Β-GPA administration activates slow oxidative muscle signaling pathways and protects soleus muscle against the increased fatigue under 7-days of rat hindlimb suspension.

Unloading of slow-twitch muscles results in increased muscle fatigue and the mechanisms of this effect are poorly studied. We aimed to analyze the role of high-energy phosphates accumulation during the first week of rat hindlimb suspension plays in a fiber-type phenotype shift towards fast-type fatigable muscle fibers. Male Wistar rats were divided into 3 groups (n = 8): C - vivarium control; 7HS - 7-day hindlimb suspension; 7HB - 7-day hindlimb suspension with intraperitoneal injection of beta-guanidine propionic acid (ß-GPA, 400 mg/kg b w). ß-GPA is a competitive inhibitor of creatine kinase and it reduces concentrations of ATP and phosphocreatine. In the 7HB group, ß-GPA treatment protected a slow-type signaling network in an unloaded soleus muscle, including MOTS-C, AMPK, PGC1 α and micro-RNA-499. These signaling effects resulted in a preserved soleus muscle fatigue resistance, slow-type muscle fibers percentage and mitochondrial DNA copy number under muscle unloading.

Accumulation of high-energy phosphates blocks the expression of mitochondrial biogenesis markers and slow-type myosin in soleus muscle under 24 hours of rat hindlimb suspension.

Under the initial stage of muscle mechanical unloading, the skeletal muscle undergo accumulation of high-energy phosphates followed by AMP-dependent proteinkinase (AMPK) inactivation. Since AMPK is known to activate mitochondrial biogenesis, it cannot be excluded that AMPK inactivation results in oxidative potential decrease at the later stages of muscle unloading. We decided to test the role of the accumulation of high-energy phosphates in skeletal muscle fibers in the inactivation of mitochondrial biogenesis regulators at an early stage of muscle unloading. To reduce the ATP/ADP ratio, we used beta-guanidine propionic acid, and the obtained data indicating that already during the first day of simulated microgravity, the accumulation of high-energy phosphates can reduce the expression level of mRNA of the key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis PGC-1α, the transcription factor TFAM, as well as the mitochondrial fusion regulator - mitofusin-1. A number of other parameters of mitochondrial signaling were not subject to changes at this time-point. Thus, we demonstrated the role of the ATP/ADP ratio in the inactivation of several regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis in the postural soleus muscle at an early stage of functional unloading.