Luteal phase defect and premenstrual syndrome in an infertile population.

To test the hypothesis that an abnormal luteal phase is associated with significant symptoms of premenstrual syndrome, psychologic and somatic premenstrual syndrome symptoms were evaluated in a group of 83 infertile patients undergoing timed endometrial biopsy for the assessment of luteal phase adequacy. The severity of psychologic and somatic symptoms was evaluated separately. It was found that luteal phase defect, defined by endometrial biopsy, was associated with less severe psychologic and no more severe somatic symptoms of premenstrual syndrome in comparison with normal luteal phase controls. The data suggest that the hormonal milieu associated with luteal phase defects does not correlate with premenstrual syndrome symptoms and do not support the hypothesis that suboptimal ovarian function causes premenstrual syndrome.

Hysteroscopic detection and treatment of adhesions at the tubal ostium/uterine junction in infertile patients.

In conclusion, we agree that most of the abnormalities previously reported on hysteroscopy are of little clinical importance and that previously undetected abnormalities of clinical significance are rare in the patient who has undergone HSG with fluoroscopy. However, as indicated by these three cases, small, strategically located lesions may be missed by HSG and may be a cause of infertility. We therefore think that, given the low complication rate of hysteroscopy, its high degree of safety, minimal time requirement, and negligible effect on postoperative course, hysteroscopy should be performed on most, if not all, infertile patients undergoing diagnostic laparoscopy.

Titrating the dose of bromocriptine when treating hyperprolactinemic infertile women.

We have shown that a smaller dose of bromocriptine is effective in lowering the PRL level to the normal range in some hyperprolactinemic women. Based on these findings, we recommend that when treating hyperprolactinemic women who desire conception, the dose of bromocriptine should be titrated according to the response of circulating PRL levels. This will minimize the dose, reduce cost, probably reduce side effects, and possibly avoid undesirable functional effects such as corpus luteum dysfunction.

Medical management of hyperprolactinemia: a lower dose of bromocriptine may be effective.

This prospective study includes 31 women with a prolactin (PRL) level greater than 20 ng/ml (upper limits of normal in our laboratory) on at least three different occasions and chemically euthyroid. Each woman received bromocriptine mesylate (BRC) 1.25 mg (1/2 tablet)/day for 2 weeks, at which time a repeat PRL level was obtained. If needed, the dose was increased in a stepwise fashion until the PRL level was in the normal range. Results show that 12 of 15 patients with an initial PRL greater than 20 but less than 50 ng/ml required 2.5 mg or less of BRC daily. Of 9 patients with a PRL greater than 50 but less than 100 ng/ml, 5 required 2.5 mg daily with the remaining 4 needing 5.0 mg. Five of 7 patients with a PRL greater than 100 ng/ml required 5.0 mg or more, while one responded to 1.25 mg. These findings confirm that a lower than manufacturer-recommended dose of BRC is usually effective in normalizing PRL levels, especially when the initial PRL is less than 100 ng/ml.

Endometrial biopsy during treatment of luteal phase defects is predictive of therapeutic outcome.

Luteal phase deficiency (LPD), as diagnosed by endometrial biopsy, is not a single disorder but rather a spectrum of dysfunction that reflects both endometrial cycle and ovarian cycle abnormalities. Forty-three patients were diagnosed as having LPD by two consecutive abnormal cycles. Seven patients (16%) with hyperprolactinemia received bromocriptine, and one hypothyroid patient received thyroid replacement. The remaining patients were treated sequentially with progesterone suppositories, clomiphene, the combination, and follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone. If no conception occurred in 6 months on a given type of therapy, treatment was advanced. Patients were rebiopsied on each medication. In all, 33 of 41 (81%) compliant patients conceived. No viable pregnancies occurred without normal endometrial maturation, regardless of the treatment modality employed. When compared with time-life table projections, pregnancies occurred at rates comparable to those of a normal population once normal endometrial maturation was obtained with therapy. The endometrial biopsy accurately reflects the functional state of both the ovarian cycle and the endometrial cycle and can be used to determine adequacy of therapy, thereby improving conception rates in patients with LPD and eliminating the need for therapeutic trials.

Hysteroscopic metroplasty: surgical technique and obstetric outcome.

Congenital Müllerian abnormalities, particularly the septate uterus, may result in recurrent abortion or premature labor. Twenty-five patients found to have a septate uterus during evaluation for infertility or recurrent abortion were treated by hysteroscopic metroplasty with laparoscopic visualization. Surgical outcome was excellent, intraoperative and postoperative morbidity was negligible, and the postoperative course was similar to that following laparoscopy alone. Preoperative fetal wastage in 17 previously fertile patients was 90%. Of 11 patients, 6 or more months postoperatively, 10 had conceived: 5 delivered vaginally at term, 2 delivered by cesarean section, and 2 pregnancies are in progress. One pregnancy miscarried at 21 weeks secondary to an incompetent cervix. With hysteroscopic metroplasty, septa can be incised successfully with lower morbidity and as good a surgical outcome as with abdominal procedures. If further studies confirm the pregnancy outcome reported, then hysteroscopic metroplasty should become the treatment of choice for the septate uterus.

A randomized study of dexamethasone in ovulation induction with clomiphene citrate.

Improved understanding of follicular dynamics has led to a reevaluation of suppression of adrenal androgens in ovulation induction. To test whether adrenal suppression during clomiphene citrate (CC) therapy would improve ovulation/pregnancy rates, 64 anovulatory patients who had not previously received CC were randomly assigned to receive either 50 mg CC on days 5 to 9 alone or with 0.5 mg dexamethasone (CC + DEX). Patients were then screened for dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) (normal range, 80 to 320 micrograms/dl), prolactin, testosterone, and semen analysis of the partner. Nine patients discontinued participation prior to completing the first treatment cycle, and ten patients were found to have either elevated prolactin (4), severe male factors (3), or tubal disease (3) and were discontinued. CC was increased 50 mg/day per cycle through 150 mg/day until ovulation occurred. Once the patient was ovulatory on therapy, a properly timed postcoital test and endometrial biopsy for luteal phase defect were performed. If anovulatory at 150 mg/day of CC or demonstrating abnormal postcoital test or endometrial biopsy at 150 mg/day of CC, patients were crossed to the other arm of the treatment protocol. The results revealed a significantly higher rate of ovulation (P less than 0.01) and conception (P less than 0.05) in the CC + DEX-treated group. When correlated with DHEA-S levels, this improvement occurred in patients with DHEA-S greater than 200 micrograms/dl (P less than 0.05).

Ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular growth for luteal phase defects.

In the evaluation of 39 patients with untreated and treated luteal phase defect (LPD), serial ultrasonographic monitoring of follicular development identified three morphologically distinct growth patterns: normal-sized follicles, small follicles, and luteinized-unruptured follicles. All three patterns were observed in both untreated (46% had normal-sized follicles, 39% had small follicles, 15% had luteinized-unruptured follicles) and treated patients. A small follicle was observed uncommonly in histologically corrected LPD patients (6%). However, a luteinized-unruptured follicle (38%) may persist or be induced in situations where clomiphene citrate has been used to correct LPD or induce ovulation. Ultrasonographic evaluations of follicular growth in luteal phase defect support the theory that luteal phase defect represents a spectrum of normal and abnormal ovarian cycle events.

Portal hypertension and hypersplenism in pregnancy secondary to chronic schistosomiasis. A case report.

In this country, Schistosoma mansoni infections are seen rarely since the distribution of schistosomes in humans is governed by the range of their molluscan hosts. The snail hosts of S. mansoni reside in fresh waters of tropical zones. A native of Brazil was seen in her second trimester of pregnancy with marked splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Thirteen years before she had been treated for schistosomiasis, and she had been well until her pregnancy. Studies were done to rule out other causes of splenomegaly and hypersplenism. Esophageal endoscopy confirmed the presence of esophageal varices. The main risk to these patients is severe, sometimes fatal gastrointestinal bleeding. In our patient this risk was compounded by marked thrombocytopenia. Splenectomy was performed, and a liver biopsy confirmed the presence of S. mansoni eggs.