Transorbital sonographic measurement of optic nerve sheath diameter among HIV-Positive patients in Northwestern Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a pandemic disease affecting all regions across the globe and Nigeria having the second highest prevalence worldwide. Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has profound negative effect on the optic nerve even though (HAART) has improved the health status of the affected individuals and overall reduction in mortality. Imaging modality especially ultrasound has a great role in the assessment of the optic nerve because of its availability, affordability, and easy operability with reliable sensitivity. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted at the Department of Radiology and Ophthalmology, AKTH, Kano, from October 2017 to June 2018. A total of 143 consenting HIV-positive adults age 18-60 years on HAART were recruited. Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) of each eye was measured using 11-14 MHz linear transducer. Ethical approval was obtained from the ethic and research committee of the hospital. RESULTS: The mean ONSD value of the right eye was 3.49 mm ± 1.04 standard deviation (SD) and 3.55 mm ± 1.11 SD for the left eye. The optic nerve diameter was found to be larger on the left eye and increased slightly with age (P < 0.05). There was nonsignificantly higher values of ONSD among female (3.59 mm ± 1.12 SD) when compared with males (3.332 mm ± 0.878) with P value >0.005. CONCLUSION: ONSD values among HIV-positive patients are significantly higher in the left eye and among female subjects. Also, patients with HIV on HAART have thicker optic nerves when compared with general population in Kano, Nigeria.

Renal doppler indices and their correlation with laboratory indices of human immunodeficiency virus sero-positive adult individuals.

INTRODUCTION: Renal Doppler resistive index (RI) and pulsatility index (PI) values are potentially more sensitive at detecting renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory indices in patients with HIV/AIDS. To the best of our knowledge, there are no published research articles on renal Doppler indices and their correlation with laboratory indices of HIV sero-positive adult individuals. This study aimed to assess the renal function of HIV-sero-positive adults using RI and PI, and correlating these indices against laboratory values. METHODS: A prospective cross-sectional study was conducted from July 2019 to April 2020. A purposive sampling method was employed and included 396 HIV sero-positive adult individuals. Sampling for the renal RI and PI was performed at the level of the inter-lober arteries, in between the medullary pyramids. An RI value above 0.70 and a PI value above 1.56 were consider abnormal. Serum creatine and urea together with evidence of proteinuria were recorded at the time of scanning. RESULTS: Forty-three (10.9%) men had an abnormal RI, 32 (8.1%) had abnormal PI, five (2.5%) had abnormal creatinine, two (1%) abnormal urea and eight (4.1%) with proteinuria. In women, 29 (7.3%) had abnormal RI, 22 (5.6%) abnormal PI, four (2%) abnormal creatinine and urea and six (3%) had proteinuria. There was a statistically significant weak positive correlation between RI and PI and serum creatinine and urea (r > 0.2, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The proportion of patients with abnormal RI and PI was higher than the proportion of participants with abnormal serum urea, creatinine and proteinuria. Renal Doppler indices could be used be used in the early assessment of renal function in HIV sero-positive adults individuals. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: Serum creatinine and urea are routinely used to evaluate renal function in patients with HIV/AIDS. Findings from this initial study show that RI and PI could be used detecting early renal abnormalities when compared to standard laboratory values.

Influence of Ibuprofen on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid.

The influence of ibuprofcn (400 mg urally) on the pharmacokinetics of isoniazid (500 mg orally) was evaluated in healthy human subjects (n = 30). Subjects participated in a two way crossover trial, the first dosing condition was isoniazid alone (control), and the second dosing condition was ibuprofen with isoniazid. The concentrations of isoniazid from the serum samples were determined by HPLC. The pharmacokinetic parameters show a significant (P.<0.05) increase in the area under the serum concentration/time curve (AUC) in both fast and slow acetylators of isoniazid, with a significant increase in the maximum serum concentration (C(max)) of isoniazid (only in slow acetylators with no effect on fast acetylators), a significant increase in the elimination half-life (t (1/2)), and the time for the maximum drug concentration (T(max)) (only in fast acetylators with no effect on slow acetylators).