Unconventional but effective: breaking through IBS-D clinical practice guidelines - correspondence.

Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) is a chronic, one of the commonest and persistent gastrointestinal (GI) disorder. Previously, the management plan for IBS-D included enhancing awareness; first line treatment included an increased dietary fiber intake, opioids for diarrhea and antispasmodics for pain management. A recent treatment guideline by the American Gastroenterology Association (AGA) suggests a modified approach to treating patients with IBS-D. Eight drug recommendations were made, and a set of instructions on when to employ which medication was devised. With the incorporation of these structured guidelines, a more tailored and focused approach to IBS management may become plausible.

Antimicrobial resistant strains of Salmonella typhi: The role of illicit antibiotics sales, misuse, and self-medication practices in Pakistan.

Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella typhi, is an often-fatal illness prevalent in Africa and South Asia. The illness has seen an alarming rise in multi-drug-resistant (MDR) and extensive drug-resistant (XDR) strains, particularly in Pakistan. The MDR strain links to the H58 haplotype, and its XDR variant exhibits fluoroquinolone resistance due to an IncY plasmid. The increasing prevalence of these resistant strains is concerning, given the global antimicrobial resistance (AMR) issue. Causes include misuse of antibiotics in self-limiting infections and an unregulated drug market. Pakistan's Sindh province first reported the XDR typhoid strain, highlighting the urgent need to investigate the relationship between AMR development and external factors. This narrative review intends to scrutinize the state of AMR in Pakistan, considering illicit drug sales, healthcare worker education gaps, and self-medication behaviors.

Upadacitinib for Spondyloarthritis; A new treatment option.

Axial spondyloarthritis, often known as ankylosing spondylitis (AS), is an inflammatory condition that mostly affects the axial skeleton. Axial spondyloarthritis is further subdivided into non-radiographic and radiographic AS. For radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, the male-to-female ratio is two to one, while for non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis, it is one to one, often manifesting in the third decade of life. Effective treatment for AS includes non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) and TNF blockers. All articular symptoms of AS have been seen to improve significantly when treated with TNF inhibitors such as Etanercept, Adalimumab, Infliximab, Certolizumab, and Golimumab. Upadacitinib, has proven to be significantly efficacious in the management of active non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA), with MRI-based or blood tests displaying objective evidence of inflammation, an increased C-reactive protein, and an unsatisfactory response to Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs). the lack of oral therapy options, and the stigma associated with surgical intervention makes it crucial to offer an unambiguous treatment choice, especially in light of the disease's strong heredity. Thus, Upadacitinib's usage in the treatment of nr-axSpA and its clinical trial is a significant step toward the availability of an internationally-approved medicine for the treatment of nr-axSpA.