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BACKGROUND: Baló's Concentric Sclerosis (BCS) is a rare heterogeneous demyelinating disease with a variety of phenotypes on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Existing literature lacks data especially on the therapeutic approach of the disease which we intended to elucidate by means of suggesting a new possible BCS classification and introducing different therapeutic concepts based on each BCS-subgroup characteristics. METHODS: We present a retrospective study of eight treated patients with BCS-type lesions, emphasizing on MRI characteristics and differences on therapeutic maneuvers. RESULTS: Data analysis showed: at disease onset the BCS-type lesion was tumefactive (size ≥2 cm) in 6 patients, with a mean size of 2.7 cm (± 0.80 SD); a coexistence of MS-like plaques on brain MRI was identified in 7 patients of our cohort. The mean age was 26.3 years (±7.3 SD) at disease onset and the mean follow-up period was 56.8 months (range 9-132 months). According to radiological characteristics and response to therapies, we further categorized them into 3 subgroups: a) Group-1; BCS with or without coexisting nonspecific white matter lesions; poor response to intravenous methylprednisolone (IVMP); treated with high doses of immunosuppressive agents (4 patients), b) Group-2; BCS with typical MS lesions; good response to IVMP; treated with MS-disease modifying therapies (2 patients), c) Group-3; BCS with typical MS lesions; poor response to IVMP; treated with rituximab (2 patients). CONCLUSIONS: Our study introduces a new insight regarding the categorization of BCS into three subgroups depending on radiological features at onset and during the course of the disease, in combination with the response to different immunotherapies. Immunosuppressive agents such as cyclophosphamide are usually effective in BCS. However, therapeutic alternatives like anti-CD20 monoclonal antibodies or more classical disease-modifying MS therapies can be considered when BCS has also mixed lesions similar to MS. Future studies with a larger sample size are necessary to further establish these findings, thus leading to better treatment algorithms and improved clinical outcomes.
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Esclerose Cerebral Difusa de Schilder/tratamento farmacológico , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Metilprednisolona/uso terapêutico , Adolescente , Adulto , Encéfalo/patologia , Estudos de Coortes , Esclerose Cerebral Difusa de Schilder/patologia , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Estudos Retrospectivos , Adulto JovemRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Alemtuzumab has been demonstrated to reduce the risks of relapse and accumulation of sustained disability in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) patients compared to ß-interferon. It acts against CD52, leading primarily to lymphopenia. Recent data have shown that mild neutropenia is observed in 16% of treated MS-patients whereas severe neutropenia occurred in 0.6%. CASE PRESENTATION: Herein, we present the case of a 34-year-old woman with relapsing-remitting MS, with a history of treatment with glatiramer acetate and natalizumab, who subsequently received Alemtuzumab (12 mg / 24 h × 5 days). 70-days after the last Alemtuzumab administration, the patient displayed neutropenia (500 neutrophils/µL) with virtual absence of B-cells (0.6% of total lymphocytes), low values of CD4-T-cells (6.6%) and predominance of CD8-T-cells (48%) and NK-cells (47%); while large granular lymphocytes (LGL) predominated in the blood-smear examination. Due to prolonged neutropenia (5-days) the patient was placed on low-dose corticosteroids leading to sustained remission. CONCLUSION: This is the first case of a patient with relapsing-remitting MS with neutropenia two months post-Alemtuzumab, with simultaneous presence of LGL cells in the blood and a robust therapeutic response to prednisolone. We recommend testing with a complete blood count every 15 days in the first 3 months after the 1st Alemtuzumab administration and searching for large granular lymphocytes cell expansion on microscopic examination of the peripheral blood if neutropenia develops.
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Alemtuzumab/efeitos adversos , Fatores Imunológicos/efeitos adversos , Linfócitos/patologia , Esclerose Múltipla Recidivante-Remitente/tratamento farmacológico , Neutropenia/induzido quimicamente , Adulto , Anticorpos Monoclonais Humanizados/uso terapêutico , Feminino , HumanosRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Although the first mutation associated with Parkinson's disease (PD) was identified several years ago in the alpha-synuclein (SNCA) gene in families of Greek and Italian ancestry, a more systematic study of this and other known PD mutations has not been performed in the Greek population. METHODS: A genetic analysis in 111 familial or sporadic with early-onset (≤50 years, EO) PD patients was performed for the presence of the A53T SNCA mutation. In separate subgroups of these patients, further mutations in the SNCA, LRRK2, Parkin, PINK1 and DJ-1 genes were searched for. Additionally, a subgroup of familial cases was analysed for mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA) gene. RESULTS: In total, five patients (4.5% of our whole population) were identified with the A53T SNCA mutation, two with a heterozygote dosage mutation and one with a heterozygote point mutation in the Parkin gene, and seven patients (10.3% of our familial cohort) with GBA gene mutations. CONCLUSIONS: The A53T mutation in the SNCA gene, although uncommon, does represent a cause of PD in the Greek population, especially of familial EOPD with autosomal dominant inheritance. GBA mutations in the familial cohort tested here were as common as in a cohort of sporadic cases previously examined from the same centres. For the remainder of the genes, genetic defects that could definitively account for the disease were not identified. These results suggest that further Mendelian traits that lead to PD in the Greek population remain to be identified.
Assuntos
Doença de Parkinson/genética , alfa-Sinucleína/genética , Adulto , Idade de Início , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Grécia/epidemiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Doença de Parkinson/epidemiologia , LinhagemRESUMO
Caspase 2 has been implicated in trophic deprivation-induced neuronal death. We have shown that overexpression of the caspase 2-binding protein RAIDD induces neuronal apoptosis, acting synergistically with trophic deprivation. Currently, we examine the role of endogenous RAIDD in apoptosis of PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. Expression of a truncated caspase recruitment domain-only form of caspase 2, which presumably disrupts the RAIDD interaction with endogenous caspase 2, attenuated trophic deprivation-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, downregulation of RAIDD by small interfering RNA led to inhibition of trophic deprivation-induced death, whereas death induced by DNA damage, which is not caspase 2-mediated, was not inhibited. Therefore, RAIDD, likely through interaction with caspase 2, is involved in trophic deprivation-induced neuronal apoptosis. This is the first demonstration of the involvement of RAIDD in apoptosis, and provides further support for the idea that apoptotic pathways in the same system may differ depending on the initiating stimulus.
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Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Apoptose/fisiologia , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Sequência de Bases , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização CRADD , Caspase 2 , Caspases/metabolismo , Fator de Crescimento Neural/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Células PC12 , RNA Interferente Pequeno/genética , Ratos , TransfecçãoRESUMO
Alpha-synuclein mutations have been identified in certain families with Parkinson's disease (PD), and alpha-synuclein is a major component of Lewy bodies. Other genetic data indicate that the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system is involved in PD pathogenesis. We have generated stable PC12 cell lines expressing wild-type or A53T mutant human alpha-synuclein. Lines expressing mutant but not wild-type alpha-synuclein show: (1) disruption of the ubiquitin-dependent proteolytic system, manifested by small cytoplasmic ubiquitinated aggregates and by an increase in polyubiquitinated proteins; (2) enhanced baseline nonapoptotic death; (3) marked accumulation of autophagic-vesicular structures; (4) impairment of lysosomal hydrolysis and proteasomal function; and (5) loss of catecholamine-secreting dense core granules and an absence of depolarization-induced dopamine release. Such findings raise the possibility that the primary abnormality in these cells may involve one or more deficits in the lysosomal and/or proteasomal degradation pathways, which in turn lead to loss of dopaminergic capacity and, ultimately, to death. These cells may serve as a model to study the effects of aberrant alpha-synuclein on dopaminergic cell function and survival.
Assuntos
Autofagia/fisiologia , Dopamina/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/biossíntese , Células PC12/metabolismo , Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Substituição de Aminoácidos , Animais , Autofagia/efeitos dos fármacos , Catepsina D/metabolismo , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Células Cultivadas , Células Clonais/citologia , Células Clonais/efeitos dos fármacos , Células Clonais/metabolismo , Cisteína Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/farmacologia , Citoplasma/metabolismo , Citoplasma/ultraestrutura , Corantes Fluorescentes , Humanos , Lisossomos/metabolismo , Lisossomos/ultraestrutura , Substâncias Macromoleculares , Complexos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Células PC12/citologia , Células PC12/efeitos dos fármacos , Doença de Parkinson/metabolismo , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma , Proteínas/metabolismo , Ratos , Sinucleínas , Transfecção , alfa-SinucleínaRESUMO
Molecular mechanisms of apoptosis may participate in motor neuron degeneration produced by mutant copper/zinc superoxide dismutase (mSOD1), the only proven cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Consistent with this, herein we show that the spinal cord of transgenic mSOD1 mice is the site of the sequential activation of caspase-1 and caspase-3. Activated caspase-3 and its produced beta-actin cleavage fragments are found in apoptotic neurons in the anterior horn of the spinal cord of affected transgenic mSOD1 mice; although such neurons are few, their scarcity should not undermine the potential importance of apoptosis in the overall mSOD1-related neurodegeneration. Overexpression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 attenuates neurodegeneration and delays activation of the caspases and fragmentation of beta-actin. These data demonstrate that caspase activation occurs in this mouse model of ALS during neurodegeneration. Our study also suggests that modulation of caspase activity may provide protective benefit in the treatment of ALS, a view that is consistent with our recent demonstration of caspase inhibition extending the survival of transgenic mSOD1 mice.
Assuntos
Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/enzimologia , Caspase 1/metabolismo , Caspases/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Superóxido Dismutase/genética , Actinas/metabolismo , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/genética , Animais , Células do Corno Anterior/enzimologia , Células do Corno Anterior/patologia , Apoptose , Caspase 1/genética , Caspase 3 , Caspases/genética , Cerebelo/enzimologia , Cerebelo/patologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Progressão da Doença , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Dosagem de Genes , Expressão Gênica , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Neurônios Motores/enzimologia , Neurônios Motores/patologia , Mutação , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Medula Espinal/enzimologia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Superóxido Dismutase-1 , TransfecçãoRESUMO
DNA damage has been implicated as one important initiator of cell death in neuropathological conditions such as stroke. Accordingly, it is important to understand the signaling processes that control neuronal death induced by this stimulus. Previous evidence has shown that the death of embryonic cortical neurons treated with the DNA-damaging agent camptothecin is dependent on the tumor suppressor p53 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) activity and that the inhibition of either pathway alone leads to enhanced and prolonged survival. We presently show that p53 and CDKs are activated independently on parallel pathways. An increase in p53 protein levels, nuclear localization, and DNA binding that result from DNA damage are not affected by the inhibition of CDK activity. Conversely, no decrease in retinoblastoma protein (pRb) phosphorylation was observed in p53-deficient neurons that were treated with camptothecin. However, either p53 deficiency or the inhibition of CDK activity alone inhibited Bax translocation, cytochrome c release, and caspase-3-like activation. Taken together, our results indicate that p53 and CDK are activated independently and then act in concert to control Bax-mediated apoptosis.
Assuntos
Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/metabolismo , Dano ao DNA/fisiologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2 , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/metabolismo , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/metabolismo , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Transporte Ativo do Núcleo Celular/fisiologia , Animais , Apoptose/fisiologia , Camptotecina/farmacologia , Caspase 3 , Caspases/metabolismo , Sobrevivência Celular , Células Cultivadas , Quinases Ciclina-Dependentes/antagonistas & inibidores , Grupo dos Citocromos c/metabolismo , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Camundongos , Camundongos Knockout , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fosforilação/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/deficiência , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas/genética , Proteína do Retinoblastoma/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/deficiência , Proteína X Associada a bcl-2RESUMO
In human cell lines, the caspase 2 adaptor RAIDD interacts selectively with caspase 2 through its caspase recruitment domain (CARD) and leads to caspase 2-dependent death. Whether RAIDD induces such effects in neuronal cells is unknown. We have previously shown that caspase 2 is essential for apoptosis of trophic factor-deprived PC12 cells and rat sympathetic neurons. We report here that rat RAIDD, cloned from PC12 cells, interacts with rat caspase 2 CARD. RAIDD overexpression induced caspase 2 CARD- and caspase 9-dependent apoptosis of PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. Apoptosis correlated with the formation of discrete perinuclear aggregates. Both death and aggregates required the expression of full-length RAIDD. Such aggregates may enable more effective activation of caspase 2 through close proximity. Following trophic deprivation, RAIDD overexpression increased death and aggregate formation. Therefore, RAIDD aggregation is important for its death-promoting effects and may play a role in trophic factor withdrawal-induced neuronal apoptosis.
Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/metabolismo , Apoptose/fisiologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/metabolismo , Animais , Proteína Adaptadora de Sinalização CRADD , Caspase 2 , Caspases/metabolismo , Humanos , Células PC12 , RatosRESUMO
Caspases are cysteine proteases that mediate apoptotic death in a variety of cellular systems, including neurons. Caspases are activated through extrinsic or intrinsic pathways. The latter is used by most neurons in most situations. In this pathway, release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm induces formation of the apoptosome, which leads to the activation of caspase 9 and subsequently other caspases. Recent data demonstrate that when caspase activation is inhibited at or downstream of the apoptosome, neurons undergo a delayed, caspase-independent death. Furthermore, there are instances, most notably following excitotoxic injury and calcium overload, in which the direct cell death pathway elicited differs from classical apoptosis. The molecular and biochemical features of such caspase-independent, nonapoptotic forms of neuronal death are just beginning to be elucidated, but alterations at the level of the mitochondria and noncaspase proteases play significant roles. Mitochondrial alterations in caspase-independent death may include energy depletion, generation of free radicals, opening of the permeability transition pore, and release of cytotoxic proteins, such as apoptosis-inducing factor. The particular mechanisms employed can be context dependent. In disease states, in which a combination of apoptotic and nonapoptotic death occurs, therapeutic strategies need to take into account both caspase-dependent and -independent pathways.
Assuntos
Apoptose/fisiologia , Caspases/metabolismo , Sistema Nervoso Central/enzimologia , Degeneração Neural/enzimologia , Neurônios/metabolismo , Animais , Autofagia/fisiologia , Sistema Nervoso Central/fisiopatologia , Radicais Livres/metabolismo , Humanos , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Degeneração Neural/fisiopatologia , Neurônios/enzimologia , Estresse Oxidativo/fisiologia , Transdução de Sinais/fisiologiaRESUMO
Apoptosis plays an important role in development, homeostasis, and disease. Current work has suggested that apoptosis can be evoked by multiple stimuli that, in turn, initiate distinct death pathways. Recently, exciting advances have been made in the understanding of biochemical pathways that regulate apoptotic processes. These pathways contain both evolutionarily conserved elements and components that are dependent on the death stimulus and cell context. Accordingly, this review focuses on the compositions and relative ordering of the apoptotic pathways in four different death paradigms: activation of receptors of the Fas ligand, destruction by cytotoxic T lymphocytes, exposure to DNA damaging agents, and loss of support by neurotrophic factors. These examples illustrate the conservation and divergence in the ways that death pathways are composed and ordered. (Trends Cardiovasc Med 1997;7:294-301). © 1997, Elsevier Science Inc.
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BACKGROUND: The frontal assessment battery (FAB) has been suggested as a useful tool in the differential diagnosis of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) from Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy with parkinsonism (MSA-P). However, the utility of the FAB in the differential diagnosis of PSP from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) phenotypes is still under research. METHODS: We performed the FAB, in a multi-centre cohort of 70 PSP, 103 FTD (N = 84 behavioral variant FTD, N = 10 semantic dementia, N = 9 progressive non-fluent aphasia), 26 PD and 11 MSA-P patients, diagnosed according to established criteria. Patients were also rated with the mini mental state examination and motor scales. RESULTS: The FAB total score showed a poor discriminatory power between PSP and FTD as a group [area under the curve (AUC) = 0.523]. Moreover, the FAB score showed no correlation with disease duration in PSP (r = 0.05) or FTD group (r = 0.04). In contrast, we confirmed that the FAB is clinically useful to differentiate PSP from PD and MSA-P (AUC = 0.927). In fact, the sum of two FAB subscores together (verbal fluency and Luria motor series) were as good as the total score in differentiating PSP from PD and MSA-P (AUC = 0.957). CONCLUSIONS: The FAB may not be a useful tool to differentiate PSP from FTDs, and shows no correlation with disease duration in these disorders. On the other hand, the essential information to differentiate PSP from PD and MSA-P is contained in the sum of only two FAB subscores. This should be taken into consideration in both clinical practice and the planning of clinical trials.
Assuntos
Demência Frontotemporal/diagnóstico , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Paralisia Supranuclear Progressiva/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-IdadeRESUMO
Glutaric acidemia type I (GA-I) is a treatable autosomal recessive disorder of lysine, hydroxylysine, and tryptophan metabolism caused by glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase (GCDH) deficiency. Presentation and progression of disease are variable ranging from asymptomatic carrier state to catastrophic encephalopathy. GA-I usually presents before age 18 months, usually triggered by childhood infection, with mild or severe acute encephalopathy, striatal degeneration, and movement disorder, most often acute dystonia. At a presymptomatic stage diagnosis is suggested clinically by macrocephaly, radiologically by widened Sylvian fissures and biochemically by the presence of excess 3-hydroxyglutaric acid and glutaric acid in urine. Treatment consists of lysine-restricted diet and carnitine supplementation, specific diet restrictions, as well as symptomatic and anticatabolic treatment of intercurrent illness. Presymptomatic diagnosis and treatment are essential to prognosis. We report the case of 16-year-old macrocephalic female with late-onset GA-I and unusual paucisymptomatic presentation with fainting after exercise and widespread white matter signal changes at MRI. She was compound heterozygote for a novel mutation (IVS10-2A>G) affecting splicing at GCDH and a common missense mutation (c. 1240C>T; p.Arg402Trp, R402W). Interestingly, the site of the novel mutation is the nucleotide position of a common mutation found almost exclusively in patients of Chinese/Taiwanese origin (IVS10-2A>C).
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Parkinson's disease (PD) is usually diagnosed clinically from classical motor symptoms, while definitive diagnosis is made postmortem, based on the presence of Lewy bodies and nigral neuron cell loss. α-Synuclein (ASYN), the main protein component of Lewy bodies, clearly plays a role in the neurodegeneration that characterizes PD. Additionally, mutation in the SNCA gene or copy number variations are associated with some forms of familial PD. Here, the objective of the study was to evaluate whether olesoxime, a promising neuroprotective drug can prevent ASYN-mediated neurotoxicity. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We used here a novel, mechanistically approachable and attractive cellular model based on the inducible overexpression of human wild-type ASYN in neuronally differentiated human neuroblastoma (SHSY-5Y) cells. This model demonstrates gradual cellular degeneration, coinciding temporally with the appearance of soluble and membrane-bound ASYN oligomers and cell death combining both apoptotic and non-apoptotic pathways. KEY RESULTS: Olesoxime fully protected differentiated SHSY-5Y cells from cell death, neurite retraction and cytoplasmic shrinkage induced by moderate ASYN overexpression. This protection was associated with a reduction in cytochrome c release from mitochondria and caspase-9 activation suggesting that olesoxime prevented ASYN toxicity by preserving mitochondrial integrity and function. In addition, olesoxime displayed neurotrophic effects on neuronally differentiated SHSY-5Y cells, independent of ASYN expression, by promoting their differentiation. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Because ASYN is a common underlying factor in many cases of PD, olesoxime could be a promising therapy to slow neurodegeneration in PD.
Assuntos
Colestenonas/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Fármacos Neuroprotetores/farmacologia , alfa-Sinucleína/metabolismo , Caspases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Citocromos c/metabolismo , Humanos , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/metabolismoRESUMO
Previous studies have demonstrated neuronal loss in the substantia nigra pars reticulata following excitotoxic injury to the striatum of adult rats, and have considered this to be an anterograde transneuronal effect. However, the mode and temporal pattern of cell death in this model are unknown. We injected ibotenate into the striatum of adult rats and performed Nissl and silver staining of the substantial nigra, the globus pallidus and the entopeduncular nucleus at multiple times up to postlesion day 28. Silver-stained degenerating cells were identified in the substantia nigra pars reticulata at days 3-14 after the lesion, with maximal occurrence at day 3. Degenerating cells and fibers were preferentially distributed in the central region of the substantia nigra pars reticulata. At the cellular level, degenerating cells, frequently demonstrating morphological characteristics of neurons, showed intense silver staining of the nucleus and punctate staining of the cytoplasm. Apoptosis was not observed. In situ end-labeling confirmed the non-apoptotic nature of the cell death. There was no secondary cellular degeneration in other striatal targets, including the globus pallidus, substantia nigra pars compacta or entopeduncular nucleus. Double staining with silver and tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry disclosed degenerating cells within the tyrosine hydroxylase-positive ventral tier in the substantia nigra pars reticulata, but in no instance was there double staining within a single cell. Our results demonstrate that secondary neuronal degeneration occurs within the substantia nigra pars reticulata within a few days following excitotoxic injury to the striatum of adult rats. The cell death is non-apoptotic, unlike that occurring in the substantia nigra of neonatal rats following similar striatal lesion. This mode of transneuronal cell death may be relevant to human diseases, such as Huntington's disease and the multiple system atrophies, in which, in addition to the major striatal neuronal loss, there is considerable loss of neurons in the substantia nigra pars reticulata.
Assuntos
Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitatórios/toxicidade , Ácido Ibotênico/toxicidade , Neostriado/patologia , Degeneração Neural/efeitos dos fármacos , Substância Negra/patologia , Animais , Morte Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Globo Pálido/patologia , Doença de Huntington/patologia , Imuno-Histoquímica , Masculino , Mesencéfalo/patologia , Neostriado/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Coloração pela Prata , Substância Negra/efeitos dos fármacos , Fatores de Tempo , Tirosina 3-Mono-Oxigenase/metabolismoRESUMO
We have previously shown that the pharmacological agents 4-(2-aminoethyl)=benzenesulfonylfluoride hydrochloride (AEBSF) and Na-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethylketone (TLCK), inhibitors of trypsin-like serine proteases, prevent the death of trophic factor-deprived PC12 cells and sympathetic neurons. Both AEBSF and TLCK inhibit caspase activation in this model, but it is unclear whether they do so indirectly or through a direct effect at the level of the caspases. In the current study, we have used these agents in another model of neuronal death that is induced by DNA damage. We find that both agents delay the death of DNA-damaged PC12 cells, neonatal rat sympathetic neurons and embryonic rat cortical neurons. As in the trophic deprivation model, they act upstream of the caspases. In addition, they prevent mitochondrial alterations, such as cytochrome c release or loss of transmembrane potential. In contrast, the general caspase inhibitor bok-asp-fmk does not prevent cytochrome c release and has only a partial and transient effect on loss of transmembrane potential. Interestingly, both AEBSF and TLCK prevent the induction and nuclear accumulation of p53 that is induced by DNA damage in cortical neurons. Therefore, these serine protease inhibitors act at a point upstream in the apoptotic pathway, prior to p53 induction and the mitochondrial checkpoint, to delay neuronal death in this model, and do not act at the level of the caspases. We conclude that therapeutic strategies based on serine protease inhibition may be useful in preventing neuronal cell death.
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Apoptose , Dano ao DNA , Mitocôndrias/fisiologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Serina Endopeptidases/metabolismo , Inibidores de Serina Proteinase/farmacologia , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/biossíntese , Animais , Animais Recém-Nascidos , Western Blotting , Camptotecina/farmacologia , Caspases/metabolismo , Núcleo Celular/metabolismo , Córtex Cerebral/citologia , Córtex Cerebral/efeitos dos fármacos , Grupo dos Citocromos c/metabolismo , Embrião de Mamíferos , Ativação Enzimática , Potenciais da Membrana , Neurônios/citologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Células PC12 , Ratos , Sulfonas/farmacologia , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/citologia , Sistema Nervoso Simpático/efeitos dos fármacos , Tosilina Clorometil Cetona/farmacologia , Raios UltravioletaRESUMO
Caspases are intracellular proteases that participate in apoptotic pathways in mammalian cells, including neurons. Here we review evidence that caspase inhibition, through pharmacological or molecular means, may inhibit neuronal cell death in a number of in vitro and in vivo models of neurological disease. It has recently become clear that, at least in most cell culture models, caspase inhibition offers only transient protection, and that a caspase-independent death eventually occurs. This may be due to irreversible caspase-independent alterations at the level of the mitochondria. Despite concerns that targeting caspases alone may prove insufficient to truly reverse the effects of various death stimuli, in vivo studies indicate that caspase inhibition promotes survival and functional outcome in a variety of neurological disease models. In addition, studies of human post-mortem material suggest that caspases are activated in certain human neurological diseases. Caspase inhibition may therefore provide a novel strategy for the treatment of such disorders. Caspases, through the generation of toxic fragments of critical protein substrates, may also be involved in earlier steps of neuronal dysfunction, such as protein aggregation in Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease, and therefore caspase inhibition may be of additional value in the treatment of these particular disorders.
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Inibidores de Caspase , Inibidores de Cisteína Proteinase/uso terapêutico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/enzimologia , Doença de Alzheimer/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Alzheimer/enzimologia , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/tratamento farmacológico , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/enzimologia , Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica/patologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Apoptose/fisiologia , Lesões Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Lesões Encefálicas/enzimologia , Lesões Encefálicas/patologia , Isquemia Encefálica/tratamento farmacológico , Isquemia Encefálica/enzimologia , Isquemia Encefálica/patologia , Células Cultivadas , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Doença de Huntington/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Huntington/enzimologia , Doença de Huntington/patologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso/patologia , Neurônios/enzimologia , Neurônios/patologia , Doença de Parkinson/tratamento farmacológico , Doença de Parkinson/enzimologia , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/tratamento farmacológico , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/enzimologia , Transtornos Parkinsonianos/patologiaRESUMO
Ubiquitinated inclusions and selective neuronal cell death are considered the pathological hallmarks of Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. Recent genetic, pathological and biochemical evidence suggests that dysfunction of ubiquitin-dependent protein degradation by the proteasome might be a contributing, if not initiating factor in the pathogenesis of these diseases. In neuronal cell culture models inhibition of the proteasome leads to cell death and formation of fibrillar ubiquitin and alpha-synuclein-positive inclusions, thus modeling some aspects of Lewy body diseases. The processes of inclusion formation and neuronal cell death share some common mechanisms, but can also be dissociated at a certain level.
Assuntos
Corpos de Inclusão/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ubiquinona/metabolismo , Doença de Alzheimer/patologia , Animais , Morte Celular/genética , Morte Celular/fisiologia , Humanos , Corpos de Inclusão/genética , Corpos de Inclusão/metabolismo , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/biossíntese , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Doenças Neurodegenerativas/patologia , Neurônios/patologia , Doença de Parkinson/patologia , Sinucleínas , alfa-SinucleínaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: A simple clinical score (ABCD(2) score) has been introduced to triage TIA patients with a high early risk of stroke. External validation studies have yielded inconsistent results regarding the predictive ability of the ABCD(2) score. We aimed to prospectively validate the former score in a multicenter case series study. METHODS: We prospectively calculated the ABCD(2) score (age [> or = 60 years: 1 point]; blood pressure [systolic >140 mm Hg or diastolic >90 mm Hg: 1[; clinical features [unilateral weakness: 2, speech disturbance without weakness: 1, other symptom: 0]; duration of symptoms [ <10 minutes: 0, 10-59 minutes: 1, > or = 60 minutes: 2]; diabetes mellitus [yes: 1]) in consecutive TIA patients hospitalized in 3 tertiary care neurology departments across 2 different racial populations (white and Asian). RESULTS: The 7-day and 90-day risks of stroke in the present case series (n = 148) were 8% (95% CI 4%-12%) and 16% (95% CI 10%-22%). The ABCD(2) score accurately discriminated between TIA patients with high 7-day (c statistic 0.72, 95% CI 0.57-0.88) and 90-day (c statistic 0.75, 95% CI 0.65-0.86) risks of stroke. The 90-day risk of stroke was 7-fold higher in patients with an ABCD(2) score >3 points (28%, 95% CI 18%-38%) than in patients with an ABCD(2) score < or = 3 points (4%, 95% CI 0%-9%). After adjustment for stroke risk factors, race, history of previous TIA, medication use before the index TIA and secondary prevention treatment strategies, an ABCD(2) score of >2 was associated with a nearly 5-fold greater 90-day risk of stroke (hazard ratio 4.65, 95% CI 1.04-20.84, p = 0.045). CONCLUSION: Our findings externally validate the usefulness of the ABCD(2) score in triaging TIA patients with a high risk of early stroke in a multiethnic sample of hospitalized patients. The present data support current guidelines endorsing the immediate hospitalization of patients with an ABCD(2) score >2.
Assuntos
Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/diagnóstico , Prevenção Secundária/métodos , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/prevenção & controle , Triagem/métodos , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Hospitalização , Humanos , Ataque Isquêmico Transitório/complicações , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Prospectivos , Curva ROC , Risco , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de Doença , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/diagnóstico , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologiaRESUMO
The function of the proteasome has been linked to various pathologies, including cancer and neurodegeneration. Proteasomal inhibition can lead to death in a variety of cell types, however the manner in which this occurs is unclear, and may depend on the particular cell type. In this work we have extended previous findings pertaining to the effects of pharmacological proteasomal inhibitors on PC12 cells, by examining in more detail the induced death pathway. We find that cell death is apoptotic by ultrastructural criteria. Caspase 9 and 3 are processed, cytochrome c is released from the mitochondria and a dominant negative form of caspase 9 prevents death. Furthermore, Bax undergoes a conformational change and is translocated to the mitochondria in a caspase-independent fashion. Total cell levels of Bax however do not change, whereas levels of the BH3-only protein Bim increase with proteasomal inhibition. Transient overexpression of bcl-xL or, to a lesser extent, of bcl-2, significantly decreased apoptotic death and prevented Bax conformational change. We conclude that death elicited by proteasomal inhibition of PC12 cells follows a classical "intrinsic" pathway. Significantly, antiapoptotic bcl-2 family members prevent apoptosis by inhibiting Bax conformational change. Increased levels of Bim may contribute to cell death in this model.