[Activity of 22 antibacterials against O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from humans within 1927-2005 in various regions of the world].

Analysis of antibioticograms of 390 O1 and O139 serogroup Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from humans within 1927-2005 in various regions of the world showed that the strains of V. cholerae isolated within 1927-1966 were susceptible to 22 antibacterials, the strains isolated within 1938-1993 possessed 1-3 resistance markers and the strains isolated within 1994-2005 had 3-8 resistance markers including resistance to fluoroquinolones. All the strains of O139 serogroup V. cholerae isolated in 1993 and 1994 possessed 3 resistance markers. Studies on albino mice with generalized experimental cholera due to the V. cholerae eltor 1 strain (P-18826, 2005) isolated from a cholera patient, which was highly resistant to nalidixic acid, streptomycin, ampicillin and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and showed cross resistance to fluoroquinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin and norfloxacin) and moderate resistance to ceftriaxone and cefotaxime, revealed that the only efficient antibiotics were tetracyclines and aminoglycosides (except streptomycin). The investigation demonstrated an extension of the antibiotic resistance spectra of the epidemically significant strains of the cholera pathogen and the necessity of using antibacterial drugs in strict accordance with the antibioticograms in emergent prophylaxis and therapy of cholera and immediate replacement of the drug by a more active one.

[Dynamics of the isolation and biological properties of Vibrio cholerae cultures, serogroups 01 and 0139, isolated from water reservoirs and sewage water on the territory of the city of Rostov-on-Don]. / Dinamika vydeleniia i biologicheskie svoistva kul'tur kholernykh vibrionov 01 i 0139 serogrupp, vydelennykh iz poverkhnostnykh vodoemov i stochnykh vod na territorii g. Rostov-na-Donu.

The dynamics of the isolation of V. cholerae cultures from various water objects on the territory of Rostov-on-Don during the period of 1994-2001 was analyzed and biological properties of 14 such cultures were studied. In the absence of epidemic complications during the above-mentioned period, a growth in the amount of V. cholerae isolates, serogroups 01 and 0139, including toxigenic V. cholerae 01, was registered. The microbiological and epidemiological aspects of the monitoring of surface reservoirs and sewage were considered and the expediency of the profound and systematic study of its results for epidemiological surveillance on cholera was emphasized.

[Characterization of Vibrio cholerae eltor in the city of Kazan in 2001]. / Kharakteristika kholernykh vibrionov él'tor, vydelennykh v g. Kazan' v 2001 g.

Information on V. cholerae eltor isolated in the focus of cholera in Kazan in 2001 at different periods of the outbreak is presented. The identity of strains isolated from patients, vibriocarriers and environmental objects, including their antibioticograms (sensitivity to cyprofloxacin and resistance to trimethoprim--sulfamethoxazole, streptomycin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid, which may be regarded as markers), is shown. Variable tandem repetitions in the DNA of 30 isolates strains of different origin have been determined. The results of this determination make it possible to classify all these strains as one genotype, which confirms the suggestion on the circulation of one subclone of the infective agent of cholera in the focus. As revealed in this investigation, the isolated strains are labile with respect to diagnostic phage eltor, while ctx+ strains are resistant to phage eltor ctx+.

[Comparative evaluation of activity of antibacterial agents in vitro and their efficacy in experimental cholera due to strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups in albino mice]. / Sravnitel'naia otsenka aktivnosti antibakterial'nykh preparatov in vitro i éffektivnosti pri éksperimental'noi kholere u belykh myshei, vyzvannoi shtammami kholernogo vibriona O1 i O139 serogrupp.

Activity of 16 antibacterial agents against human isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups (P-5879, 4990, 143/23, and MO-45, P- 16065 respectively) was studied in vitro. The efficacy of the agents was studied in a model of generalized cholera in albino mice. Susceptibility of Vibrio cholerae P-5879 (used as the control) in the in vitro experiments with respect to the antibacterial agents correlated with their in vivo efficacy. The strains of Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139 serogroups isolated within the recent years had transmissive markers of resistance to streptomycin, trimethoprime/sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, chloramphenicol and not transmitted by conjugation markers of resistance to rifampicin, furazolidone, nalidixic acid. The specific feature of the experimental infection due to such strains was the failure not only of the antibacterials of the resistance spectrum of the pathogen but also of the antibiotics showing in vitro susceptibility (betalactams, fluoroquinolones) that required additional bacteriological control on the 2nd or 3rd day of the etiotropic therapy for early replacement of the antibacterial agent.

[Evaluation of outcomes of combined specific prophylaxis with the antibiotic resistant immunogenic plague pathogen strain and emergency prophylaxis with aminoglycosides in the experimental plague model in white mice]. / Otsenka perspektiv sochetannoi spetsificheskoi profilaktiki antibiotikorezistentnym immunogennym shtammom chumnogo mikroba i ékstrennoi profilaktiki aminoglikozidami na modeli éksperimental'noi chumy belykh myshei.

It was shown that aminoglycosides (streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, sisomicin, tobramycin, amikacin) prevented manifestation of postvaccine immunity in albino mice immunized by vaccine strain Yersinia pestis EV. Avirulent strain Y. pestis 363 Monr with chromosome resistance to aminoglycosides of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd generations provided manifestation of antiplague immunity when streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin and amikacin were administered for prophylaxis. ED50 achieved 1.0-1.2 x 10(3) CFU and in control group (without treatment) 9.3 x 10(2) CFU. Gentamicin and amikacin were highly effective for experimental plague prophylaxis (90-100% animal survival), but inhibited development of postinfective immunity. Protective index (PI) value was 1.1 x 10(2). It was demonstrated that combination of specific prophylaxis (Y. pestis 363 Monr) and emergency prophylaxis with aminoglycosides in albino mice infected with approximately 1000 LD50 of virulent strain Y. pestis 358 (5 hours after infection) was highly effective and provided protective effect against subsequent infection with plague pathogen. Value of PI was 1.1 x 10(5) and practically did not differ from PI (1.7 x 10(5)) in control group (intact mice, immunized with strains EV [symbol: see text] 363 Monr).

[Experimental resistance of Vibrio cholerae el tor to nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones]. / Eksperimental'naia ustoichivost' kholernogo vibriona biotipa él'tor knalidiksovoi kislote i ftorkhinonam.

It was shown that sensitivity of Vibrio cholerae eltor P-5879 to tetracycline, levomycetin, furazolidone, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, aminoglycosides, beta-lactams, rifampicin, quinolones in vitro correlated with drugs efficacy in the treatment of experimental cholera of albino mice. Mutants of V. cholerae eltor P-5879 Nalr resistant to nalidixic acid (MIC 160-200 mg/l) formed with frequency 10(-9)-110(-8) had no cross resistance to fluoroquinolones. But the efficacy of ofloxacin, lomefloxacin, norfloxacin against these mutants in vivo reduced, though it was not changed in vitro. Mutants of V. cholerae eltor P-5879 resistant to fluoroquinolones and selected after culturing in the presence of the drugs had cross resistance to all quinolones studied. Infection caused by Cpfr mutant could not be treated with nalidixic acid and fluoroquinolones, therapeutic efficacy of rifampicin and beta-lactams, also reduced though sensitivity in vitro was not changed. The results of investigation proves the necessity of quinolones use for cholerae treatment as it is recommended for other severe enteric infections.