Highlights of three metabolites HDL and reduction in blood pressure values after dietary fiber supplementation in overweight and obese normotensive women: a metabolomic study.

INTRODUCTION: The prevalence of hypertension and obesity are a worldwide concern. OBJETIVES: Assess the metabolites profile after intervention with mixed dietary fiber in overweight and obese normotensive women. METHODS: This is a randomized double blind placebo-controlled study. Through a simple randomization process, two groups were allocated, with eleven women (group 1) receiving 12 g of mixed dietary fiber and thirteen women (group 2) receiving 12 g of placebo (corn starch) for eight weeks. Anthropometric and biochemical tests and lifestyle were analyzed. As for evaluation metabolomics, used a 1H NMR. The data matrix generated 96 samples and 225 variables, which was exported in the ASCII format for the "The Unscrumbler" statistics software (version 9.7, CAMO Process). RESULTS: After the intervention with mixed dietary fiber, significant differences were observed between the main types of metabolites, referring to the increase in the relative peak areas of in three HDL metabolites 4.94 ppm (0.0086*), HDL 1.28 ppm (0 .0337*), HDL 0.88 ppm (0.0224*) and an α-glucose metabolite 4.90 ppm (0.0106) and the reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) (0.0292*) of 7 mmHg in the reference range and in the placebo group there was a reduction in SBP (0.0118*) of 4 mmHg and of a choline metabolite 3.65 ppm (0.0266*), which does not call into question the validity of these results in the literature. CONCLUSION: The synergism of the functions of these statistically highlighted metabolites contributed to prevention the increase in SBP after fiber intervention in overweight and obese normotensive women.

Dereplication of phenolic derivatives of three Erythroxylum species using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS.

INTRODUCTION: Given the diversity of secondary metabolites produced by species of the genus Erythroxylum, in addition to the many methods that have already been described in the literature, modern screening and identification methodologies, such as dereplication, represent an efficient and quick strategy compared to the classic techniques linked to natural product research. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to determine the phenolic profiles obtained from three species of Erythroxylum (Erythroxylum pauferrense Plowman, Erythroxylum pulchrum A.St.-Hil. and Erythroxylum simonis Plowman) by dereplication using liquid chromatography coupled with ESI-MSn and HRESIMS. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Ethyl acetate and n-butanolic fractions from crude ethanolic extract of Erythroxylum species were analyzed by HPLC-ESI-MSn and HPLC-HRESIMS, in order to identify its corresponding compounds. Experiments were performed in negative ionization mode, and the metabolites were provisionally identified based on deprotonated molecules, molecular formulas, fragmentation patterns and literature data. The corresponding isolated compounds were characterized by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. RESULTS: According to the dereplication method, it was possible to establish and compare the phenolic profile of the corresponding species by the assignment of 55 compounds, most of which were first described in these species and among which some were also new to the Erytroxylum genus. Additionally, nine compounds were isolated, including biphenyl-3,3',4,4'-tetraol, where the mass spectral data were not sufficient for their identification, and reported for the first time in the Erythroxylaceae family. CONCLUSION: This research contributes to the phytochemical knowledge of the Erythroxylum genus and demonstrates the importance of the dereplication method regarding the investigation of natural products, enabling accurate identification of the metabolites while avoiding the efforts and material expenses involved in the isolation of known compounds.

Plant-Derived Pesticides as an Alternative to Pest Management and Sustainable Agricultural Production: Prospects, Applications and Challenges.

Pests and diseases are responsible for most of the losses related to agricultural crops, either in the field or in storage. Moreover, due to indiscriminate use of synthetic pesticides over the years, several issues have come along, such as pest resistance and contamination of important planet sources, such as water, air and soil. Therefore, in order to improve efficiency of crop production and reduce food crisis in a sustainable manner, while preserving consumer's health, plant-derived pesticides may be a green alternative to synthetic ones. They are cheap, biodegradable, ecofriendly and act by several mechanisms of action in a more specific way, suggesting that they are less of a hazard to humans and the environment. Natural plant products with bioactivity toward insects include several classes of molecules, for example: terpenes, flavonoids, alkaloids, polyphenols, cyanogenic glucosides, quinones, amides, aldehydes, thiophenes, amino acids, saccharides and polyketides (which is not an exhaustive list of insecticidal substances). In general, those compounds have important ecological activities in nature, such as: antifeedant, attractant, nematicide, fungicide, repellent, insecticide, insect growth regulator and allelopathic agents, acting as a promising source for novel pest control agents or biopesticides. However, several factors appear to limit their commercialization. In this critical review, a compilation of plant-derived metabolites, along with their corresponding toxicology and mechanisms of action, will be approached, as well as the different strategies developed in order to meet the required commercial standards through more efficient methods.

Metabolic fingerprinting analysis of oil palm reveals a set of differentially expressed metabolites in fatal yellowing symptomatic and non-symptomatic plants.

INTRODUCTION: Oil palm (E. guineensis), the most consumed vegetable oil in the world, is affected by fatal yellowing (FY), a condition that can lead to the plant's death. Although studies have been performed since the 1980s, including investigations of biotic and abiotic factors, FY's cause remains unknown and efforts in researches are still necessary. OBJECTIVES: This work aims to investigate the metabolic expression in plants affected by FY using an untargeted metabolomics approach. METHOD: Metabolic fingerprinting analysis of oil palm leaves was performed using ultra high liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-ESI-MS). Chemometric analysis, using principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), was applied to data analysis. Metabolites identification was performed by high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), MS/MS experiments and comparison with databases and literature. RESULTS: Metabolomics analysis based on MS detected more than 50 metabolites in oil palm leaf samples. PCA and PLS-DS analysis provided group segregation and classification of symptomatic and non-symptomatic FY samples, with a great external validation of the results. Nine differentially expressed metabolites were identified as glycerophosphorylcholine, arginine, asparagine, apigenin 6,8-di-C-hexose, tyramine, chlorophyllide, 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine, proline and malvidin 3-glucoside-5-(6″-malonylglucoside). Metabolic pathways and biological importance of those metabolites were assigned. CONCLUSION: Nine metabolites were detected in a higher concentration in non-symptomatic FY plants. Seven are related to stress factors i.e. plant defense and nutrient absorption, which can be affected by the metabolic depression of these compounds. Two of those metabolites (glycerophosphorylcholine and 1,2-dihexanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine) are presented as potential biomarkers, since they have no known direct relation to plant stress.

Chemical composition and modulation of bacterial drug resistance of the essential oil from leaves of Croton grewioides.

The essential oil from leaves of Croton grewioides Baill was obtained by hydrodistillation using Clevenger apparatus, and its chemical composition was analyzed by GC-MS, where 18 compounds were identified, mostly as monoterpenes (55.56%) and sesquiterpenes (44.44%), in which the major constituent was the α-pinene (47.43%). The essential oil of Croton grewioides (EOCg) and its major compound (α-pinene) were evaluated as modulators of antibiotic resistance in strain SA-1199B and IS-58 of Staphylococcus aureus that overexpresses efflux protein. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics were determined by the microdilution assay in the absence and in the presence of sub-inhibitory concentration of EOCg and α-pinene. Although the EOCg and α-pinene did not indicate relevant antibacterial activity in vitro, they acted as antibiotic resistance modulators, i.e., EOCg in combination with norfloxacin, reducted its MIC, by 64× whereas in combination with tetracycline it was observed a reduction of 4×. Additionally, it was observed a MIC reduction of tetracycline by 32×, when combined with α-pinene. The results suggest that EOCg and α-pinene modulate or even reverse bacterial resistance as a putative efflux pump inhibitor.

Bioactivities of the genus Combretum (Combretaceae): a review.

The Combretaceae is a large family of herbs, shrubs and trees, comprising about 20 genera and 600 species with tropical distribution around the globe and centers of diversity in Africa and Asia. Some Combretum species are extensively used in traditional medicine against inflammation, infections, diabetes, malaria, bleeding, diarrhea and digestive disorders and others as a diuretic. The present work is a literature survey of Combretum species that have been evaluated for their ability to exert biological activities. A total number of 36 Combretum species are discussed with regard to plant parts used, component tested and bioassay models. This review is of fundamental importance to promoting studies on Combretum species, thereby contributing to the development of new therapeutic alternatives that may improve the health of people suffering from various health problems.

Anti-inflammatory activity of alkaloids: an update from 2000 to 2010.

Many natural substances with proven anti-inflammatory activity have been isolated throughout the years. The aim of this review is to review naturally sourced alkaloids with anti-inflammatory effects reported from 2000 to 2010. The assays were conducted mostly in vivo, and carrageenan-induced pedal edema was the most used experimental model. Of the 49 alkaloids evaluated, 40 demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. Of these the most studied type were the isoquinolines. This review was based on NAPRALERT data bank, Web of Science and Chemical Abstracts. In this review, 95 references are cited.

Choline Metabolites, Hydroxybutyrate and HDL after Dietary Fiber Supplementation in Overweight/Obese Hypertensive Women: A Metabolomic Study.

Metabolomics has been increasingly used to evaluate metabolic changes associated with morbidities. The objective of this study is to assess the metabolic profile before and after intervention with mixed dietary fiber in overweight and obese hypertensive women. This is an intervention study, and the sample consists of 14 women aged 28 to 58 years. An intervention with 12 g of mixed soluble and insoluble fiber is performed for a period of eight weeks. Serum metabolites are identified using a Bruker 1H NMR spectrometer at 400 MHz. Multivariate data analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA), is used to differentiate the two groups. After supplementation with dietary fiber, there is a significant increase in the peak intensity values of the metabolites HDL-C (0.0010*), choline (0.0012*) and hydroxybutyrate (0.0010*) as well as a decrease in systolic (0.0013*) and diastolic (0.0026*) blood pressure. The analysis of the metabolomic profile allows the identification of metabolites that have been associated in the literature with hypertension and excess weight (choline, hydroxybutyrate and amino acids) and with fiber intake (choline, hydroxybutyrate and amino acids) in addition to an increase in HDL-C. The increase in the detection of the described metabolites possibly occurs due to the presence of pathologies and the use of fiber in the intervention, which also contributes to elevated HDL-c and reduced blood pressure.

Phenylpropanoids from Croton velutinus with cytotoxic, trypanocidal and anti-inflammatory activities.

This current study presents the phytochemical analysis of Croton velutinus, describing phenylpropanoids obtained from this species. The fractionation of the roots hexane extract led to the isolation of four new phenylpropanoids derivatives, velutines A-D (1-4) and three known (5-7). Their structures were established based on spectroscopic (1D-2D NMR; HRMS and IR) analysis. Cytotoxic, trypanocidal and anti-inflammatory activities of compounds 1-7 were evaluated. Only compounds 2 and 5 showed cytotoxic activity against cancer cell lines (B16F10, HL-60, HCT116, MCF-7 and HepG2), with IC50 values ranging from 6.8 to 18.3 µM and 11.1 to 18.3 µM, respectively. Compounds 2 and 5 also showed trypanocidal activity against bloodstream trypomastigotes with EC50 values of 9.0 and 9.58 µM, respectively. Finally, the anti-inflammatory potential of these compounds was evaluated on cultures of activated macrophages. All compounds exhibited concentration-dependent suppressive activity on the production of nitrite and IL-1ß by macrophages stimulated with LPS and IFN-γ. These results indicate phenylpropanoids esters (2 and 5) from C. velutinus as promising cytotoxic, trypanocidal and anti-inflammatory candidates that warrants further studies.