RESUMO
STUDY QUESTION: Is psychosocial stress associated with ovarian function in reproductive-aged survivors of cancer diagnosed as adolescents and young adults (AYA survivors)? SUMMARY ANSWER: We observed no association between self-reported and biomarkers of psychosocial stress and ovarian function in AYA survivors. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY: Psychosocial stress suppresses hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, resulting in ovulatory dysfunction, decreased sex steroidogenesis and lower fertility in reproductive-aged women. Many cancer survivors experience high psychosocial stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation. The menstrual pattern disturbances and infertility they experience have been attributed to ovarian follicle destruction, but the contribution of psychosocial stress to these phenotypes is unknown. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION: A cross-sectional study was conducted estimating the association between perceived stress, measured by self-report and saliva cortisol, and ovarian function, measured by bleeding pattern, dried blood spot (DBS) FSH and LH, and saliva estradiol. We included 377 AYA survivor participants. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS: AYA survivor participants were ages 15-35 at cancer diagnosis and ages 18-40 at study enrollment, had completed primary cancer treatment, had a uterus and at least one ovary, did not have uncontrolled endocrinopathy and were not on hormone therapy. Recruited from cancer registries, physician referrals and cancer advocacy groups, participants provided self-reported information on psychosocial stress (Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS-10)) and on cancer and reproductive (fertility, contraception, menstrual pattern) characteristics. DBS samples were collected timed to the early follicular phase (cycle Days 3-7) for menstruating individuals and on a random day for amenorrheic individuals; saliva samples were collected three time points within 1 day. FSH and LH were measured by DBS ELISAs, cortisol was measured by ELISA and estradiol was measured by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE: The median age of participants was 34.0 years (range 19-41) at a median of 6.0 years since cancer diagnosis. The most common cancer was breast (32.1%). Median PSS-10 score was 15 (range 0-36), with 5.3% scoring ≥26, the cut point suggestive of severe stress. Cortisol levels followed a diurnal pattern and cortisol AUC was negatively correlated with PSS-10 scores (P = 0.03). Neither PSS-10 scores nor cortisol AUC were associated with FSH, LH, estradiol levels or menstrual pattern. Waking and evening cortisol and the cortisol awakening response also were not related to ovarian function measures. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION: Our analysis is limited by its cross-sectional nature, heterogeneity of cancer diagnosis and treatments and low prevalence of severe stress. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS: The lack of association between psychosocial stress and a variety of ovarian function measures in female AYA cancer survivors suggests that psychosocial stress does not have a significant impact on the reproductive axis of AYA survivors. This finding is important in counseling this population on their menstrual pattern and family building plans. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S): NIH HD080952, South Korea Health Industry Development Institute HI18C1837 (JK). Dr A.D. works for Bluebird Bio, Inc., Dr D.Z. works for ZRT Labs and Dr P.M.S. works for Ansh Labs, which did not sponsor, support or have oversight of this research. Other authors report no competing interests. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: N/A.
Assuntos
Sobreviventes de Câncer , Neoplasias , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário , Neoplasias/complicações , Sistema Hipófise-Suprarrenal , República da Coreia , Estresse Psicológico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Models that accurately predict risk of breast cancer are needed to help younger women make decisions about when to begin screening. Premenopausal concentrations of circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a biomarker of ovarian reserve, and testosterone have been positively associated with breast cancer risk in prospective studies. We assessed whether adding AMH and/or testosterone to the Gail model improves its prediction performance for women aged 35-50. METHODS: In a nested case-control study including ten prospective cohorts (1762 invasive cases/1890 matched controls) with pre-diagnostic serum/plasma samples, we estimated relative risks (RR) for the biomarkers and Gail risk factors using conditional logistic regression and random-effects meta-analysis. Absolute risk models were developed using these RR estimates, attributable risk fractions calculated using the distributions of the risk factors in the cases from the consortium, and population-based incidence and mortality rates. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to compare the discriminatory accuracy of the models with and without biomarkers. RESULTS: The AUC for invasive breast cancer including only the Gail risk factor variables was 55.3 (95% CI 53.4, 57.1). The AUC increased moderately with the addition of AMH (AUC 57.6, 95% CI 55.7, 59.5), testosterone (AUC 56.2, 95% CI 54.4, 58.1), or both (AUC 58.1, 95% CI 56.2, 59.9). The largest AUC improvement (4.0) was among women without a family history of breast cancer. CONCLUSIONS: AMH and testosterone moderately increase the discriminatory accuracy of the Gail model among women aged 35-50. We observed the largest AUC increase for women without a family history of breast cancer, the group that would benefit most from improved risk prediction because early screening is already recommended for women with a family history.
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Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Animais , Área Sob a Curva , Neoplasias da Mama/etiologia , Neoplasias da Mama/metabolismo , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Análise Discriminante , Suscetibilidade a Doenças , Feminino , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/sangue , Hormônios Esteroides Gonadais/metabolismo , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Teóricos , Curva ROC , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Testosterona/sangue , Testosterona/metabolismoRESUMO
A strong positive association has been observed between circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a biomarker of ovarian reserve, and breast cancer risk in three prospective studies. Confirming this association is important because of the paucity of biomarkers of breast cancer risk in premenopausal women. We conducted a consortium study including ten prospective cohorts that had collected blood from premenopausal women. A nested case-control design was implemented within each cohort. A total of 2,835 invasive (80%) and in situ (20%) breast cancer cases were individually matched to controls (n = 3,122) on age at blood donation. AMH was measured using a high sensitivity enzyme-linked immunoabsorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression was applied to the aggregated dataset. There was a statistically significant trend of increasing breast cancer risk with increasing AMH concentration (ptrend across quartiles <0.0001) after adjusting for breast cancer risk factors. The odds ratio (OR) for breast cancer in the top vs. bottom quartile of AMH was 1.60 (95% CI = 1.31-1.94). Though the test for interaction was not statistically significant (pinteraction = 0.15), the trend was statistically significant only for tumors positive for both estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR): ER+/PR+: ORQ4-Q1 = 1.96, 95% CI = 1.46-2.64, ptrend <0.0001; ER+/PR-: ORQ4-Q1 = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.40-1.68, ptrend = 0.51; ER-/PR+: ORQ4-Q1 = 3.23, 95% CI = 0.48-21.9, ptrend = 0.26; ER-/PR-: ORQ4-Q1 = 1.15, 95% CI = 0.63-2.09, ptrend = 0.60. The association was observed for both pre- (ORQ4-Q1 = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.05-1.73) and post-menopausal (ORQ4-Q1 = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.03-2.53) breast cancer (pinteraction = 0.34). In this large consortium study, we confirmed that AMH is associated with breast cancer risk, with a 60% increase in risk for women in the top vs. bottom quartile of AMH.
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Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/epidemiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de Risco , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
Animal and experimental data suggest that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) serves as a marker of ovarian reserve and inhibits the growth of ovarian tumors. However, few epidemiologic studies have examined the association between AMH and ovarian cancer risk. We conducted a nested case-control study of 302 ovarian cancer cases and 336 matched controls from nine cohorts. Prediagnostic blood samples of premenopausal women were assayed for AMH using a picoAMH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using multivariable-adjusted conditional logistic regression. AMH concentration was not associated with overall ovarian cancer risk. The multivariable-adjusted OR (95% CI), comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of AMH, was 0.99 (0.59-1.67) (Ptrend : 0.91). The association did not differ by age at blood draw or oral contraceptive use (all Pheterogeneity : ≥0.26). There also was no evidence for heterogeneity of risk for tumors defined by histologic developmental pathway, stage, and grade, and by age at diagnosis and time between blood draw and diagnosis (all Pheterogeneity : ≥0.39). In conclusion, this analysis of mostly late premenopausal women from nine cohorts does not support the hypothesized inverse association between prediagnostic circulating levels of AMH and risk of ovarian cancer.
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Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/etiologia , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/etiologia , Biomarcadores/sangue , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/etiologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/etiologia , Neoplasias Ovarianas/etiologia , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/sangue , Adenocarcinoma de Células Claras/epidemiologia , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/sangue , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/epidemiologia , Adulto , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estudos de Coortes , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/sangue , Cistadenocarcinoma Seroso/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/sangue , Neoplasias do Endométrio/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Neoplasias Ovarianas/sangue , Neoplasias Ovarianas/epidemiologia , Pré-Menopausa , Prognóstico , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The Mullerian ducts are the embryological precursors of the female reproductive tract, including the uterus; anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) has a key role in the regulation of foetal sexual differentiation. Anti-Mullerian hormone inhibits endometrial tumour growth in experimental models by stimulating apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. To date, there are no prospective epidemiologic data on circulating AMH and endometrial cancer risk. METHODS: We investigated this association among women premenopausal at blood collection in a multicohort study including participants from eight studies located in the United States, Europe, and China. We identified 329 endometrial cancer cases and 339 matched controls. Anti-Mullerian hormone concentrations in blood were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) across tertiles and for a doubling of AMH concentrations (ORlog2). Subgroup analyses were performed by ages at blood donation and diagnosis, oral contraceptive use, and tumour characteristics. RESULTS: Anti-Mullerian hormone was not associated with the risk of endometrial cancer overall (ORlog2: 1.07 (0.99-1.17)), or with any of the examined subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Although experimental models implicate AMH in endometrial cancer growth inhibition, our findings do not support a role for circulating AMH in the aetiology of endometrial cancer.
Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma/sangue , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Neoplasias do Endométrio/sangue , Adenocarcinoma/epidemiologia , Adenocarcinoma/patologia , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , China/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/epidemiologia , Neoplasias do Endométrio/patologia , Europa (Continente)/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Gradação de Tumores , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estados Unidos/epidemiologiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this article is to summarize the recommended updates to the 2001 Stages of Reproductive Aging Workshop (STRAW) criteria. The 2011 STRAW +10 reviewed advances in understanding of the critical changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian function that occur before and after the final menstrual period. METHODS: Scientists from five countries and multiple disciplines evaluated data from cohort studies of midlife women and in the context of chronic illness and endocrine disorders on change in menstrual, endocrine, and ovarian markers of reproductive aging including antimüllerian hormone, inhibin-B, follicle-stimulating hormone, and antral follicle count. Modifications were adopted by consensus. RESULTS: STRAW +10 simplified bleeding criteria for the early and late menopausal transition, recommended modifications to criteria for the late reproductive stage (Stage -3) and the early postmenopause stage (Stage +1), provided information on the duration of the late transition (Stage -1) and early postmenopause (Stage +1), and recommended application regardless of women's age, ethnicity, body size, or lifestyle characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: STRAW +10 provides a more comprehensive basis for assessing reproductive aging in research and clinical contexts. Application of the STRAW +10 staging system should improve comparability of studies of midlife women and facilitate clinical decision making. Nonetheless, important knowledge gaps persist, and seven research priorities are identified.
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Envelhecimento/fisiologia , Sistema Hipotálamo-Hipofisário/fisiologia , Menopausa/fisiologia , Ovário/fisiologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Técnicas de Ablação Endometrial , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante Humano/sangue , Humanos , Histerectomia , Inibinas/sangue , Menopausa/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual/fisiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Folículo Ovariano , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Pós-Menopausa/fisiologia , Reprodução/fisiologiaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Both FSH and LH circulate as 2 glycoforms, differing in number of glycans: low-N-glycosylated glycoforms, FSHtri and LHdi, and fully N-glycosylated glycoforms, FSHtetra and LHtri. OBJECTIVES: To determine the half-lives of endogenous circulating gonadotropin glycoforms in women during GnRH receptor blockade. DESIGN/PARTICIPANTS: Serum samples were collected in 8 healthy women before and up to 20 hours after administration of the NAL-GLU GnRH antagonist. Three women were in early follicular phase, 2 at mid-cycle phase, and 3 were postmenopausal. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The half-life of each glycoform was estimated by monoexponential decay for FSH (nâ =â 8) and LH (nâ =â 5). Data were analyzed using paired t tests. RESULTS: Half-lives in the circulation of low-N-glycosylated glycoforms of both FSH and LH were shorter than those of the fully N-glycosylated glycoforms (mean; range, FSHtri 343; 116-686 minutes vs FSHtetra 757; 436-1038, minutes, Pâ =â 0.0003; LHdi 125, 84-198 minutes vs LHtri 164, 107-235 minutes, Pâ =â 0.004). The half-lives of low-and fully N-glycosylated forms of LH were shorter than the corresponding half-lives of FSH glycoforms, Pâ =â 0.0008. CONCLUSIONS: For both FSH and LH, low-N-glycosylated glycoforms disappeared from the circulation faster than the fully N-glycosylated. The half-lives of low and fully N-glycosylated forms of LH were shorter than the corresponding half-lives of FSH. The estimated values for half-life in the circulation of total FSH and total LH will depend on the relative amounts of the 2 glycoforms of each hormone and their individual disappearance rates in circulation.
Assuntos
Hormônio Luteinizante , Receptores LHRH , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante , Hormônio Liberador de Gonadotropina , Meia-Vida , Humanos , PolissacarídeosRESUMO
The menopause transition in women is a period of significant bone loss, with rapid declines in bone mineral density (BMD) commencing a year before the final menstrual period (FMP). Changes in menstrual bleeding patterns cannot reliably tell us if this rapid bone loss has begun or is imminent. We hypothesized that low circulating levels of anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH), which decline as women approach the FMP, would be associated with future and ongoing rapid bone loss. We used data from The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation, a multisite, multi-ethnic, prospective cohort study of the menopause transition to test this hypothesis. Adjusted for age, body mass index, race/ethnicity, and study site, every 50% decrement in AMH level in premenopause and early perimenopause was associated with 0.14% per year faster decline over the following 3 to 4 years in lumbar spine BMD and 0.11% per year faster decline in femoral neck BMD (p < 0.001 for both). AMH in late perimenopause was not associated with the rate of future BMD decline. AMH was also associated with the magnitude of ongoing bone loss, measured as percent of peak BMD lost by the end of the next 2 to 3 years. Every 50% decrement in AMH level was associated with 0.22% additional loss in spine BMD in premenopause, 0.43% additional loss in early perimenopause, and 0.50% additional loss in late perimenopause (p < 0.001 for all three). If a woman will lose more of her peak BMD than the site-specific least significant change (LSC) at either the lumbar spine or femoral neck by the next 2 to 3 years, then AMH below 100 pg/mL will detect it with sensitivity of 50% in premenopause, 80% in early perimenopause, and 98% in late perimenopause. These findings suggest that AMH measurement can help flag women at the brink of significant bone loss for early intervention. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
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Hormônio Antimülleriano , Densidade Óssea , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas , Menopausa , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Doenças Ósseas Metabólicas/diagnóstico , Feminino , Colo do Fêmur , Humanos , Vértebras Lombares , Pré-Menopausa , Estudos ProspectivosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: The association between circulating cholesterol and triglyceride levels and ovarian cancer risk remains unclear. METHODS: We prospectively evaluated the association between cholesterol [total, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C)] and triglycerides and ovarian cancer incidence in a case-control study nested in the Nurses' Health Study (NHS) and NHSII cohorts and a longitudinal analysis in the UK Biobank. RESULTS: A total of 290 epithelial ovarian cancer cases in the NHS/NHSII and 551 cases in UK Biobank were diagnosed after blood collection. We observed a reduced ovarian cancer risk comparing the top to bottom quartile of total cholesterol [meta-analysis relative risk (95% confidence interval): 0.81 (0.65-1.01), P trend 0.06], with no heterogeneity across studies (P heterogeneity = 0.74). Overall, no clear patterns were observed for HDL-C, LDL-C, or triglycerides and ovarian cancer risk. Comparing triglyceride levels at clinically relevant cut-off points (>200 vs. ≤200 mg/dL) for cases diagnosed more than 2 years after blood draw saw a positive relationship with risk [1.57 (1.03-2.42); P heterogeneity = 0.003]. Results were similar by serous/non-serous histotype, menopausal status/hormone use, and body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: Data from two large cohorts in the United States and United Kingdom suggest that total cholesterol levels may be inversely associated with ovarian cancer risk, while triglycerides may be positively associated with risk when assessed at least 2 years before diagnosis, albeit both associations were modest. IMPACT: This analysis of two large prospective studies suggests that circulating lipid levels are not strongly associated with ovarian cancer risk. The positive triglyceride-ovarian cancer association warrants further evaluation.
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Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/epidemiologia , HDL-Colesterol/sangue , LDL-Colesterol/sangue , Neoplasias Ovarianas/epidemiologia , Triglicerídeos/sangue , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/sangue , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Prolactin is synthesized in the ovaries and may play a role in ovarian cancer etiology. One prior prospective study observed a suggestive positive association between prolactin levels and risk of ovarian cancer. METHODS: We conducted a pooled case-control study of 703 cases and 864 matched controls nested within five prospective cohorts. We used unconditional logistic regression to calculate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the association between prolactin and ovarian cancer risk. We examined heterogeneity by menopausal status at blood collection, body mass index (BMI), age, and histotype. RESULTS: Among women with known menopausal status, we observed a positive trend in the association between prolactin and ovarian cancer risk (P trend = 0.045; OR, quartile 4 vs. 1 = 1.34; 95% CI = 0.97-1.85), but no significant association was observed for premenopausal or postmenopausal women individually (corresponding OR = 1.38; 95% CI = 0.74-2.58; P trend = 0.32 and OR = 1.41; 95% CI = 0.93-2.13; P trend = 0.08, respectively; P heterogeneity = 0.91). In stratified analyses, we observed a positive association between prolactin and risk for women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, but not BMI < 25 kg/m2 (corresponding OR = 2.68; 95% CI = 1.56-4.59; P trend < 0.01 and OR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.58-1.40; P trend = 0.98, respectively; P heterogeneity < 0.01). Associations did not vary by age, postmenopausal hormone therapy use, histotype, or time between blood draw and diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS: We found a trend between higher prolactin levels and increased ovarian cancer risk, especially among women with a BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2. IMPACT: This work supports a previous study linking higher prolactin with ovarian carcinogenesis in a high adiposity setting. Future work is needed to understand the mechanism underlying this association.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/sangue , Neoplasias Ovarianas/sangue , Prolactina/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Biomarcadores Tumorais/sangue , Índice de Massa Corporal , Carcinoma Epitelial do Ovário/epidemiologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Causalidade , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Ovarianas/epidemiologia , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Pré-Menopausa/sangue , Estudos Prospectivos , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To examine the effects of common treatments for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) on a panel of hormones (reproductive/metabolic). DESIGN: Secondary analysis of blood from a randomized controlled trial of three 16-week preconception interventions designed to improve PCOS-related abnormalities: continuous oral contraceptive pills (OCPs, Nâ =â 34 subjects), intensive lifestyle modification (Lifestyle, Nâ =â 31), or a combination of both (Combined, Nâ =â 29). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Post-treatment levels of activin A and B, inhibin B, and follistatin (FST), as well as Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 2 (IGFBP-2), glucagon, glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and 2, and oxyntomodulin were compared to baseline, and the change from baseline in these parameters were correlated with outcomes. RESULTS: Oral contraceptive pill use was associated with a significant suppression in activin A, inhibin A, and anti-mullerian hormone (AMH), but a significant increase in FST. IGF-1, IGFBP-2, glucagon, and GLP-2 levels were significantly decreased. Oxyntomodulin was profoundly suppressed by OCPs (ratio of geometric means: 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.05, 0.18, Pâ <â 0.001). None of the analytes were significantly affected by Lifestyle, whereas the effects of Combined were similar to OCPs alone, although attenuated. Oxyntomodulin was significantly positively associated with the change in total ovarian volume (rsâ =â 0.27; 95% CI: 0.03, 0.48; Pâ =â 0.03) and insulin sensitivity index (rsâ =â 0.48; 95% CI: 0.27, 0.64; Pâ <â 0.001), and it was inversely correlated with change in area under the curve (AUC) glucose [rsâ =â -0.38; 95% CI: -0.57, -0.16; Pâ =â 0.001]. None of the hormonal changes were associated with live birth, only Activin A was associated with ovulation (risk ratio per 1 ng/mL increase in change in Activin A: 6.0 [2.2, 16.2]; Pâ <â 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In women with PCOS, OCPs (and not Lifestyle) affect a wide variety of reproductive/metabolic hormones, but their treatment response does not correlate with live birth.
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Terapia Comportamental , Anticoncepcionais Orais/uso terapêutico , Hormônios/sangue , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/terapia , Adolescente , Adulto , Terapia Comportamental/métodos , Terapia Combinada , Anticoncepcionais Orais/farmacologia , Feminino , Humanos , Incretinas/sangue , Estilo de Vida , Obesidade/sangue , Obesidade/complicações , Obesidade/terapia , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/sangue , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/complicações , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta/sangue , Resultado do Tratamento , Estados Unidos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT: We previously reported that anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), a marker of ovarian reserve, is positively associated with breast cancer risk, consistent with other studies. OBJECTIVE: This study assessed whether risk factors for breast cancer are correlates of AMH concentration. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 3831 healthy premenopausal women (aged 21-57, 87% aged 35-49) from 10 cohort studies among the general population. RESULTS: Adjusting for age and cohort, AMH positively associated with age at menarche (Pâ <â 0.0001) and parity (Pâ =â 0.0008) and inversely associated with hysterectomy/partial oophorectomy (Pâ =â 0.0008). Compared with women of normal weight, AMH was lower (relative geometric mean difference 27%, Pâ <â 0.0001) among women who were obese. Current oral contraceptive (OC) use and current/former smoking were associated with lower AMH concentration than never use (40% and 12% lower, respectively, Pâ <â 0.0001). We observed higher AMH concentrations among women who had had a benign breast biopsy (15% higher, Pâ =â 0.03), a surrogate for benign breast disease, an association that has not been reported. In analyses stratified by age (<40 vs ≥40), associations of AMH with body mass index and OCs were similar in younger and older women, while associations with the other factors (menarche, parity, hysterectomy/partial oophorectomy, smoking, and benign breast biopsy) were limited to womenâ ≥40 (P-interactionâ <â 0.05). CONCLUSION: This is the largest study of AMH and breast cancer risk factors among women from the general population (not presenting with infertility), and it suggests that most associations are limited to women over 40, who are approaching menopause and whose AMH concentration is declining.
Assuntos
Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Neoplasias da Mama/sangue , Pré-Menopausa/sangue , Adulto , Envelhecimento/sangue , Biomarcadores , Índice de Massa Corporal , Doenças Mamárias/sangue , Estudos de Coortes , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Reserva Ovariana , Gravidez , Fatores de RiscoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: About 20% of women with ovarian cancer have low concentrations of serum cancer antigen 125 (CA125), and this important tumor marker cannot be used to monitor their disease. The measured concentration for mucin 1 (MUC1), or CA15-3, another tumor marker, can be lowered in breast and ovarian cancer patients when circulating immune complexes (CICs) containing antibodies bound to the free antigen are present. Because CA125 and MUC1 are related members of the mucin family, we sought to determine whether CICs might also exist for CA125 and interfere with its clinical assay. METHODS: We developed an antigen capture-based assay to determine the presence of CICs for CA125. We spotted mouse antibodies to CA125 onto nanoparticle slides, incubated them with patient serum, and added Cy5-tagged goat antihuman IgG antibodies. Fluorescence intensities were read and normalized to the intensities for glutathione S-transferase A1 as a control. RESULTS: Assay results for 23 ovarian cancer cases with high CA125 concentrations, 43 cases with low CA125 concentrations, and 19 controls (mean CA125 concentrations, 2706, 23, and 11 kilounits/L, respectively) revealed mean fluorescence intensities for CA125 CIC of 2.30, 2.72, and 1.99 intensity units (iu), respectively. A generalized linear model adjusted for batch and age showed higher CA125 CIC fluorescence intensities in low-CA125 cases than in high-CA125 cases (P = 0.03) and controls (P = 0.0005). Four ovarian cancer patients who had recurrent disease and always had low CA125 values had a mean CA125 CIC value of 3.06 iu (95% CI, 2.34-4.01 iu). CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary results suggest the existence of CICs involving CA125, which may help explain some ovarian cancer cases with low CA125 concentrations.
Assuntos
Complexo Antígeno-Anticorpo/sangue , Antígeno Ca-125/sangue , Proteínas de Membrana/sangue , Neoplasias Ovarianas/sangue , Animais , Anticorpos Monoclonais , Antígeno Ca-125/imunologia , Feminino , Humanos , Proteínas de Membrana/imunologia , Camundongos , Neoplasias Ovarianas/imunologiaRESUMO
CONTEXT: Adolescents have more small, growing follicles and larger ovaries than normal women and are prone to anovulatory cycles (ANOV). It is unknown if a higher antral follicle count (AFC) per se contributes to ANOV in early postmenarchal girls. OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between AMH (an AFC biomarker), other reproductive hormones, and ANOV in postmenarchal girls and to compare AMH in girls and regularly cycling adults. METHODS: A total of 23 girls (1.7 ± 0.2 years postmenarche) and 32 historic adult controls (≤34 years) underwent serial hormone measurements during 1 to 2 menstrual cycles. Girls also had pelvic ultrasounds. AMH was measured 5 times/subject using the Ansh ultrasensitive ELISA. RESULTS: Girls had higher AMH than women (5.2 ± 0.3 vs. 3.3 ± 0.4 ng/mL; P < 0.01) and girls with more ovulatory (OV) cycles tended to have lower AMH than those with ANOV (2 OV 4.5 ± 0.2, 1 OV 5.7 ± 1.1, 0 OV 6.8 ± 1.1 ng/mL; P = 0.1). In girls, AMH correlated with natural-log (ln) transformed LH (r = 0.5, P = 0.01), ln_androstenedione (r = 0.6, P = 0.003), ln_testosterone (r = 0.5, P = 0.02), and ovarian volume (r = 0.7, P < 0.01) but not with FSH, estradiol, P4, or body mass index. In women, AMH correlated with estradiol and P4 (both r = -0.4, P ≤ 0.03) but not with ln_LH or body mass index. CONCLUSIONS: In postmenarchal girls, AMH is higher than in ovulatory women and is associated with LH, androgens, and a propensity for anovulatory cycles. The cause of the transient increase in AMH and AFC during late puberty and the steps underlying the transition to a mature ovary deserve further study.
Assuntos
Anovulação , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual , Ovário/fisiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Estradiol/sangue , Feminino , Hormônio Foliculoestimulante/sangue , Seguimentos , Humanos , Hormônio Luteinizante/sangue , Masculino , Testosterona/sangueRESUMO
CONTEXT: Many female survivors of adolescent and young adult cancers (AYA survivors) have shortened reproductive lifespans. However, the timing and duration of ovarian function after cancer treatment are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE: To model the trajectory of ovarian function over two decades following cancer treatment and evaluate how trajectories vary by treatment gonadotoxicity and age. DESIGN: In a prospective cohort, AYA survivors aged 18-39 at variable times since cancer treatment completion provided dried blood spots (DBS) every 6 months for up to 18 months. Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) levels were measured using the Ansh DBS AMH enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The mean AMH trajectory was modeled for the entire cohort and separately by treatment gonadotoxicity and age using functional principal components analysis. RESULTS: 763 participants, mean (standard deviation) enrollment age 33.3 (4.7) and age at cancer diagnosis 25.9 (5.7) years, contributed 1905 DBS samples. The most common cancers were breast (26.9%), lymphoma (24.8%), and thyroid (18.0%). AMH trajectories differed among survivors by treatment gonadotoxicity (low, moderate, or high) (Pâ <â 0.001). Following low or moderately gonadotoxic treatments, AMH levels increased over 2-3 years and plateaued over 10-15 years before declining. In contrast, following highly gonadotoxic treatment, AMH levels were lower overall and declined shortly after peak at 2-3 years. Younger age at treatment was associated with higher trajectories, but a protective effect of younger age was not observed in survivors exposed to highly gonadotoxic treatments (Pinteraction < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In this large AYA survivor cohort, timing and duration of ovarian function strongly depended on treatment gonadotoxicity and age at treatment. The findings provide novel, more precise information to guide reproductive decision-making.
Assuntos
Sobreviventes de Câncer , Modelos Biológicos , Neoplasias/terapia , Reserva Ovariana/efeitos dos fármacos , Reserva Ovariana/efeitos da radiação , Adolescente , Adulto , Fatores Etários , Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Antineoplásicos/efeitos adversos , Estudos Transversais , Tomada de Decisões , Teste em Amostras de Sangue Seco , Feminino , Humanos , Neoplasias/mortalidade , Reserva Ovariana/fisiologia , Ovário/efeitos dos fármacos , Ovário/fisiologia , Ovário/efeitos da radiação , Estudos Prospectivos , Radioterapia/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Reprodutivo , Fatores de Tempo , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: A test that helps predict the time to the final menstrual period (FMP) has been sought for many years. OBJECTIVE: To assess the ability of antimullerian hormone (AMH) measurements to predictions the time to FMP. DESIGN: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. SETTING: The Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: AMH and FSH were measured in 1537 pre- or early perimenopausal women, mean age 47.5â ±â 2.6 years at baseline, then serially until 12 months of amenorrhea occurred. AMH was measured using a 2-site ELISA with a detection limit of 1.85 pg/mL. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Areas under the receiver operating curves (AUC) for AMH-based and FSH-based predictions of time to FMP, stratified by age. Probabilities that women would undergo their FMP in the next 12, 24, or 36 months across a range of AMH values were assessed. RESULTS: AUCs for predicting that the FMP will occur within the next 24 months were significantly greater for AMH-based than FSH-based models. The probability that a woman with an AMH <10 pg/mL would undergo her FMP within the next 12 months ranged from 51% at h<48 years of age to 79% at ≥51 years. The probability that a woman with an AMH >100 pg/mL would not undergo her FMP within the next 12 months ranged from 97% in women <48 years old to 90% in women ≥51 years old. CONCLUSIONS: AMH measurement helps estimate when a woman will undergo her FMP, and, in general, does so better than FSH.
Assuntos
Hormônio Antimülleriano/sangue , Biomarcadores/sangue , Menopausa , Ciclo Menstrual , Reprodução , Adulto , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Prognóstico , Estudos Prospectivos , Estados Unidos , Saúde da MulherRESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate development of components of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and PCOS in women with epilepsy initiating valproate or lamotrigine therapy. METHODS: Female individuals with epilepsy and regular menstrual cycles were eligible for this prospective study. Participants were randomized to 12 months of valproate (n = 225) or lamotrigine (n = 222) therapy. Serum androgen levels were measured every 3 months. Urinary pregnanediol glucuronide levels were measured weekly for two 3-month periods. The primary end point was development of PCOS components (ie, hyperandrogenism or ovulatory dysfunction). A post hoc analysis was conducted in women more than 2 years after menarche (177 lamotrigine, (HA) 186 valproate) to exclude OD the confounding effect of puberty. RESULTS: More women in the valproate group than the lamotrigine group developed (OD) in the prospective (54% valproate, 38% lamotrigine; p = 0.010) and the post hoc (HA) analyses (36% valproate, 23% lamotrigine; p = 0.007). More women in the valproate group than the lamotrigine group developed PCOS (9 vs 2%; p = 0.007). Development of HA was more frequent with OD valproate than lamotrigine among those initiating treatment at age younger than 26 years (44% valproate, 23% lamotrigine; p = 0.002) but was similar if treatment was started at age 26 years or older (24% valproate, 22% lamotrigine). INTERPRETATION: Development of HA occurred more frequently with valproate than lamotrigine, especially if medication was started at age younger than 26 years.
Assuntos
Hiperandrogenismo/tratamento farmacológico , Ovulação/efeitos dos fármacos , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/tratamento farmacológico , Triazinas/uso terapêutico , Ácido Valproico/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Anovulação/induzido quimicamente , Anovulação/tratamento farmacológico , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Feminino , Humanos , Hiperandrogenismo/induzido quimicamente , Internacionalidade , Lamotrigina , Ovulação/fisiologia , Síndrome do Ovário Policístico/induzido quimicamente , Estudos Prospectivos , Triazinas/efeitos adversos , Triazinas/farmacologia , Ácido Valproico/efeitos adversos , Ácido Valproico/farmacologiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: For optimal medical decision-making, harmonized reference intervals for estradiol for different ages and both sexes are needed. Our aim was to establish reference intervals using a highly accurate and traceable LC-MS/MS method and to compare these with reference intervals in literature. METHODS: Estradiol was measured in serum obtained daily during the menstrual cycle of 30 healthy premenopausal women and in serum of 64 men and 33 postmenopausal women. The accuracy of our LC-MS/MS method was demonstrated by a method comparison with the CDC reference method. RESULTS: Our LC-MS/MS method was traceable to the reference method. Estradiol reference interval during the early follicular phase (days -15 to -6) was 31-771â¯pmol/L; during the late follicular phase (days -5 to -1) 104-1742â¯pmol/L; during the LH peak (day 0) 275-2864â¯pmol/L; during the early luteal phase (days +1 to +4) 95-1188â¯pmol/L; during mid luteal phase (days +5 to +9) 151-1941â¯pmol/L; during late luteal phase (days +10 to +14) 39-1769â¯pmol/L. The reference interval for men was 12-136â¯pmol/L and for postmenopausal women <26â¯pmol/L. CONCLUSIONS: The established estradiol reference intervals can be used for all traceable LC-MS/MS methods for medical-decision making.
Assuntos
Análise Química do Sangue/normas , Estradiol/sangue , Ciclo Menstrual , Pós-Menopausa/sangue , Adolescente , Adulto , Cromatografia Líquida , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Valores de Referência , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
CONTEXT: Accurate diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is critical because there are risks associated with overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis. Data using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) free cortisol (FC) assays in states of high or low cortisol-binding globulin (CBG) levels, including cirrhosis, critical illness, and oral estrogen use, are needed. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. OBJECTIVE: Determine the relationship between CBG and albumin as well as total cortisol (TC) and FC in states of normal and abnormal CBG. Establish the FC level by LC/MS/MS that best predicts TC of <18 µg/dL (497 nmol/L) (standard adrenal insufficiency diagnostic cutoff) in healthy individuals. SUBJECTS: This study included a total of 338 subjects in four groups: healthy control (HC) subjects (n = 243), patients with cirrhosis (n = 38), intensive care unit patients (ICU) (n = 26), and oral contraceptive (OCP) users (n = 31). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): FC and TC by LC/MS/MS, albumin by spectrophotometry, and CBG by ELISA. RESULTS: TC correlated with FC in the ICU (R = 0.91), HC (R = 0.90), cirrhosis (R = 0.86), and OCP (R = 0.70) groups (all P < 0.0001). In receiver operator curve analysis in the HC group, FC of 0.9 µg/dL (24.8 nmol/L) predicted TC of <18 µg/dL (497 nmol/L; 98% sensitivity, 91% specificity; AUC, 0.98; P < 0.0001). Decreasing the cutoff to 0.7 µg/dL led to a small decrease in sensitivity (92%) with similar specificity (91%). CONCLUSIONS: A cutoff FC of <0.9 µg/dL (25 nmol/L) in this LC/MS/MS assay predicts TC of <18 µg/dL (497 nmol/L) with excellent sensitivity and specificity. This FC cutoff may be helpful in ruling out adrenal insufficiency in patients with binding globulin derangements.
Assuntos
Insuficiência Adrenal/diagnóstico , Proteínas de Transporte/sangue , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais , Estado Terminal , Estrogênios/administração & dosagem , Hidrocortisona/sangue , Cirrose Hepática/sangue , Administração Oral , Insuficiência Adrenal/sangue , Adulto , Idoso , Cromatografia Líquida , Estudos de Coortes , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais/administração & dosagem , Anticoncepcionais Orais Hormonais/efeitos adversos , Estudos Transversais , Estrogênios/sangue , Feminino , Globulinas/análise , Globulinas/metabolismo , Contracepção Hormonal/efeitos adversos , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/efeitos adversos , Terapia de Reposição Hormonal/métodos , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Testes de Função Adreno-Hipofisária/normas , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Espectrometria de Massas em Tandem , Adulto JovemRESUMO
Context: Menstrual irregularity after menarche has been attributed to immature estrogen positive feedback activity (E+FB) but data are conflicting. Objective: To determine the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian contributions to menstrual irregularity in adolescents. Methods: Twenty-three healthy girls [aged 12.8 to 17.6 years; 0.4 to 3.5 years postmenarche; body mass index (BMI) percentile, 41.0 to 99.3] underwent serial hormone measurements and pelvic ultrasounds during two consecutive menstrual cycles. Hormones and follicle growth were compared with 65 adult historic controls with ovulatory cycles (OVs). Results: Girls had anovulatory cycles (ANOVs; 30%), OVs with a short luteal phase (short OVs; 22%), or OVs with normal luteal phase (normal OVs; 48%) without differences in cycle length, chronologic or gynecologic age, or BMI. Adolescents showed a spectrum of E+FB [midcycle LH adjusted for preovulatory estradiol (E2)]; only normal OV girls were comparable to adults. All OV girls had lower E2, progesterone, and gonadotropins during the luteal phase and luteal-follicular transition compared with adults. Normal OV girls also had lower follicular phase LH and FSH levels, a longer follicular phase, a slower dominant follicle growth rate, and smaller estimated preovulatory follicle size than adults. Follicular phase E2 and inhibin B levels were lower in normal OV girls than in adults even after adjusting for differences in FSH and follicle size. Conclusions: Early postmenarchal girls with normal OVs demonstrate mature E+FB but continue to have lower gonadotropin levels, diminished ovarian responsiveness, and decreased corpus luteum sex steroid synthesis compared with adults, indicating that reproductive axis maturity requires coordinated development of all components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis.