Prevalence and socio-economic distribution of hazardous patterns of alcohol drinking: study of alcohol consumption in men aged 25-54 years in Izhevsk, Russia.

AIM: To estimate the prevalence of hazardous drinking and its socio-economic distribution among Russian men. DESIGN: Participants were an age-stratified, population-based random sample of men aged 25-54 years living in Izhevsk, a city in the Urals, Russia. Interviewers administered questionnaires to cohabiting proxy respondents about behavioural indicators of hazardous drinking derived from frequency of hangover, frequency of drinking beverage spirits, episodes in the last year of extended periods of drunkenness during which the participant withdraws from normal life (zapoi), consumption of alcoholic substances not intended to be drunk (surrogates) and socio-economic position. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between socio-economic position and indicators of hazardous drinking in the past year. FINDINGS: Of 1750 men, 79% drank spirits and 8% drank surrogates at least sometimes in the past year; 25% drank spirits and 4% drank surrogates at least weekly and 10% had had an episode of zapoi in the past year. After adjustment for other socio-economic factors, education was strongly associated with indicators of hazardous drinking. Men with the lowest level of education compared to the highest level of education had an odds ratio of surrogate drinking of 7.7 (95% CI 3.2-18.5), of zapoi of 5.2 (2.3-11.8) and of frequent hangover of 3.7 (1.8-7.4). These indicators of hazardous drinking were also independently strongly associated with being unemployed (versus employed) and with levels of household wealth/amenities. Associations of all these variables with daily consumption of beverage spirits were weaker. CONCLUSION: Using a novel range of indicator variables of hazardous drinking, this paper shows that the prevalence of these behaviours is high among working-age men in this Russian city. Moreover, these hazardous behaviours show very clear socio-economic patterns, with particularly high prevalence among those who have had the least education and are not in employment. In contrast, more conventional measures of heavy drinking, based on frequency of consumption of beverage spirits, are less prevalent and show much weaker associations with socio-economic position.

[Incorporation of an antineoplastic drug aclarubicin into liposomes in relation to the conditions of its encapsulation]. / Vkliuchenie v liposomy protivoopukholevogo antibiotika aklarubitsina v zavisimosti ot uslovii inkapsulirovaniia.

The results of liposome drug encapsulation of aclarubicin (aclacinomycin A), an antitumor antibiotic, are presented. The method of flow detergent dialysis was applied. Conditions providing maximum encapsulation of aclarubicin (the ratio of lipid components and the lipid/detergent ratio), as well as conditions providing stability of liposomal emulsion (the presence of antioxidants, stearic acid and cholesterol) were defined.

[Effect of agents that act in the area of cholinergic synapses on the glycolysis process in an ischemic extremity]. / Vliianie sredstv, deistvuiushchikh v oblasti kholinergicheskikh sinapsov, na protsess glikoliza v ishemizirovannoi konechnosti.

Glycolysis intensity in an intact and ischemized muscle of a limb was decreased by prozerin and carbacholine in experiments on 230 noninbred rats with 2 models of acute ischemia. A less pronounced decrease was caused by benzohexonium, cholinesterase and dipyroxim. Meanwhile atropine blocked the glycolysis.

[Glycogen metabolism in ischemic organs]. / Osobennosti obmena glikogena v ishemizirovannykh organakh.

Acute ischemia was created by placing a tourniquet on the extremity or on a clamp on the kidney limb for a period corresponding to the critical metabolism level in the test tissue study. Restoration of circulation in the ischemic kidney led to the excessive accumulation of glucose high-molecular polymer of the glycogen type. The character of its branching in the molecule determined by the iodine complex spectrum pointed to the changes in the processes of glycogen biosynthesis. Lactate of the ischemic kidney could be used for the glycogenesis requirements. This anomalous glycogen was shown to be actively uptaken by the kidney tissue. Glycogen accumulation in the muscle tissue following acute ischemia failed to exceed the normal level, and its structure was unchanged.

The interaction of mitochondrial transhydrogenase with derivatives of coenzyme A.

The 2,4-dinitrophenyl derivative of dephospho-CoA and the 7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl derivative of CoA are competitive inhibitors (Ki 3 microM and 2.6 microM respectively) of mitochondrial transhydrogenase with regard to NAD+ and NADPH respectively. The 7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl derivative of dephospho-CoA is a competitive inhibitor with regard to both transhydrogenase substrates with the same Ki equal to 0.3 microM. The pattern of transhydrogenase inhibition with the 7-nitrobenzofurazan-4-yl derivative of dephospho-CoA indicates that one molecule of the inhibitor binds simultaneously to both the NADP(H) and the NAD(H) binding sites of the enzyme. This result is evidence of the short distance between the NADP(H) and the NAD(H) binding sites.