Ecology and spatial distribution of sand fly species in low endemic areas for American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

Due to the fundamental role that sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae) have in Leishmania spp. (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) transmission, the objective of this study was to evaluate the ecology and spatial distribution of species circulating in the municipality of Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A total of 17 371 specimens were collected between August 2016 and July 2017, and five species were identified: Nyssomyia intermedia (Lutz & Neiva, 1912), Migonemyia migonei (França, 1920), Nyssomyia whitmani (Antunes & Coutinho, 1939), Pintomyia pessoai (Coutinho & Barretto, 1940), and Pintomyia fischeri (Pinto, 1926). In relation to the number of sand flies collected, we observed a significant difference between rural and periurban areas and between the neighbourhoods. We observed that N. intermedia has a relatively greater adaptation to the peridomiciliary environment. This is the first report of Pi. pessoai and Pi. fischeri (only females) in Seropédica as well as the first record of the frequency of phlebotomine species focusing on some ecological indices and the spatial distribution of sand flies. The results presented here aimed to provide an insight into the spatial population dynamics of phlebotomine species in low endemic areas of American Tegumentary Leishmaniasis (ATL) in Seropédica, highlighting important areas for entomological surveillance.

Therapeutic and persistent efficacy of doramectin against Dermatobia hominis in cattle.

One therapeutic and one persistent efficacy study were conducted in Brazil to evaluate doramectin at a dose rate of 200 micrograms/kg-1 against induced infestations of the tropical warble-fly, Dermatobia hominis. Doramectin was very effective in both the treatment of established infestations and also in the prevention of damage caused by the parasite. In the therapeutic trial, 12 calves were infested along the dorsal line with 25 first instar larvae of recent field isolates of D. hominis but in one calf nodules did not develop. Twenty-four days later animals were allocated to two groups on the basis of the number of parasite nodules present. Six calves were treated with doramectin, and five received saline solution. Animals were examined daily for 11 days post-treatment and the number of nodules mapped and recorded. Larvae that completed development were collected and incubated to evaluate viability. In the persistent efficacy study, 24 calves were allocated to six groups (T1-T6) of four animals each. On the day of treatment, three groups (T1, T3 and T5) were treated with saline and three groups (T2, T4 and T6) with doramectin. At 21 days, 28 days and 35 days post-treatment, 25 first instar D. hominis larvae were seeded along the dorsal line of each calf of T1 and T2, T3 and T4, and T5 and T6, respectively. Animals were examined daily for 18 days and the number of nodules mapped and recorded 6, 12 and 18 days post-infestation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Efficacy of injectable doramectin in the protection of castrated cattle against field infestations of Cochliomyia hominivorax.

Three studies were conducted in Latin America--one in Venezuela, one in Argentina and one in Brazil--using a common protocol to investigate the efficacy of a single subcutaneous injection of doramectin in the prevention and control of Cochliomyia hominivorax infestations in castrated cattle. In each study, two groups of 20-28 animals each were allocated to a treated (T1) or to a control (T2) group on the basis of body weights. Animals of T1 received doramectin at 200 micrograms kg-1 (1 ml per 50 kg) and animals of T2 received saline solution at 1 ml per 50 kg of live weight. After treatment all cattle were castrated surgically. Animals were examined on treatment day and at 2, 4, 6 and 12 days post-treatment. At each observation day, the presence of C. hominivorax infestations was recorded. Doramectin was 100% effective in the prevention and control of screwworm strikes in castrated cattle exposed to continuous field infestations of C. hominivorax in tropical and subtropical areas of Latin America. Over the 12 day duration of the studies, 85%, 60% and 65% of animals in the control groups had infested wounds in Venezuela, Argentina and Brazil, respectively. Affected animals required repeated therapeutic treatment, whereas none of the doramectin-treated cattle were infested (P < 0.0001). A high proportion of the castration wounds in doramectin-treated cattle had the presence of characteristic C. hominivorax eggs but none developed into larvae. There were no clinical signs of adverse reactions to treatment in any of the three studies.

Population dynamics of calyptrate Diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

Twenty-seven species of calyptrate muscoids (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) were collected from December 1993 to November 1994 with wind oriented traps (W.O.T.) baited with decomposing beef liver at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. The most abundant species found were Musca domestica (57.84%), Peckia chrysostoma (28.16%), Ophyra aenescens (17.11%), Oxysarcodexia thornax (17.82%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (13.05%), and Oxysarcodexia diana (14.52%).

Population dynamics of calyptrate diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Twenty-seven species of calyptrate muscoids (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) were collected from December 1993 to November 1994 with wind oriented traps (W.O.T.) baited with decomposing beef liver at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. The most abundant species found were Musca domestica (57.84 percent), Peckia chrysostoma (28.16 percent), Ophyra aenescens (17.11 percent), Oxysarcodexia thornax (17.82 percent), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (13.05 percent), and Oxysarcodexia diana (14.52 percent)

Population dynamics of calyptrate diptera (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) at the Rio-Zoo Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

Twenty-seven species of calyptrate muscoids (Muscidae and Sarcophagidae) were collected from December 1993 to November 1994 with wind oriented traps (W.O.T.) baited with decomposing beef liver at the Rio de Janeiro Zoo. The most abundant species found were Musca domestica (57.84%), Peckia chrysostoma (28.16%), Ophyra aenescens (17.11%), Oxysarcodexia thornax (17.82%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (13.05%), and Oxysarcodexia diana (14.52%).

Vinte e sete espécies de dípteros caliptrados (Muscidae e Sarcophagidae) foram capturados no período de dezembro de 1993 a novembro de 1994, com armadilhas orientadas pelo vento (W.O.T.) contendo isca de fígado em putrefação, no jardim zoológico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. As espécies capturadas em maior abundância foram Musca domestica (57,84%), Peckia chrysostoma (28,16%), Ophyra aenescens (17,11%), Oxysarcodexia thornax (17,82%), Synthesiomyia nudiseta (13,05%) e Oxysarcodexia diana (14,52%).