Treatment of Chronic Heart Failure in Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease: The HAKA Multicenter Retrospective Real-World Study.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic heart failure (HF) has high rates of mortality and hospitalization in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease (aCKD). However, randomized clinical trials have systematically excluded aCKD population. We have investigated current HF therapy in patients receiving clinical care in specialized aCKD units. METHODS: The Heart And Kidney Audit (HAKA) was a cross-sectional and retrospective real-world study including outpatients with aCKD and HF from 29 Spanish centers. The objective was to evaluate how the treatment of HF in patients with aCKD complied with the recommendations of the European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of HF, especially regarding the foundational drugs: renin-angiotensin system inhibitors (RASi), angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitors (ARNI), beta-blockers (BBs), mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs), and sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2i). RESULTS: Among 5,012 aCKD patients, 532 (13%) had a diagnosis of HF. Of them, 20% had reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), 13% mildly reduced EF (HFmrEF), and 67% preserved EF (HFpEF). Only 9.3% of patients with HFrEF were receiving quadruple therapy with RASi/ARNI, BB, MRA, and SGLT2i, but the majority were not on the maximum recommended doses. None of the patients with HFrEF and CKD G5 received quadruple therapy. Among HFmrEF patients, approximately half and two-thirds were receiving RASi and/or BB, respectively, while less than 15% received ARNI, MRA, or SGLT2i. Less than 10% of patients with HFpEF were receiving SGLT2i. CONCLUSIONS: Under real-world conditions, HF in aCKD patients is sub-optimally treated. Increased awareness of current guidelines and pragmatic trials specifically enrolling these patients represent unmet medical needs.

Tratamiento congestivo: diuréticos, resistencia diurética y alternativas Papel de la ultrafiltración / Tratamento congestivo: diuréticos, resistência diurética e alternativas Papel da ultrafiltração / Congestive treatment: diuretic treatment, diuretic resistance and alternatives Ultrafiltration role

Los pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca descompensada presentan un estado congestivo. La inmensa mayoría de las veces es debido a la activación de mecanismos neurohormonales que provocan la retención de sodio y agua a nivel renal. Esta activación y la congestión pueden devenir en la alteración de la función renal (síndrome cardio-renal). El tratamiento de la congestión se basa en el uso de diuréticos, pero la inmensa mayoría de estos pacientes presentan resistencia a los mismos, además de sufrir diferentes efectos secundarios por su uso, como las alteraciones hidroelectrolíticas. Terapias como la ultrafiltración o la diálisis peritoneal se han valorado en el tratamiento de la insuficiencia cardíaca congestiva. Nuestro objetivo es hacer una aproximación al lector de las alternativas al tratamiento diurético en el paciente congestivo, centrándonos, prioritariamente, en la ultrafiltración.

Patients with decompensated heart failure have a congestive state. Volume overloaded state is due to neurohormonal mechanisms activation that cause the retention of sodium and water by the kidney. This activation and congestion can lead to impaired renal function (cardio-renal syndrome). Congestive treatment is based on use of diuretics but the vast majority of these patients have diuretic resistance, as well as suffering from different side effects due to their use such as hydroelectrolytic alterations. Therapies such ultrafiltration or peritoneal dialysis have been evaluated in the treatment of congestive heart failure. Our objective is to make an approximation of other therapeutic strategies specially on ultrafiltration to resolve congestive state.

Pacientes com insuficiência cardíaca descompensada apresentam um estado congestivo. A grande maioria é devido à ativação de mecanismos neuro-hormonais que causam a retenção de sódio e água nos rins. Essa ativação e congestão podem resultar em comprometimento da função renal (síndrome cardio-renal). O tratamento da congestão baseia-se no uso de diuréticos, mas a grande maioria destes pacientes têm a mesma resistência, e sofrem de diversos efeitos colaterais por utilização, como perturbações electrolíticas. Terapias como ultrafiltração ou diálise peritoneal foram avaliadas no tratamento da insuficiência cardíaca congestiva. Nosso objetivo é aproximar o leitor das alternativas ao tratamento diurético no paciente congestivo, enfocando, principalmente, a ultrafiltração.