Quantitative Analysis of Stress-Stretch Curves in Canine Lumbar Vertebrae Using Modified Logistic Functions.

BACKGROUND: The mechanical characteristics of bone are crucial for comprehending its functionality and response to different load conditions, which are essential for advancing medical treatments, implants, and prosthetics. By employing mathematical modeling to analyze the mechanical properties of bone, we can assess stress and deformation under both normal and abnormal conditions. This analysis offers valuable perspectives on potential fracture risks, the effects of diseases, and the effectiveness of various treatments. Therefore, researchers are attempting to find an adequate mathematical description of the mechanical properties of bone. METHODS: Experimental stress-stretch external loading curves were obtained through investigations of canine vertebrae. The obtained experimental curves were fitted using the SciPy Python library with a slightly modified logistic function (logistic function plus additional const). RESULTS: The resulting coefficient of determination R2 (R squared) for most curves was near 0.999, indicating that an appropriate fitting function was selected for the description of the experimental stress-stretch curves. CONCLUSIONS: The stress-stretch behavior of canine vertebrae can be described using a logistic function modified by adding additional parameters for the most accurate fitting results.

Association of mast cell density, microvascular density and endothelial area with clinicopathological parameters and prognosis in canine mammary gland carcinomas.

BACKGROUND: Mast cell density has been shown to have both enhancing and inhibiting effects on tumour progression and the ability to predict breast cancer behaviour in humans. However, prognostic results have been contradictory. Some previous studies suggested involvement of mast cells in the progression of canine mammary tumours. This study investigated total, intratumoural and peritumoural mast cell densities by Giemsa staining, and their association with clinicopathological parameters and the disease outcome of canine mammary tumours. In addition, since mast cells promote angiogenesis, the microvascular density and endothelial area were evaluated by CD31 immunostaining. RESULTS: Intratumoural mast cell density was associated with tumour size, lymph node involvement and tumour-infiltrating lymphocyte count, while peritumoural mast cell density was associated with grade. The endothelial area was associated with grade, mitotic index, tubular formation and proliferation index. Tumours with a high grade, high total intratumoural mast cell density and a larger endothelial area were associated with shorter disease-free survival. Intratumoural mast cell density and grade were found to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that intratumoural mast cell density and the endothelial area can be used to evaluate the aggressiveness of canine mammary carcinomas, while intratumoural mast cell density could be of use as an independent predictor of a prognosis of disease-free survival. Peritumoural mast cell density does not seem to influence tumour behaviour.

Experimental Study on Primary Bird Co-Infection with Two Plasmodium relictum Lineages-pSGS1 and pGRW11.

BACKGROUND: Co-infections are common in the wild. Thus, studies focused on parasite interactions are essential. We aimed to (i) follow the development of two genetic lineages of Plasmodium relictum-pSGS1 and pGRW11-during single infections and co-infections and (ii) evaluate their impact on bird host health. MATERIALS: Twenty-four domestic canaries were allocated to four groups: two groups were infected with parasites of a single genetic lineage, one group was infected with parasites of both genetic lineages, and one group was considered as the control group. Parasitemia, the number of polychromatophils, changes in body weight, and hemoglobin levels were all quantified up to 32 days post-infection. RESULTS: Three birds infected with pSGS1 died within 20 days post-infection. The prepatent period and the peak of parasitemia did not differ significantly between groups. Differences in hemoglobin levels between the control and experimental groups were observed and there was an abnormal increase in the number of polychromatophils in infected birds. In all infected groups, correlations were detected between the number of polychromatophils and parasitemia (positive), and between the number of polychromatophils and hemoglobin levels (negative). CONCLUSION: This study shows that co-infection with two phylogenetically closely related P. relictum parasites does not alter overall parasitemia and does not cause higher virulence to the host.

Empirical case report of the mechanical properties of three spayed canine lumbar vertebrae.

Background: Today, animals, like humans, suffer from spinal illnesses, which are aggravated in old age. Much emphasis is placed on diagnosis and treatment, but little focus is given to the spine's mechanical properties. Degenerative spine diseases are a major problem throughout the world. According to the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is a world-class public problem that reduces bone mass, resulting in bone fracturing and increased risk of bone fracturing. Therefore, the mechanical investigation of vertebrae can provide more information about the development of osteoporosis.s. Case Description: For our case report, we used spayed mongrel lumbar vertebrae samples obtained from a canine which was about 8 years old and weighed 28 kg. The dog was diagnosed with a mammary tumor, and its owners decided to euthanize the dog. All consent forms were filled. Conclusion: Mechanical tests were performed on three vertebrae, and a notable difference was observed in the first cycle of the first vertebra (L1). Second-order polynomials for displacement and seventh-order polynomials for pressure were proposed for describing the stress-strain relationship of the vertebrae under the cyclical loads. Our research protocol has been broken down into several parts. After measuring the area of the loaded surface, the largest area was in the L2 vertebra (176 ± 16 mm; 177 ± 3 mm) and the smallest was in the L7 vertebra (156 ± 4 mm; 151 ± 33 mm). The smallest distance was recorded between the first (L1) and seventh (L7) lumbar vertebrae (L1) (15.17 ± 0.93 mm), and the largest distance was recorded between the L3 and L4 vertebrae of the lumbar (19.8 ± 3.7 mm).

Pan-European Study on the Prevalence of the Feline Leukaemia Virus Infection - Reported by the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD Europe).

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a retrovirus associated with fatal disease in progressively infected cats. While testing/removal and vaccination led to a decreased prevalence of FeLV, recently, this decrease has reportedly stagnated in some countries. This study aimed to prospectively determine the prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats taken to veterinary facilities in 32 European countries. FeLV viral RNA was semiquantitatively detected in saliva, using RT-qPCR as a measure of viraemia. Risk and protective factors were assessed using an online questionnaire to report geographic, demographic, husbandry, FeLV vaccination, and clinical data. The overall prevalence of FeLV viraemia in cats visiting a veterinary facility, of which 10.4% were shelter and rescue cats, was 2.3% (141/6005; 95% CI: 2.0%-2.8%) with the highest prevalences in Portugal, Hungary, and Italy/Malta (5.7%-8.8%). Using multivariate analysis, seven risk factors (Southern Europe, male intact, 1-6 years of age, indoor and outdoor or outdoor-only living, living in a group of ≥5 cats, illness), and three protective factors (Northern Europe, Western Europe, pedigree cats) were identified. Using classification and regression tree (CART) analysis, the origin of cats in Europe, pedigree, and access to outdoors were important predictors of FeLV status. FeLV-infected sick cats shed more viral RNA than FeLV-infected healthy cats, and they suffered more frequently from anaemia, anorexia, and gingivitis/stomatitis than uninfected sick cats. Most cats had never been FeLV-vaccinated; vaccination rates were indirectly associated with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita. In conclusion, we identified countries where FeLV was undetectable, demonstrating that the infection can be eradicated and highlighting those regions where awareness and prevention should be increased.

Different paths - the same virulence: experimental study on avian single and co-infections with Plasmodium relictum and Plasmodium elongatum.

Co-infections are prevalent worldwide, however, we are still struggling to understand interactions between different parasites and their impacts on host fitness. In the present experimental study we analysed the infection dynamics of two avian malarial parasites Plasmodium elongatum (genetic lineage pERIRUB01) and Plasmodium relictum (genetic lineage pSGS1) and their impacts on host health during single and co-infections. We reveal that P. elongatum intensity of parasitemia is enhanced by the presence of P. relictum during co-infection, while the parasitemia of P. relictum stays the same. This illustrates how development of a parasite (P. elongatum) which infects both mature and young (polychromatic) red blood cells (RBCs) is facilitated during co-infection with a parasite which specialises in adult RBCs only (P. relictum). The virulence of co-infections was similar to that of the more virulent parasite (P. elongatum). However, the profile of infection and the mechanisms that caused mortality were different. Birds infected with P. elongatum only start to die due to non-regenerative anaemia, when intensity of parasitemia is light and the number of polychromatic RBCs decrease dramatically. Meanwhile, co-infected birds start to die when the mean intensity of parasitemia reaches 10% and the number of polychromatic RBCs increases abnormally, reflecting regenerative anaemia. Our findings reveal that typically measured parameters of virulence (e.g., mortality rate, level of hematocrit) can be the same during single and co-infections, but the mechanisms responsible for the observed virulence can be different. This information serves a better understanding of the processes underpinning the interactions of co-infected parasite species.