[Role of functional factors in the formation of the structure and biomechanical properties of tendon regions]. / O roli funktsional'nykh faktorov v formirovanii struktury i biomekhanicheskikh svoistv otdelov sukhozhilii.

Structural and biochemical properties of the tendons have been studied in man and dogs. Macro-microscopical, histological, histochemical methods have been applied; the tendinous strength for tearing has been tried; elasticity and tissue pressure in places of stretching and pressing have been investigated. A close connection has been revealed between biochemical conditions of functioning of the tendinous parts and their structure. Absolute strength of the tendinous parts is proportional to the applied stretching force, though it is 4--5 times as great as the latter. Where the tendinous tissue is pressed, its relative strength decreases, nevertheless, deterioration of its biochemical properties is compensated by its enlargement quantitatively. As the lateral pressing increases, tendinous and osseous tissues are forming. Indices of the intraorganic tissue pressure are much greater in place of pressing.

[Morphofunctional basis of joint typology]. / Morfofunktsioal'naia osnova tipologii sustavov.

Everincreasing needs of practice (medical, sporting, etc.) demand to reconsider the existing articular classification according to their similarity to geometric "rotation bodies". Every joint can be regarded as highly-, moderately- and stiffly-mobile, according to the degree of relative shift of the connected links. Swing correlation of the opposite movements makes it possible to demonstrate the existance of ordinary joints, as well as joints with a preferable movement which exceeds considerably average normal swing. Kinematic expression of the articular type is a maximum swing of passive movings in it. Morphologic base of the type is the degree of curvature and congruence of the articular surfaces, location and form of the movement restrictors in the bone, size and differentiation of ligaments, "passive insufficiency" level of muscles-antagonists. Percentage correlation of every articular type depends on age.

[Reaction of the elements of the hypophyseal-adrenal system in "starting" states]. / Reaktsiia élementov sistemy gipobiz-nadpochechniki pri "startovykh" sostoianiiakh.

Morphological elements of the system hypophysis--adrenals have been studied in 19 dogs. Nine animals were given single individually dosed physical loading (running in the treadmill) up to the III stage according to an original technique. The III stage of the organism's response is characterized, according to physiological and biochemical parameters, as a "starting" condition. The other 10 animals served as a control. Biometric, histologic, histoenzymatic and electron microscopic methods were used for the study. The "starting" conditions were demonstrated to determine variously directed dynamics and unequal involvment of cellular elements and zones of the system hypophysis--adrenals. The greatest reactive degree was noted in basophilic adenocytes and chromophobes, as well as in the medullar substance of the adrenals. Acidophils and cells of the fascicular zone play the least role in the response. Unequal participation of the adenohypophyseal cellular elements and the adrenal zones in the organism's response at the "starting" conditions form a predominance of certain processes of cellular activity in them.

[Morphofunctional equivalents of the pituitary-adrenal system in disruptions of the integrity of the cardiorespiratory systems]. / Morfofunktsional'nye ékvivalenty sistemy gipofiz-nadpochechniki pri narushenii integratsii kardiorespiratornogo apparata.

Desintegration of the cardio-respiratory apparatus activity was modelled in 8 dogs using an individually dosed loading (running in the treadmill) up to V stage according to the original technique (control--10 dogs). By means of morphometric, histological, histochemical and electron microscopic analysis, morpho-functional equivalents of the reaction of the hypophysis-adrenals system were studied at a repeated desintegration in the activity of the cardio-respiratory apparatus. It was demonstrated that certain elements of the hypophysis-adrenals system were completely involved into the adaptive reactions. The greatest functional activity was detected in chromophobic and basophilic adrenocytes and in cells of the glomerular zone. In cells of the fascicular zone and in the medullar substance of the adrenals peculiar signs of the functional activity appeared. It is not expedient to calculate training regimes basing on the loading which determines the state of desintegration in the cardio-respiratory apparatus activity.

[Response of pituitary and adrenal elements in a state of cardiorespiratory system integration]. / Reaktsiia elementov gipofiza i nadpochechnikov pri sostoianii integratsii kardiorespiratornykh sistem organizma.

Morpho-functional equivalents of reaction of the hypophyseal and adrenal elements have been studied in 7 test and 10 control dogs biometrically, histologically, histoenzymatically and electron microscopically under the condition of integration in the cardio-respiratory systems. The condition has been modelled by individually chosen physical loading (running in the treadmill) up to the IV stage of the organism's adaptation according to the author's technique. The integration state is developing instead of the starting desintegration state (the beginning of the work) and is characterized by an economical and effective functioning of the cardio-respiratory system elements. At the integration of the cardio-respiratory apparatus, the hypophysial-adrenal system is activating. The principle of the zonal reaction in the adrenals and that of the selective activity of the adenohypophysis is clearly followed, that is demonstrated in the predominant activation of the bundle zone elements, chromophobic and basophilic adenocytes where certain signs of the secretory excretion predominate. In cells of the glomerular zone the signs of synthetic processes prevail over those of the secretory excretion. In cells of the medullary substance the signs of the preceding forced secretory excretion are clearly seen. A suggestion is made that it is expedient to elaborate training regimes according to the loading determining integration of the organism's cardio-respiratory systems.

[Morphological analysis of the adaptive changes in the myocardium under individually measured physical load]. / Morfologicheskii analiz adaptivnykh izmenenii miokarda pri individual'no dozirovannoi fizicheskoi nagruzke

Studying morphological changes of the myocardium in the organic, cellular and subcellular levels of experimental animals (dogs) has shown that standard physical load on tradmill band graded only by external parameters of work (time of running, its speed etc.) causes different changes in different animals. In contrast to it, the method of individually graded physical load proposed by the author (1970, 1972) considers the depth of myocardium responses, the degree of its morphofunctional changes corresponding to certain stages of changes in the parameters of cardio-vascular activity and respiratory system. Using the relationship of pulse rate and frequency of respiration as a diagnostic test made it possible to establish 6 stages of myocardium responses to physical load. Each of these stages has a complex of morpho-functional changes in the myocardium and corresponds to certain adaptive shifts on the organism level. On these foundations one can prognoze the depth of morphological changes in the myocardium basing upon diagnostic tests. So, the proposed experimental model of individual selection of the value of physical load according to responses of the organism rather than to external parameters of work as well as the established principle of the stage character of adaptive responses may be used in the practice of investigators for directed influence on the myocardium to form its certain qualities.