RESUMO
To determine occupational risk factors for coccidioidomycosis among adult Hispanic outdoor agricultural workers in California, USA, we conducted a case-control study of workers seen at the Kern County medical facility and referred to the public health laboratory for coccidioidomycosis serologic testing. Participants completed an interviewer-administered health and work questionnaire. Among 203 participants (110 case-patients with positive and 93 controls with negative serologic results), approximately half were women, and more than three quarters were born in Mexico. Associated with coccidioidomycosis were self-reported dust exposure and work with root and bulb vegetable crops. A protective factor was leaf removal, an activity associated with grape cultivation. We conclude that subjective dust exposure and work with root and bulb vegetable crops are associated with increased risk for coccidioidomycosis among Hispanic farm workers. The agricultural industry should evaluate and promote dust-reduction measures, including wetting soil and freshly harvested products.
Assuntos
Coccidioidomicose , Exposição Ocupacional , Adulto , California/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Coccidioides , Coccidioidomicose/epidemiologia , Fazendeiros , Feminino , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , MéxicoRESUMO
HIV risk among Mexican migrants varies across migration phases (pre-departure, transit, destination, interception, and return), but there is limited knowledge about specific sexual behaviors, characteristics of sexual partners, and sexual contexts at different migration stages. To fill the gap, we used data from a cross-sectional population-based survey conducted in Tijuana, Mexico. Information on migration phase and last sexual encounter was collected from 1219 male migrants. Our findings suggest that compared to pre-departure migrants, repeat migrants returning from communities of origin were more likely to have sex with male partners, use substances before sex, and not use condoms; migrants in the transit phase in the Mexican border were more likely to have sex with casual partners and sex workers; and migrants in the interception phase were more likely to engage in anal sex and use substances before sex. Sexual behaviors, partners, and contexts vary significantly among migrants at different migration phases. Tailored HIV prevention programs targeting Mexican migrants need to be developed and implemented at all migration phases.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Parceiros Sexuais , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Profissionais do Sexo , Inquéritos e Questionários , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
We conducted a probability-based survey of migrant flows traveling across the Mexico-US border, and we estimated HIV infection rates, risk behaviors, and contextual factors for migrants representing 5 distinct migration phases. Our results suggest that the influence of migration is not uniform across genders or risk factors. By considering the predeparture, transit, and interception phases of the migration process, our findings complement previous studies on HIV among Mexican migrants conducted at the destination and return phases. Monitoring HIV risk among this vulnerable transnational population is critical for better understanding patterns of risk at different points of the migration process and for informing the development of protection policies and programs.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/complicações , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , México/etnologia , Prevalência , Assunção de Riscos , Distribuição por Sexo , Profissionais do Sexo , Abuso de Substâncias por Via Intravenosa/etnologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Migrantes/psicologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
Parents can impact adolescent substance use, but it is unclear which substances are most affected. This study compared associations between parenting behaviors and alcohol and tobacco use to see if parenting was equally related to both behaviors. Alcohol and tobacco use data were collected from 252 Latino adolescents living along the San Diego-Tijuana border. Logistic regression was used to test parenting behaviors' impact. Parenting was protective against alcohol use, but not related to tobacco use. Substance using peers affected both alcohol and tobacco use. Alcohol prevention efforts among Latino adolescents should target parenting behaviors.
RESUMO
A large number of Mexican migrants are deported to Mexico and released in the North Mexican border region every year. Despite their volume and high vulnerability, little is known about the level of HIV infection and related risk behaviors among this hard-to-reach population. We conducted a cross-sectional, probability survey with deported Mexican migrants in Tijuana, Mexico (N = 693) and estimated levels of HIV infection and behavioral risk factors among this migrant flow. The sample and population estimated rates of HIV for deported males were 1.23 and 0.80 %, respectively. No positive cases were found among the female sample. We found high lifetime rates of reported sexually transmitted infections (22.3 %) and last 12-months rates of unprotected sex (63.0 %), sex with multiple sexual partners (18.1 %), casual partners (25.7 %), and sex workers (8.6 %), compared to U.S. and Mexico adults. HIV prevention, testing, and treatment programs for this large, vulnerable, and transnational population need to be implemented in both the U.S. and Mexico.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Comportamento Sexual , Parceiros Sexuais , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Vigilância da População , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Assunção de Riscos , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
(1) Describe knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors related to coccidioidomycosis (Valley fever, VF) reported by farm workers in a highly endemic area to design and evaluate prevention messages and (2) identify health information sources preferred by farm workers to disseminate VF prevention messages. There were 119 primarily Mexican-born residents of two migrant farm labor housing centers in Kern County, who completed an interviewer-administered survey on VF knowledge, attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors in 2017. The 73% of participants aware of VF demonstrated a knowledge score of 53%. Over 90% erroneously believed VF was associated with pesticide exposure; approximately two-thirds believed that wearing a bandana mask was protective. Over half of respondents believed that VF was contagious, could be contracted from contaminated food or water, and caused gastrointestinal symptoms. Of those aware of VF, 75% expressed concern about becoming infected because of where they lived and working outdoors. Working outdoors in dusty conditions was the most commonly reported risk-associated work practice. Among 67 participants reporting use of respiratory protection, 94% indicated they wear a bandana; most male participants did not wear face coverings in dusty conditions. The most frequent protective work practice was wetting soil. Preferred sources of health information included television; family, friend, or co-worker; healthcare provider; and radio. Farm workers reported multiple risk factors for VF. Results identified several areas of poor knowledge, risk behavior, and preferred channels of prevention messages. Important protective behaviors are not under the control of farm workers; engagement with employers is essential.
Assuntos
Coccidioidomicose , Exposição Ocupacional , California/epidemiologia , Coccidioidomicose/diagnóstico , Coccidioidomicose/epidemiologia , Coccidioidomicose/prevenção & controle , Fazendeiros , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Masculino , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos , Exposição Ocupacional/prevenção & controleRESUMO
Participation of different community sectors, including the private business sector, is necessary to fight the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Local businesses may be reluctant to participate in HIV prevention because of fear of negative customer reactions and loss of revenue. This study examines the extent to which residents of two communities in San Diego, California, would support HIV prevention initiatives in local businesses. A population-based household survey (N = 200) is conducted in two communities with higher versus lower risk for HIV. The survey includes questions regarding the acceptability of HIV prevention activities, such as condom and brochure distribution in businesses, and history of exposure to HIV prevention activities in local businesses. Most residents agree that (a) business involvement in prevention activities would reduce HIV (92%), (b) free or low-cost condoms available in businesses could prevent the spread of HIV (90.9%) and increase condom accessibility (87%), and (c) they would prefer to shop at businesses that supported HIV prevention versus those that did not (87.4%). These findings suggest that HIV prevention in local businesses would be supported by residents and would be unlikely to adversely affect business profits. This information could be used to design interventions to engage local businesses in HIV-prevention efforts.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde/organização & administração , Opinião Pública , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , California , Comércio , Estudos Transversais , Coleta de Dados , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Parent and adolescent self-reports are the most common sources for measuring parenting practices. This study's purpose was to compare how parent and adolescent reports of parenting behaviors differentially predict adolescent gateway drug use. The sample consisted of 252 Latino adolescent-parent dyads. After controlling for potential confounding influences, only adolescents' reports about their parents' parenting behaviors were significant and explained 38% of the variance in gateway drug use. Practitioners may recommend to parents seeking parenting advice that they solicit feedback from their adolescent to ensure parenting efforts are received in the manner they were intended.
Assuntos
Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Relações Pais-Filho/etnologia , Poder Familiar/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Adolescente , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Entrevista Psicológica , Masculino , Poder Familiar/psicologia , Pais/psicologia , Grupo Associado , Fatores de Risco , Instituições Acadêmicas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We evaluated the effectiveness of Hombres Sanos [Healthy Men] a social marketing campaign to increase condom use and HIV testing among heterosexually identified Latino men, especially among heterosexually identified Latino men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). METHODS: Hombres Sanos was implemented in northern San Diego County, California, from June 2006 through December 2006. Every other month we conducted cross-sectional surveys with independent samples of heterosexually identified Latino men before (n = 626), during (n = 752), and after (n = 385) the campaign. Respondents were randomly selected from 12 targeted community venues to complete an anonymous, self-administered survey on sexual practices and testing for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections. About 5.6% of respondents (n = 98) were heterosexually identified Latino MSMW. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with reduced rates of recent unprotected sex with both females and males among heterosexually identified Latino MSMW. The campaign was also associated with increases in perception of HIV risk, knowledge of testing locations, and condom carrying among heterosexual Latinos. CONCLUSIONS: Social marketing represents a promising approach for abating HIV transmission among heterosexually identified Latinos, particularly for heterosexually identified Latino MSMW. Given the scarcity of evidence-based HIV prevention interventions for these populations, this prevention strategy warrants further investigation.
Assuntos
Bissexualidade , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Heterossexualidade , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Marketing Social , Adulto , California , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Estudos Transversais , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Humanos , Masculino , Inquéritos e QuestionáriosRESUMO
PURPOSE: To explore the feasibility of engaging community businesses in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevention. DESIGN: Randomly selected business owners/managers were asked to display discreetly wrapped condoms and brochures, both of which were provided free-of-charge for 3 months. Assessments were conducted at baseline, mid-program, and post-program. Customer feedback was obtained through an online survey. SETTING: Participants were selected from a San Diego, California neighborhood with a high rate of acquired immune deficiency syndrome. PARTICIPANTS: Fifty-one business owners/managers who represented 10 retail categories, and 52 customers. MEASURES: Participation rates, descriptive characteristics, number of condoms and brochures distributed, customer feedback, business owners'/managers' program satisfaction, and business owners'/managers' willingness to provide future support for HIV prevention were measured. ANALYSIS: Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney U, Fisher's exact, and McNemar's tests were used to analyze data. RESULTS: The 20 business owners/managers (39%) who agreed to distribute condoms and brochures reported fewer years in business and more employees than those who agreed only to distribute brochures (20%) or who refused to participate (41%; p < .05). Bars were the easiest of ten retail categories to recruit. Businesses with more employees and customers distributed more condoms and brochures (p < .05). More than 90% of customers supported distributing condoms and brochures in businesses, and 96% of business owners/managers described their program experience as positive. CONCLUSION: Businesses are willing to distribute condoms and brochures to prevent HIV. Policies to increase business participation in HIV prevention should be developed and tested.
Assuntos
Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/prevenção & controle , Comércio , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , HIV , Homossexualidade Masculina , Sexo Seguro , Meio Social , Adulto , Idoso , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Interpretação Estatística de Dados , Meio Ambiente , Estudos de Viabilidade , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Pesquisa , Características de Residência , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: We examined the sexual behavior, sexual identities, and HIV risk factors of a community sample of Latino men to inform efforts to reduce Latinos' HIV risk. METHODS: In 2005 and 2006, 680 Latino men in San Diego County, California, in randomly selected, targeted community venues, completed an anonymous, self-administered survey. RESULTS: Most (92.3%) respondents self-identified as heterosexual, with 2.2%, 4.9%, and 0.6% self-identifying as bisexual, gay, or other orientation, respectively. Overall, 4.8% of heterosexually identified men had a lifetime history of anal intercourse with other men. Compared with behaviorally heterosexual men, heterosexually identified men who had sex with both men and women were more likely to have had a sexually transmitted infection, to have unprotected sexual intercourse with female partners, and to report having sex while under the influence of alcohol or other drugs. Bisexually identified men who had sex with men and women did not differ from behaviorally heterosexual men in these risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Latino men who have a heterosexual identity and bisexual practices are at greater risk of HIV infection, and efforts to reduce HIV risk among Latinos should target this group.
Assuntos
Comunicação , Características Culturais , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Homossexualidade Masculina/estatística & dados numéricos , Assunção de Riscos , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Identificação Social , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , California , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Inquéritos Epidemiológicos , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/etnologia , Homossexualidade Masculina/psicologia , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Mexico-US border region is a transit point in the trajectory of Mexican migrants travelling to and from the USA and a final destination for domestic migrants from other regions in Mexico. This region also represents a high-risk environment that may increase risk for HIV among migrants and the communities they connect. We conducted a cross-sectional, population-based survey, in Tijuana, Mexico, and compared Mexican migrants with a recent stay on the Mexico-US border region (Border, n = 553) with migrants arriving at the border from Mexican sending communities (Northbound, n = 1077). After controlling for demographics and migration history, border migrants were more likely to perceive their risk for HIV infection as high in this region and regard this area as a liberal place for sexual behaviours compared to Northbound migrants reporting on their perceptions of the sending communities (p < .05). Male border migrants were more likely to engage in sex, and have unprotected sex, with female sex workers during their recent stay on the border compared to other contexts (rate ratio = 3.0 and 6.6, respectively, p < .05). Binational and intensified interventions targeting Mexican migrants should be deployed in the Mexican border region to address migration related HIV transmission in Mexico and the USA.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/economia , Comportamento Sexual/estatística & dados numéricos , Normas Sociais/etnologia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/etnologia , Migrantes/estatística & dados numéricos , Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS/estatística & dados numéricos , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Humanos , Incidência , Seguro Saúde/economia , Seguro Saúde/estatística & dados numéricos , Masculino , México/etnologia , Prevalência , Assunção de Riscos , Profissionais do Sexo/estatística & dados numéricos , Comportamento Sexual/etnologia , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Parceiros Sexuais , Fatores Socioeconômicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/economia , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Inquéritos e Questionários , Migrantes/psicologia , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: To test the reliability and validity of 8-day and 30-day self-report measures of adherence to daily isoniazid (INH) for treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI). METHODS: Participants were 286 Latino adolescents (ages 13-18, 55.6% male) with LTBI recruited from 10 public middle and high schools in San Diego County. INH adherence was measured monthly for up to 9 months by interview and urine specimens at unannounced visits. Reliability and validity analyses were performed within 5 consecutive months. Reliability was assessed by correlating: (1) 8- and 30-day INH adherence measures within each month; and (2) each of the two adherence measures across months. Validity was assessed by correlating reported measures with biological assays within each month. RESULTS: Reliability tests yielded significant correlation coefficients (p < .05 to .001), both across measures (r = 0.71-0.93) and across time (r = 0.29-0.64 for 8-day recall; r = 0.32-0.69 for 30-day recall). Validity tests of both adherence measures were also significant (p < .05 to .001): 8-day recall (r(pb) = 0.52-0.72) and 30-day recall (r(pb) = 0.37-0.71). CONCLUSION: Results suggest that impromptu recall measures of INH adherence, combined with urine collection, are reliable and valid in Latino adolescents.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/administração & dosagem , Revelação/normas , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Isoniazida/administração & dosagem , Cooperação do Paciente , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Reprodutibilidade dos TestesRESUMO
Adolescents are at increasing risk for HIV infection in Mexico. Research on gender differences in risk behaviors and determinants is needed to develop effective HIV prevention interventions targeting Mexican adolescents. This study examined gender differences in the likelihood of unprotected sex and theoretical correlates among high school students in the border city of Tijuana. Three hundred seventy high-school students completed a face-to-face interview and a self-administered survey. Differences in sexual initiation, condom use, intentions to use condoms in the future, and attitudes towards condoms in this population were assessed. Although male students initiated sexual practices earlier than females, females were more likely to have unprotected sex. Females perceived themselves as more likely to avoid unprotected sex in the future and held more favorable attitudes about condoms. The results suggest that stereotypical gender roles and communication barriers place Tijuana female high school students at higher risk for HIV infection than their male peers.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Comportamento Sexual/psicologia , Estudantes/psicologia , Adolescente , Coleta de Dados/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México , Assunção de Riscos , Sexo Seguro , Fatores Sexuais , Estatísticas não ParamétricasRESUMO
This research project examined the individual and combined effectiveness of an HIV prevention workshop and a free condom distribution program in four high schools in Tijuana, Mexico. Adolescents (N = 320) completed baseline measures on sexual practices and theoretical correlates and participated in a two-part study. In Study 1, students were randomly assigned to an HIV prevention workshop or a control condition, with a 3-month follow-up assessment. Results indicate three significant workshop benefits regarding HIV transmission by altering sexual initiation, access to condoms, and traditional beliefs regarding condoms. In Study 2, we set up a condom distribution program at two of the participating schools, and students completed a 6-month follow-up assessment. Results indicate that exposure to the workshop followed by access to the condom distribution program yielded two beneficial results for reducing HIV transmission: moderating sexual initiation and increasing condom acquisition. Access to the condom distribution program alone had no effects on behavioral and psychosocial correlates of HIV transmission. We discuss implications of these results.
Assuntos
Preservativos/estatística & dados numéricos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Promoção da Saúde/métodos , Serviços de Saúde Escolar/organização & administração , Educação Sexual , Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis/prevenção & controle , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Feminino , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Humanos , Masculino , México , Gravidez , Gravidez na Adolescência/prevenção & controle , Psicologia do Adolescente , Educação Sexual/métodos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
Despite decades of research surrounding determinants of alcohol and tobacco (A&T) use among adolescents, built environment influences have only recently been explored. This study used ordinal regression on 205 Latino adolescents to explore the influence of the built environment (proximity to A&T retailers) on A&T use, while controlling for recognized social predictors. The sample was 45% foreign-born. A&T use was associated with distance from respondents' home to the nearest A&T retailer (-), acculturation (+), parents' consistent use of contingency management (-), peer use of A&T (+), skipping school (+), attending school in immediate proximity to the US/Mexico border (+), and the interaction between the distance to the nearest retailer and parents' consistent use of contingency management (+). The association between decreasing distance to the nearest A&T retailer and increased A&T use in Latino adolescents reveals an additional risk behavior determinant in the US-Mexico border region.
Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/etnologia , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino , Características de Residência , Fumar/etnologia , Adolescente , Adulto , California , Comércio , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Assunção de Riscos , Condições Sociais , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Timely diagnosis of HIV is essential to improve survival rates and reduce transmission of the virus. Insufficient progress has been made in effecting earlier HIV diagnoses. The Mexican border city of Tijuana has one of the highest AIDS incidence and mortality rates in all of Mexico. This study examined the prevalence and potential correlates of late HIV testing in Tijuana, Mexico. Late testers were defined as participants who had at least one of: (1) an AIDS-defining illness within 1 year of first positive HIV test; (2) a date of AIDS diagnosis within 1 year of first positive HIV test; or (3) an initial CD4 cell count below 200 cells per microliter within 1 year of first positive HIV test. Medical charts of 670 HIV-positive patients from two HIV/AIDS public clinics in Tijuana were reviewed and abstracted; 362 of these patients were interviewed using a cross-sectional survey. Using multivariate logistic regression, we explored potential correlates of late HIV testing based on the Behavioral Ecological Model. From 342 participants for whom late testing could be determined, the prevalence of late testing was 43.2%. Multivariate logistic regression results (n = 275) revealed five significant correlates of late testing: "I preferred not to know I had HIV" (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.78, 1.46-5.31); clinic (AOR = 1.90, 1.06-3.41); exposure to peers engaging in high-risk sexual behavior (AOR = 1.14, 1.02-1.27); stigma regarding HIV-infected individuals (AOR = 0.65, 0.47-0.92); and stigma regarding HIV testing (AOR = 0.66, 0.45-0.97). These findings may inform the design of interventions to increase timely HIV testing and help reduce HIV transmission in the community at large.
Assuntos
Sorodiagnóstico da AIDS , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/mortalidade , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , México/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prevalência , Fatores de Risco , Comportamento Sexual , Estereotipagem , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
The Arkansas method (AM) for isoniazid (INH) metabolite detection is a relatively inexpensive, simple, objective measure of adherence. The purpose of the study was to explore whether variations in urine sample handling and storage will produce accurate assay outcomes. Participants were a convenience sample of 28 adults and adolescents prescribed INH for latent tuberculosis infection. Participants provided one sample to test effects of the following: mixing processes; durations at room temperature, in a refrigerator, or frozen; and effects of freeze/thaw cycles on AM outcomes. No manipulations had a discernible impact on outcomes with concordant positive rates from 85% to 100%. Concordance rates of manipulated samples did not appear to differ from rates of norm samples. Results suggest that urine samples can withstand a variety of manipulations in both handling and storage without affecting the accuracy of AM assay results. These findings have important implications for providers of treatment and researchers and provide the impetus for both to examine the potential of using the AM of INH metabolite testing as a measure of medication adherence.
Assuntos
Antituberculosos/urina , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/métodos , Isoniazida/urina , Cooperação do Paciente/estatística & dados numéricos , Manejo de Espécimes/métodos , Urinálise/métodos , Adolescente , Adulto , Idoso , Antituberculosos/uso terapêutico , Monitoramento de Medicamentos/normas , Feminino , Congelamento , Humanos , Isoniazida/uso terapêutico , Tuberculose Latente/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose Latente/urina , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Refrigeração/métodos , Manejo de Espécimes/normas , Temperatura , Urinálise/normasRESUMO
This study examined the reach and impact of a social marketing intervention to reduce HIV risk among heterosexually identified (HI) Latino men who have sex with men and women (MSMW). Repeated cross-sectional intercept surveys were conducted in selected community venues during and after the campaign with 1,137 HI Latino men. Of them, 6% were classified as HI Latino MSMW. On average, 85.9% of the heterosexual respondents and 86.8% of the HI MSMW subsample reported exposure to the campaign. Responses to the campaign included having made an appointment for a male health exam that included HIV testing and using condoms. Campaign exposure was significantly associated with HIV testing behavior and intentions and with knowledge of where to get tested. The campaign reached its underserved target audience and stimulated preventive behaviors. Social marketing represents a promising approach for HIV prevention among HI Latinos, in general, and HI Latino MSMW, in particular.
Assuntos
Informação de Saúde ao Consumidor/métodos , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Marketing Social , Adulto , California , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/etnologia , Heterossexualidade , Hispânico ou Latino/estatística & dados numéricos , Homossexualidade Masculina , Humanos , Masculino , Marketing de Serviços de Saúde , Avaliação de Programas e Projetos de Saúde , Comportamento de Redução do Risco , Assunção de RiscosRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of risk factors for HIV infection among Mexican migrants and immigrants (MMIs) in different geographic contexts, including the sending communities in Mexico, the receiving communities in the United States (US), and the Mexican North border region. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a probability survey among MMIs traveling through key border crossing sites in the Tijuana (Baja California, Mexico)-San Diego (California, US) border region (N= 1,429). RESULTS: The survey revealed substantial rates of reported sexually transmitted infections, needle-sharing and sexual risk practices in all migration contexts. CONCLUSIONS: The estimated levels of HIV risk call for further binational research and preventive interventions in all key geographic contexts of the migration experience to identify and tackle the different personal, environmental, and structural determinants of HIV risk in each of these contexts.