% CI: 1.15-19.39, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the result of this study indicated that CRC odds was significantly greater in subjects with higher EDIH and ELIH scores. Also, according to the results of this study, lifestyle and diet with insulinemic potential can influence the CRC risk.

Oxidative balance score and dietary phytochemical index can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer in Iranian population.

BACKGROUND: No previous study has assessed the association between oxidative balance score (OBS) and dietary phytochemical index (DPI) with colorectal cancer (CRC) simultaneously. Therefore, this study investigated the association between OBS and DPI with the odds of CRC among the Iranian population. METHODS: This hospital-based age and sex-matched case-control study was conducted between September 2008 and January 2010 (142 controls and 71 cases were entered for analysis). New diagnosed CRC cases were selected from the Cancer Institute, Imam Khomeini Hospital of Tehran. Dietary intakes were determined by a semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). Then, dietary indices were calculated by food items and nutrient intake. Logistic regression was utilized for assessing the tertiles of OBS and DPI. RESULTS: In multivariate analysis, OBS was associated with a 77% reduction in CRC odds in the last tertile than the first tertile (odds ratio (OR) = 0.23, confidence interval (CI): 0.07-0.72, Ptrend = 0.017). Also, we found a 64% reduction in CRC odds in the last tertile of DPI compared to the first tertile (OR = 0.36, CI: 0.15-0.86, Ptrend = 0.015). CONCLUSIONS: A diet rich in phytochemicals and anti-oxidants, including fruits and vegetables (citrus fruits, colored berries, and dark-green leafy vegetables) and whole grains, may reduce the CRC odds.

Dietary quality index and the risk of breast cancer: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Diet quality is a significant determinant in the etiology of breast cancer (BrCa), but further studies are required to explore this relationship. Therefore, we tried to assess if diet quality, assessed using the Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I), was related to BrCa among the Iranian population. METHODS: In the present case-control research, 134 women with a recent diagnosis of BrCa and 267 without BrCa were selected as case and control groups. Individual food intake data from a food frequency questionnaire was used to compute DQI-I. Also, the multivariable logistic regression models were utilized to evaluate the association between DQI-I and BrCa odds . RESULTS: We found a significant association between the last tertile of DQI-I and BrCa odds in the fully adjusted model (odds ratio (OR) = 0.30; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.15-0.56). The subgroup analysis based on menopausal status also showed a significant decrease in BrCa odds in pre-and post-menopausal women (pre-menopausal: OR = 0.27; 95% CI: 0.10-0.70 - post-menopausal status: OR = 0.35; 95% CI: 0.13-0.92). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indicated that a higher DQI-I score was related to a lower chance of BrCa. According to our research, a healthy diet pattern is crucial for BrCa prevention.

Correlating Dietary Pattern and Bladder Cancer Risk Using Principal Component and Reduced Rank Regression Analyses.

We investigated the association between dietary patterns (DPs) and bladder cancer (BC) using principal component analysis (PCA) and reduced rank regression (RRR). This case-control study comprised 102 BC patients and 197 controls aged ≥ 45 years. Dietary intakes were assessed using a food-frequency questionnaire. The response variables for RRR were nitrite and trans-fatty acid consumption. The following DPs were retained using PCA: "high fat and high carbohydrate", "healthy", and "ready-to-eat". The first pattern was positively (OR = 5.78, 95% CI: 3.14, 10.6) and the healthy was negatively (OR = 0.60, 95%CI: 0.42, 0.86) associated with BC risk in the fully adjusted model. The first RRR pattern, "high trans-fatty acids and high nitrite", was positively correlated with trans-fatty acids and nitrite. A higher score on this pattern was associated with a more likely to have BC (OR = 1.83, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.71). The second one, "high trans-fatty acids and low nitrite", was positively correlated with trans-fatty acids but negatively correlated with nitrite. More adherence to this pattern increased BC risk (OR = 1.75, 95% CI: 1.23, 2.50). We identified DPs positively linked to BC. Furthermore, a diet rich in vegetables, fruits, nuts, seafood, and olive oil was inversely associated with BC.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2022.2047739 .

Dietary Carbohydrate Intake Glycemic Index and Glycemic Load and the Risk of Prostate Cancer among Iranian Men: A Case-Control Study.

Previous studies have presented a few evidences on the relationship between dietary carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL), with the prostate cancer risk. We performed a case-control study to evaluate these associations in 50 men with histologically confirmed prostate cancer and 100 control men. Odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were derived using logistic regression. The fully adjusted ORs for the top vs. the bottom quartile were 15.02 (P trend = 0.004), 1.04 (P trend = 0.003), and 10.35 (P trend = 0.002) for carbohydrate intake, GI and GL, respectively. Significant associations with prostate cancer remained only among men with reduced fiber intake for carbohydrate intake, GI and GL and among those had increased fiber intake for GI. These findings support the hypothesis that diet with high carbohydrate, GI and GL enhance risk of prostate cancer.

Association of Recommended and Non-Recommended Food Score and Risk of Bladder Cancer: A Case-Control Study.

Bladder cancer (BC) is the ninth most common cancer in the world. Dietary patterns and diet quality could reduce exposure to carcinogenic factors postulated to increase the risk of BC. The main objective of this study was to investigate the associations of Recommended Food Score (RFS) and Non-Recommended Food Score (n-RFS) with the risk of BC among Iranian adults.This is a hospital-based case-control study, conducted at three referral hospitals in Tehran, the capital of Iran. Cases consisted of 103 histologically confirmed BC patients, aged greater than 45 years. Age-matched controls (n = 200) were selected from the same hospital where cases were recruited. Controls were patients with non-neoplastic diseases that are not related to smoking, or long-term diet modification. Dietary intake was assessed by a 168-item Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ), which was validated in Iran. Logistic regression tests were used to estimate the relationship between RFS and n-RFS with BC.The risk of BC decreased by 69% (OR = 0.31; 95% CI:0.13-0.71) among participants belonging to the highest compared with the lowest quartile of RFS. After adjusting for age, sex, smoking, and total energy, a significant inverse trend was observed between the risk of BC and quartile of RFS. Regarding the n-RFS, also expressed as quartiles, subjects in the fourth quartile were at 2.7 times higher risk of having BC compared to participants in the first quartile (OR = 2.7; 95%CI: 1.07-6.78).The findings of this study suggested that, adherence to RFS decreased the risk of BC. Additionally, a higher score of n-RFS may lead to an increased risk of BC. These findings could be used to develop evidence-based recommendations for the prevention of BC in Iran.

The Association between Consumption of Dairy-Originated Digestion Resistant and Bioactive Peptides and Breast Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study.

Bioactive peptides (BPs) content of dairy products is suggested to be a significant ingredient for reducing breast cancer (BC) risk. There is no observational study regarding the correlation between BPs and the risk of chronic disease because BPs' content of food items has not been evaluated in any study. The goal of the current study was to assess the association of dairy-originated BPs with BC risk. One hundred thirty-four women with BC and 267 cancer-free controls were selected from referral hospitals in Tehran, Iran. The development of an in-silico model for estimation of the bioactive and digestion-resistant peptides content of dairy products was done in our previous research. The risk assessment for BPs and BC association was performed across the tertiles of the peptide's intake. Odds ratios (OR) were calculated by logistic regression. The negative association of all bioactive and digestion-resistant peptides except for peptides with high hydrophilicity and low bioactivity was seen in all models. In PR-negative subjects only the association of total dairy intake (OR: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.26-1.45; P for trend: 0.276), peptides with low bioactivity (OR: 0.40; 95% CI: 0.16-1.02; P for trend: 0.0.052), antidiabetic peptides (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-1.05; P for trend: 0.0.062) and di-peptides (OR: 0.42; 95% CI: 0.17-1.05; P for trend: 0.0.062) were not significant in the final model. Also, no significant association between ER-negative subjects and total dairy intake (OR: 0.41; 95% CI: 0.16-1.07; P for trend: 0.0.068) was noted. Our findings deduced that milk-derived BPs negatively associate with the risk of ER/PR/HER2 negative BC among Iranian women.Supplemental data for this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2021.2009884.

Dietary acid load, alternative healthy eating index score, and bacterial vaginosis: is there any association? A case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Changing the dietary pattern may be an alternative treatment for bacterial vaginosis, the prevalent vaginal infection in women. METHODS: One hundred and forty-three bacterial vaginosis-affected women diagnosed by Amsel criteria and 151 healthy controls aged 18 to 45 entered the current case-control research. To calculate the alternative healthy eating index and dietary acid load score, food consumption was recorded with an accurate and precise food frequency questionnaire. The dietary acid load was measured by potential renal acid load (PRAL) and net endogenous acid production (NEAP) indices. Using logistic regression models, the association between the alternative healthy eating index and dietary acid load score with bacterial vaginosis was investigated. RESULTS: The last tertile of the alternative healthy eating index had a 75% decreased odds of experiencing bacterial vaginosis in the adjusted model (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 0.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.12-0.53, P for trend = 0.001). Besides, vegetables (aOR = 0.34, 95% CI = 0.17-0.69, P for trend = 0.003), nuts and legumes (aOR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.23-0.87, P for trend = 0.028), and meats (aOR = 0.31, 95% CI = 0.16-0.60, P for trend = 0.001) intake was linked to a decreased bacterial vaginosis odds. However, sugar-sweetened beverages and fruit juice (aOR = 3.47, 95% CI = 1.68-7.17, P for trend < 0.001), trans fatty acids (aOR = 2.29, 95% CI = 1.18-4.43, P for trend = 0.005), and sodium (aOR = 3.44, 95% CI = 1.67-7.06, P for trend = 0.002) intake were directly associated with bacterial vaginosis odds. There was no evidence of a link between dietary acid load and bacterial vaginosis. CONCLUSION: According to the present study's findings, there is no correlation between dietary acid load and the likelihood of developing bacterial vaginosis. However, following a plant-based dietary pattern based on the healthy eating index may lead to a lower odds of bacterial vaginosis.

Dietary patterns and health-related quality of life among Iranian adolescents.

PURPOSE: Examining the associations of a-posteriori-defined dietary patterns and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Iranian adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 900 apparently healthy students (mean age 15.33 years; 53.0% female) during 2020-21. The validated Persian version of self-report Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory™ Version 4.0 Generic Core Scales (PedsQL) for healthy adolescents was used in an online survey to assess HRQOL. Total, physical health, psychosocial health, emotional functioning, social functioning, and school functioning PedsQL scores were calculated, and impaired HRQOL was defined as > 1 standard deviation below the total population sample mean PedsQL scores. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intakes during telephone interviews. Daily intakes of 20 predefined food groups were calculated and submitted to the principal component factor analysis to identify a-posteriori-defined dietary patterns. RESULTS: Three major dietary patterns labeled as Mediterranean, mixed, and unhealthy were identified, of which only the Mediterranean pattern characterized by high intakes of vegetables, fruits, olives, potatoes, eggs, nuts and legumes, pickles, low-fat dairy, fish, poultry, and vegetable oils was consistently associated with HRQOL. Controlling for covariates in the multivariable-adjusted binary logistic regression analysis, participants in the top tertile of Mediterranean pattern score were less likely to have impaired HRQOL than those in the bottom tertile (total: OR 0.25; physical health: OR 0.35; psychosocial health: OR 0.15; emotional functioning: OR 0.17; social functioning: OR 0.15; and school functioning: OR 0.18; all P < 0.010). CONCLUSION: Current findings indicate that an a-posteriori-defined Mediterranean-style dietary pattern is associated with better HRQOL among healthy Iranian adolescents.