[A method of objective estimation of anal and bulbocavernosus reflexes in children]. / Sposob ob''ektivnogo opredeleniia anal'nogo i bul'bokavernoznogo refleksov u detei.

The authors suggest a new method of detecting the anal and bulbocavernosus reflexes. It consists in stimulation of the reflexogenic area skin by electric current and in determination of the response according to pressure changes in the anal canal. The status of the sacral reflex arch is judged from the two objective magnitudes: current power in mA and pressure in kPa. The efficacy of the given research method is shown with special reference to 30 patients in whom the anal reflex is to be determined. The anal reflex is demonstrated to be less remarkable in children with incontinence of the intestinal contents as compared to those suffering from constipation.

[Morphofunctional immaturity of the urinary tract and vesicoureteral reflux in young children]. / Morfofunktsional'naia nezrelost' mochevykh putei i puzyrno-mochetochnikovyi refliukc u detei rannego vozrasta.

On the basis of rich clinical experience--593 patients and 916 renoureteral units (RUU) with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in infants the authors showed that early recognition of VUR is necessary, which is ensured by adequate organization of service to infants of the "risk group". Complex examination of children by functional diagnostic methods conducted under general anesthesia makes it possible to undertake some methods of examination for the detection and control of morphofunctional immaturity, while early application of purposeful rehabilitation measures in the stages inpatient treatment--outpatient treatment--treatment in the family produces a "positive dynamics" of the course of the pathological process in most patients (up to 82.1%). All this in complex confirms that morphofunctional immaturity of the urinary tract is the main cause of VUR in infants.

[Stimulation tonometry of the functional segment of the large intestine in children]. / Stimuliatsionnaia tonometriia funktsional'nogo otdela tol'stoi kishki u detei.

In view of the frequently encountered functional changes of the distal part of the large intestine in children and the need for early purposeful diagnosis and rehabilitation of patients with this pathological condition, this part of the large intestine, responsible for adaptation, evacuation, and closure, should be distinguished as an independent functional part of the large intestine (FPLI). The frequent use of direct electrostimulation of the FPLI and the absence of an objective control over its efficacy allowed the authors to develop a new diagnostic method--stimulation tonometry of the FPLI consisting in conducting tonometry of the FPLI during direct dynamic electrostimulation of the intestine in comparison with background study. The method allows a differentiated approach to FPLI electrostimulation depending on the character of the pathological changes. Comparative characteristics of altered intestinal tonometry is give.

[Extravesical treatment of the ureter and endoscopic correction of reflux in children]. / Ekstravezikalizatsiia mochetochnika i éndoskopicheskaia korrektsiia refliuksa u detei.

The authors have suggested the presence of reflux regulating the relationship between the urinary bladder and vesicoureteral segment which was called the vesico-osteal reflex (VOR). An original method of diagnostics of VOR with the help of profilometry was developed. A method of endoscopic correction of reflux was proposed with the help of glue MK-2 and KL-3 in combination with metoclopramide++ which made the treatment considerably more effective.

[External and intracavitary thermometry and the temperature sensitivity of the bladder in children]. / Naruzhnaia i vnutripolostnaia termometriia i temperaturnaia chuvstvitel'nost' mochevogo puzyria u detei.

The authors have determined specification indices of the intracavitary temperature of the urinary bladder in children of different age, which are compared with data of "reflected" temperature from the urinary bladder onto the abdominal wall which allows objective determination and control in dynamics of the course of the inflammatory process in the urinary bladder. The thermocontrast "cold" and "hyperthermic" cystotonometry are new methods of investigation allowing to objectively determine the state of the cold and warm receptors of the urinary bladder, to detect latent neurogenic disturbances of the urinary bladder and to prognose the effectiveness of treatment of hypermotor disturbances of functions of the urinary bladder.

[A comparative assessment of the degree of inclination to defecation in constipated children]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka stepeni narusheniia pozyva na defekatsiiu u detei s zaporami.

Four degrees of disturbances of the inclination to defecation were established by the method of irrigography under functional control with filling the distal portion of the colon with a barium suspension before the inclination to defecation. These degrees are characterized by certain objective parameters (volume, length and constant) of the functional portion of the colon.

[Uro- and colodynamic studies in combined diseases of the pelvic organs in children]. / Uro- i kolodinamicheskoe issledovanie pri sochetannykh zabolevaniiakh tazovykh organov u detei.

A variety of examination techniques are widely used by the authors in uro- and colodynamic investigations of children with combined pelvic lesions. These are: rectotonometry, electroimpulse test of the urethra and anal canal, thermocontrast test of the bladder and distal colon, electrostimulation of the pudendal nerve, investigation of the bladder and rectosphincteral reflex, anal and bulbocavernous reflexes, etc. Such multimodality approach is helpful in detection of local pelvic dysfunction and in prediction of the treatment outcomes.

[Study of the anal sphincter in children]. / Issledovanie sostoiania naruzhnogo sfinktera zadnego prokhoda u detei.

In dynamic study of the distal colon in children, the functional and electrophysiological methods of diagnosis developed and introduced by the authors: determination of anal reflex, electrosensitivity of the anal canal, musculocutaneous electrosensitivity, state of the genital nerve and its branches were used. The new methods of investigation permit to determine by the objective indices of the strength of the current and changes in pressure in the anal canal a state of the "sacral reflex arch" and neuromuscular apparatus of the external anal sphincter. In patients with constipation, a decrease in electrosensitivity and attenuation of reflex interconnection between the rectum and anal canal were noted.

[The characteristics of the bladder-sphincter reflex in children]. / Kharakteristika puzyrno-sfinkternogo refleksa u detei.

Based on the examination of 89 children (71 patients with various bladder diseases and 18 healthy subjects), the authors developed a new procedure for recording the vesicosphincteral reflex by the use of urethral profilometry. The procedure involved comparison of background and stimulation examination findings of urethral profilograms. The optimum parameters were defined for detection of vesicosphincteral reflex and the conditions were developed for its performance. The procedure may be useful in the diagnosis of neurogenic bladder, sphincter-detrusor dyssynergia, stress-induced enuresis, etc.

[The determination of the bladder orifice reflex in children with vesico-ureteral reflux]. / Opredelenie puzyrno-ostiumnogo reflesa u detei s puzyrno-mochetochnikovym refliuksom.

The authors have established the presence of a vesico-ostial reflex providing the active obturator function of the vesicoureteral segment in significant change in gallbladder pressure. For registration of a vesicoureteral reflex, the authors used profilometry. Twenty four patients at the age from 6 to 12 years with unilateral vesicoureteral reflux were examined.

[Characteristics of methods of profilometry of the anal canal in children]. / Kharakteristika sposobov profilometrii zadneprokhodnogo kanala u detei.

Profilometry by the perfusive method of the anal canal was performed in 23 children. In high speed of perfusion, the functional length of the anal canal decreases, and its tonicity is suppressed in patients with incontinence. The high speed of perfusion facilitates revelation of the maximum activity of the anal canal. In incontinence, it is necessary to perform profilometry with a low speed of perfusion, and in constipation--with a high speed. For revealing the functional length of the anal canal, the slow perfusion is necessary. In 28 patients, the comparison of the perfusive with balloon profilometry was made. The latter was more effective in sharp reduction of the anal canal function.

[A method for the electrical impulse profilometry of the vesicoureteral segment]. / Sposob élektroimpul'snoi profilometrii puzyrno-mochetochnikovogo segmenta.

The proposed technique of electric stimulation (electric pulse profilometry) of vesicoureteral segment provides further possibilities in diagnosis, for children with reflux in particular. It enables one to identify the severity of pathological changes, the degree of immaturity of the aforementioned system and to assess the efficacy and potential of the method in children. The advisability of the technique, that could be monitored by various objective parameters derived from the comparison of the background and stimulation effect, was confirmed by the findings in 9 children with refluxed megaloureter.

[A method of determining bladder sphincter reflex in children]. / Sposob opredeleniia puzyrno-sfinkternogo refleksa u detei.

A new method of recording the bladder sphincter reflux is suggested. It lies in carrying out urethra profilography followed by stimulation investigations. The data of profilography and stimulation investigations are compared. Standard parameters of the bladder sphincter reflux were defined in patients without derangement of urinary function and were compared to the findings obtained in patients suffering from disorders fo urinary function (hypotonia, hyporeflexia, reflux). The method can be used for diagnosing disordered interrelations between the urinary bladder and sphincter apparatus (urethra) in patients with neurogenous urinary bladder and other pathology.

[A method of electropulse profilometry of the anal canal]. / Sposob élektroimpu'lsnoi profilometrii ana'lnogo kanala.

At present no methods for the prediction of the possibility of using electrostimulation are applied, in spite of the fact that the latter technique is employed on a large scale for patients rehabilitation. The authors have designed a method for electropulse diagnosis of changes in the anus, permitting the detection of pathological alterations in the anus as well as the identification of its reserve potentialities along with the solution of the problem as to whether direct electrostimulation can be used for rehabilitation of one or another patient. The given paper is concerned with a study into electropulse diagnosis of changes in the anus in 31 patients without derangement of locking function, with immaterial functional disorders, and with gross organic pathology. The direct dynamic electrostimulation of the anus appeared little effective in gross organic pathology of the anus, producing a beneficial effect in patients with functional disorders.