Association between DMFT and primary headaches: a study based on the Rafsanjan cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Although primary headaches are common disorders, there is little research on the possible relationship between primary headaches and oral health (decayed, missing, and filled teeth: DMFT). The present study aims to investigate the relationship between the DMFT index and primary headaches. METHOD: This descriptive study was performed on 8682 cases from the Rafsanjani cohort population based on the Rafsanjani cohort study (RCS) and Oral Health Branch of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS). Episodic primary headache (EPH) and chronic primary headache (CPH) of RCS patients who participated in OHBRCS were studied according to their DMFT score in comparison to nonprimary headache patients. Demographic characteristics and risk factors were compared in different groups. We used crude and multiple logistic regression analyses in this study. RESULTS: The missing teeth were significantly higher in the CPH group than in the no CPH group (P < 0.001), and filled teeth were significantly higher in the EPH group than in the no EPH group (P < 0.001). In the crude model, there was a direct significant association between the prevalence of EPH and filled teeth total and > 5 filled teeth, and after adjusting for confounders, this relationship remained significant. The odds ratios of CPH were not associated with DMFT or its components in the adjusted models. CONCLUSION: Our study found a correlation between filled teeth and EPH cases, but no correlation between CPH and DMFT or its components.

Oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the association between oral candidiasis prevalence and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption in Rafsanjan, a region in the southeast of Iran. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted using the data of Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS) as a part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS). RCS included in Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN (PERSIAN) was begun in 2015 in the Rafsanjan. A full-mouth examination was done by trained dental specialists. Oral candidiasis was diagnosed based on clinical examination. Information about cigarette, tobacco, and opium smoking and alcohol consumption were collected based on data from self-reported questionaries. Univariate and multivariate dichotomous logistics regression were used to assess the association between oral candidiasis and cigarette, tobacco, alcohol, and opium consumption. RESULTS: Among 8682 participants with mean age of 49.94 years, the prevalence of oral candidiasis was 7.94%. There was a direct association between cigarette smoking in current and former cigarette smokers with an increased odds of oral candidiasis (OR: 3.26, 95% CI: 2.46-4.33 and OR: 1.63, 95% CI: 1.18-2.25 respectively) in fully adjusted models. There was a dose-response relationship between the odds of oral candidiasis and dose (OR: 3.31, 95% CI: 2.38-4.60), duration (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 2.04-3.95) and number (OR: 3.01, 95% CI: 2.02-4.50) of cigarette smoking in the 4th quartile compared to reference group. CONCLUSIONS: A dose-response relationship was shown between cigarette smoking and increased odds of oral candidiasis.

Dyslipidemia, diabetes and periodontal disease, a cross-sectional study in Rafsanjan, a region in southeast Iran.

THE OBJECTIVES: The association between dyslipidemia, diabetes and alterations in periodontal health are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to determine the association between dyslipidemia, diabetes and periodontal disease in the Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS). METHODS: Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) was launched in 2015 in Rafsanjan City a region in the southeast of Iran. A total of 8682 participants aged 35-70 years of both gender were recruited into the OHBRCS as a part of RCS. Bleeding on probing (BOP), probing pocket depth (PPD) and Clinical attachment loss (CAL) were used to assess periodontal health status. When CAL progression was ≥ 1 mm and PPD was > 3 mm, it was defined as periodontitis. RESULTS: The final sample consisted of 6751 individuals with mean age of 47.67 ± 8.79 years. Among this population, 73.32% (n = 4949), 13.75% (n = 928), 59.67% (n = 4028) and 11.76% (n = 794) had BOP, PPD > 3 mm, CAL ≥ 1 mm and periodontitis respectively. The odds of CAL ≥ 1 mm increased 14% in subjects with high LDL cholesterol (OR: 1.14; 95% CI: 1.01-1.30), 17% in subjects with diabetes (OR: 1.17; 95% CI: 1.01-1.36) and 23% in subjects with both dyslipidemia and diabetes (OR: 1.23; 95% CI: 1.05-1.44). Also, the odds of PPD > 3 mm in the group with high total cholesterol (TC) was 16% higher compared to those with normal TC (OR: 1.16; 95% CI: 1.01-1.34). CONCLUSIONS: There was an increased odds in periodontal disease in association with high TC, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes and having both dyslipidemia and diabetes. This suggests that high TC, high LDL cholesterol, diabetes and having both dyslipidemia and diabetes might be potential indicators for the presence of periodontal disease.

The profile of Rafsanjan Cohort Study.

Owning the largest human-made jungle of pistachio, the second largest copper mine, and being located on the trade route of opium transit, distinguish Rafsanjan from many other cities in Iran. The environmental exposures and lifestyle factors associated with these characteristics of Rafsanjan, have raised concern about possible health outcomes for individuals living in and around this city. Thus, local health authorities initiated the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS), as part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN (PERSIAN). RCS is a population-based prospective cohort of men and women aged 35-70 years, launched in August 2015. Individuals from diverse socioeconomic levels and lifestyles were recruited from four urban and suburban areas of Rafsanjan (participation rate 67.42%). Questionnaire-based interviews regarding demographics, dietary and environmental exposures, medical and occupational history, as well as anthropometric measurements were completed for all participants. Additionally, bio-specimens (blood, urine, hair, and nail) were collected, and dental and eye examinations were performed. The enrollment phase ended in December 2017, and a 15-year follow-up is planned. A total of 9990 individuals were enrolled in RCS (53.41% females). About 26% of men are pistachio farmers. The baseline prevalence of major non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors such as cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and opium use were 25.45%, 10.02%, and 23.81%, respectively. The mean ± SD of other common risk factors are as follows: body mass index (27.83 ± 4.89 mm Hg), systolic blood pressure (107.18 ± 17.56 mm Hg) diastolic blood pressure (71.13 ± 10.83), fasting blood sugar (113.27 ± 39.11 mg/dL) and plasma cholesterol (198.78 ± 41.89 mg/dL). These results indicate a concerning prevalence of NCD risk factors in Rafsanjan city, warranting further detailed investigations, particularly regarding the association of NDC with agricultural/industrial pollutants and drug abuse.

The prevalence of denture stomatitis in cigarette and hookah smokers and opium addicts: findings from Rafsanjan Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the association of denture stomatitis prevalence with cigarette, hookah and opium consumption and also dose-response relationship between the cigarette smoking duration and odds of denture stomatitis in population of Rafsanjan cohort center. METHODS: This cross-sectional study based on data of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) with 10,000 participants. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 1619 participants were included in the analysis. Data were collected by oral examination and completion of pre-designed questionnaires to assess denture hygiene, smoking behavior, opium use and some other exposure variables. Multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to investigate possible association of cigarette, hookah and opium consumption and denture stomatitis. RESULTS: Prevalence of denture stomatitis among all 1619 denture wearers was 21.6%. Cigarette smoking was associated with a higher odds of denture stomatitis, with the adjusted odds ratio (95% CI) of 2.29 (1.53-3.41). Also, dose-response increases were observed with the highest odds ratio in the 4th quartile for denture stomatitis (p-value < 0.001). Opium consumption was associated with a decreased odds of denture stomatitis (adjusted OR; 0.81, 95% CI 0.58-1.13) which was not statistically significant. Also interaction between opium consumption and cigarette smoking was not associated with higher odds of denture stomatitis (adjusted OR: 1.65, 95% CI 0.85-3.22). CONCLUSIONS: Based on the findings of the present study, while cigarette smoking had a dose-response relationship with the increased odds of denture stomatitis; this association was not found with opium consumption.

The profile of Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS) in Rafsanjan City, southeast of Iran.

Oral health status can be affected by some factors including drug abuse, systemic conditions and environmental pollutants. The present study was designed to investigate the most important and prevalent dental and oral conditions in adult population of Rafsanjan with the age of 35-70 years. Dental and oral health cohort center as part of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) included in the prospective epidemiological research studies in IrAN was established in 2015. Of 9991 subjects enrolled in the RCS, 8682 people participated in the Oral Health Branch of Rafsanjan Cohort Study (OHBRCS). The OHBRCS included 4021 men and 4661 women with the mean age of 49.94 ± 9.51. The most prevalent of oral lesion in total population was candidiasis and the least was aphthous lesion. The prevalence of candidiasis, white and red lesions, periodontal pocket, dental calculus, CAL and the mean of DMFT were higher in the male group than that of female group (p < 0.05). Candidiasis, herpes, oral cancer, white and red lesions were more prevalent in the older age groups (p < 0.05). The mean of DMFT index in total population was 21.30 and was higher among opium users, men and older age (p < 0.05). Also, the opium users had a higher rate of CAL, periodontal pocket, red and white lesions, and candidiasis but a lower rate of BOP (p < 0.05). Younger people had more decayed and filling teeth compared to other age groups, whereas older people had more missing teeth and a higher DMFT index (p < 0.001).

Hormonal Fluctuations and Periodontal Status in Postmenopausal Women.

Introduction: While the short-term effects of hormonal events on gingival inflammation have been well described, their long-term effects on the periodontium have received less attention. Our investigation was aimed at evaluating the correlation between hormonal fluctuations and periodontal status in postmenopausal women from the profile of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study. Material and Methods. We used the data obtained from the profile of the Rafsanjan Cohort Study (RCS) as a part of the prospective epidemiological research studies in Iran (PERSIAN). The RCS includes 10,000 participants aged 35-70 years old. Among this population, the periodontal status data of 4143 women were available. Of these 4,143, the postmenopausal women were included in the study, and those who had a history of gingival treatment during the past 6 months were excluded from the study. Finally, 928 postmenopausal women were included in the present study. Periodontal status was assessed by measuring the clinical attachment loss, pocket depth, and bleeding on probing (BOP). Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were applied using three different models. Results: The results showed that 53.2% of postmenopausal women had periodontitis. There were significant differences between the participants with and without periodontitis in brushing frequency and educational status (P < 0.05). After adjusting for all potential confounders, no correlation was found between hormonal fluctuations and periodontal status. Conclusion: There was no correlation between hormonal fluctuations and periodontal status.

The effect of low-level helium-neon laser on oral wound healing.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of low power lasers on incisional wound healing, because of conflicting results of previous studies, is uncertain. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-level helium-neon (He-Ne) laser irradiation on wound healing in rat's oral mucosa. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty-four standardized incisions were carried out on the buccal mucosa of 32 male Wistar divided into four groups of eight animals each. Each rat received two incisions on the opposite sides of the buccal mucosa by a steel scalpel. On the right side (test side), a He-Ne laser (632 nm) was employed on the incision for 40 s. Laser radiation was used just in 1(st) day, 1(st) and 2(nd) day, 1(st) and 3(rd) day, and continuous 3 days in groups of A, B, C, and D of rats, respectively. The left side (control side) did not receive any laser. Histological processing and hematoxylin and eosin staining were done on tissue samples after 5 days. Wilcoxon and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Histological analysis showed that the tissue healing after continuous 3 days on the laser irradiated side was better than the control side, but there was no difference between the two sides in each groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that He-Ne laser had no beneficial effects on incisional oral wound healing particularly in 5 days after laser therapy. Future research in the field of laser effects on oral wound healing in human is recommended.

Histological assessment of intra-articular versus intra-peritoneal betamethasone L.A on tempromandibular joint arthritis in rat.

BACKGROUND: Pain and dysfunction of the tempromandibular joint (TMJ) are major clinical problems, especially, in arthritis. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of intra-articular (IA) versus intra-peritoneal (IP) injection of betamethasone long acting on TMJ arthritis in rat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, an inflammation in the left TMJ of 29 rats was induced by injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. After 1 week, rats were divided into 5 groups: Group A: Rats of this group were not treated (n = 5); groups B, C: Rats were injected with a single dose of ½ mg/kg betamethasone L.A IA (n = 6); groups D, E: Rats received a single dose of ½ mg/kg betamethasone L.A IP (n = 6). Rats in groups B and D after 1 week, and in groups C, E and A, at 4 weeks after drug injection were sacrificed. Severity of inflammation was scored from 1 to 11 according to synovial hyperplasia, vascularity, fibrin deposits, and synovial adhesion. Results were analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney (P < 0/05 was considered significant). RESULTS: Significant differences were existed between groups B, D (P = 0/004) and groups C, E (P = 0/002). The least severity of Inflammation and also evidence of resorbtion in condylar head was seen in group C. CONCLUSION: The best therapeutic response was seen with IA injection of betamethasone L.A in comparison with IP injection.

Neurofibromatosis type I (von Recklinghausen's disease): A family case report and literature review.

The term neurofibromatosis (NF) is used for a group of genetic disorders that primarily affect the cell growth of neural tissues. Neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1), also known as von Recklinghausen's disease, is the most common type of NF, and accounts for about 90% of all cases. It is one of the most frequent human genetic diseases, with a prevalence of one case in 3,000 births. The expressivity of NF1 is extremely variable, with manifestations ranging from mild lesions to several complications and functional impairment. Oral manifestations can be found in almost 72% of the NF1 patients. The aim of this article is to report the NF1 in a family with different manifestations and to review the literature.

Salivary IgA and IgG in oral lichen planus and oral lichenoid reactions diseases.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to assess the level of salivary IgA and IgG in oral lichen planus (OLP) and oral lichenoid reactions (OLR) patients as diagnostic factors to the differential diagnosis of OLP, OLR diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Saliva sample were obtained from 50 OLP, 50 OLR patients and 50 healthy subjects between April 2010 and October 2011. The clinical relevant data taken into account were: Demographical data, previous medication, and level of salivary IgA and IgG. Each sample was assessed to determine the level of salivary IgA by ELISA test and salivary IgG by radial immune diffusion. RESULTS: The mean of salivary IgA and IgG in patients were 119.01 ± 114.18 mic/ml and 3.25 ± 1.81 mic/ml, respectively. There were no significant differences for salivary IgA and IgG between OLP and OLR, but the mean of salivary IgA and IgG in OLP and OLR patients were significantly more than normal group (P-value < 0.05). The cut-off value was set at >72 mic/ml for salivary IgA in both OLP and OLR groups and set at >3.7 mic/ml for salivary IgG. On comparing the AUCs, there was no significant difference between AUCs for IgA (0.715 ± 0.05vs. 0.69 ± 0.5, for OLP and OLR patients, respectively,P-value = 0.7) and IgG (0.681 ± 0.05 vs. 0.548 ± 0.06, for OLP and OLR patients, respectively, P-value = 0.1). CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed that the level of salivary IgA and IgG in OLP and OLR patients is higher than healthy controls, but they cannot be used as diagnostic factors to the differential diagnosis of OLP and OLR.