Your browser doesn't support javascript.
loading
Mostrar: 20 | 50 | 100
Resultados 1 - 20 de 30
Filtrar
Mais filtros

Base de dados
País/Região como assunto
Tipo de documento
Intervalo de ano de publicação
1.
Mol Psychiatry ; 25(11): 3020-3033, 2020 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30108313

RESUMO

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD) exemplify top-down dysregulation conditions that show a large comorbidity and shared genetics. At the same time, they entail two different types of symptomology involving mainly non-emotional or emotional dysregulation. Few studies have tried to separate the specific biology underlying these two dimensions. It has also been suggested that both types of conditions consist of extreme cases in the general population where the symptoms are widely distributed. Here we test whether brain structure is specifically associated to ADHD or CD symptoms in a general population of adolescents (n = 1093) being part of the IMAGEN project. Both ADHD symptoms and CD symptoms were related to similar and overlapping MRI findings of a smaller structure in prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex. However, our regions of interest (ROI) approach indicated that gray matter volume (GMV) and surface area (SA) in dorsolateral/dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and caudal anterior cingulate cortex were negatively associated to ADHD symptoms when controlling for CD symptoms while rostral anterior cingulate cortex GMV was negatively associated to CD symptoms when controlling for ADHD symptoms. The structural findings were mirrored in performance of neuropsychological tests dependent on prefrontal and anterior cingulate regions, showing that while performance on the Stop Signal test was specifically related to the ADHD trait, delayed discounting and working memory were related to both ADHD and CD traits. These results point towards a partially domain specific and dimensional capacity in different top-down regulatory systems associated with ADHD and CD symptoms.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Encéfalo/patologia , Transtorno da Conduta/patologia , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Adolescente , Feminino , Giro do Cíngulo/patologia , Humanos , Masculino , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia
2.
Cereb Cortex ; 29(5): 1866-1874, 2019 05 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29912404

RESUMO

Youths with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology often exhibit residual inattention and/or hyperactivity in adulthood; however, this is not true for all individuals. We recently reported that dimensional, multi-informant ratings of hyperactive/inattentive symptoms are associated with ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) structure. Herein, we investigate the degree to which vmPFC structure during adolescence predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology at 5-year follow-up. Structural equation modeling was used to test the extent to which adolescent vmPFC volume predicts hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology 5 years later in early adulthood. 1104 participants (M = 14.52 years, standard deviation = 0.42; 583 females) possessed hyperactive/inattentive symptom data at 5-year follow-up, as well as quality controlled neuroimaging data and complete psychometric data at baseline. Self-reports of hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology were obtained during adolescence and at 5-year follow-up using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). At baseline and 5-year follow-up, a hyperactive/inattentive latent variable was derived from items on the SDQ. Baseline vmPFC volume predicted adult hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology (standardized coefficient = -0.274, P < 0.001) while controlling for baseline hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology. These results are the first to reveal relations between adolescent brain structure and adult hyperactive/inattentive symptomatology, and suggest that early structural development of the vmPFC may be consequential for the subsequent expression of hyperactive/inattentive symptoms.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Atenção/fisiologia , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Agitação Psicomotora/diagnóstico por imagem , Agitação Psicomotora/patologia , Adulto Jovem
3.
Addict Biol ; 25(3): e12781, 2020 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31328396

RESUMO

Heavy drinker adolescents: altered brainstem microstructure.


The cortical-cerebellar circuit is vulnerable to heavy drinking (HD) in adults. We hypothesized early microstructural modifications of the pons/midbrain region, containing core structures of the reward system, in HD adolescents. Thirty-two otherwise symptom-free HDs at age 14 (HD14) and 24 abstainers becoming HDs at age 16 (HD16) were identified in the community with the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) and compared with abstainers. The monetary incentive delay (MID) task assessed reward-sensitive performance. Voxelwise statistics of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) values in the thalamo-ponto-mesencephalic region were obtained using tract-based spatial statistics. Projections between the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) were identified by probabilistic tractography. Lower fraction of anisotropy and higher radial diffusivity (RD) values were detected in the upper dorsal pons of HD14 adolescents, and a trend for higher RD in HD16, compared with abstainers. When expecting reward, HD14 had higher MID task success scores than abstainers, and success scores were higher with a lower number of tracts in all adolescents. In symptom-free community adolescents, a region of lower white matter (WM) integrity in the pons at age 14 was associated with current HD and predicted HD at age 16. HD was related to reward sensitivity.


Assuntos
Abstinência de Álcool , Alcoolismo/diagnóstico por imagem , Núcleo Accumbens/diagnóstico por imagem , Ponte/diagnóstico por imagem , Recompensa , Consumo de Álcool por Menores , Área Tegmentar Ventral/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Adolescente , Abstinência de Álcool/psicologia , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Anisotropia , Tronco Encefálico/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Motivação , Consumo de Álcool por Menores/psicologia
4.
Hum Mol Genet ; 22(5): 1050-8, 2013 Mar 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23201753

RESUMO

Genetic variations in fat mass- and obesity (FTO)-associated gene, a well-replicated gene locus of obesity, appear to be associated also with reduced regional brain volumes in elderly. Here, we examined whether FTO is associated with total brain volume in adolescence, thus exploring possible developmental effects of FTO. We studied a population-based sample of 598 adolescents recruited from the French Canadian founder population in whom we measured brain volume by magnetic resonance imaging. Total fat mass was assessed with bioimpedance and body mass index was determined with anthropometry. Genotype-phenotype associations were tested with Merlin under an additive model. We found that the G allele of FTO (rs9930333) was associated with higher total body fat [TBF (P = 0.002) and lower brain volume (P = 0.005)]. The same allele was also associated with higher lean body mass (P = 0.03) and no difference in height (P = 0.99). Principal component analysis identified a shared inverse variance between the brain volume and TBF, which was associated with FTO at P = 5.5 × 10(-6). These results were replicated in two independent samples of 413 and 718 adolescents, and in a meta-analysis of all three samples (n = 1729 adolescents), FTO was associated with this shared inverse variance at P = 1.3 × 10(-9). Co-expression networks analysis supported the possibility that the underlying FTO effects may occur during embryogenesis. In conclusion, FTO is associated with shared inverse variance between body adiposity and brain volume, suggesting that this gene may exert inverse effects on adipose and brain tissues. Given the completion of the overall brain growth in early childhood, these effects may have their origins during early development.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/anatomia & histologia , Obesidade/genética , Proteínas/genética , Tecido Adiposo/metabolismo , Adiposidade/genética , Adolescente , Dioxigenase FTO Dependente de alfa-Cetoglutarato , Antropometria , Índice de Massa Corporal , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Obesidade/metabolismo , Proteínas/metabolismo
5.
Alcohol Clin Exp Res ; 39(11): 2234-48, 2015 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26463560

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: The aim of the present longitudinal study was the psychometric evaluation of the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale (SURPS). METHODS: We analyzed data from N = 2,022 adolescents aged 13 to 15 at baseline assessment and 2 years later (mean interval 2.11 years). Missing data at follow-up were imputed (N = 522). Psychometric properties of the SURPS were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis. We examined structural as well as convergent validity with other personality measurements and drinking motives, and predictive validity for substance use at follow-up. RESULTS: The hypothesized 4-factorial structure (i.e., anxiety sensitivity, hopelessness, impulsivity [IMP], and sensation seeking [SS]) based on all 23 items resulted in acceptable fit to empirical data, acceptable internal consistencies, low to moderate test-retest reliability coefficients, as well as evidence for factorial and convergent validity. The proposed factor structure was stable for both males and females and, to lesser degree, across languages. However, only the SS and the IMP subscales of the SURPS predicted substance use outcomes at 16 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: The SURPS is unique in its specific assessment of traits related to substance use disorders as well as the resulting shortened administration time. Test-retest reliability was low to moderate and comparable to other personality scales. However, its relation to future substance use was limited to the SS and IMP subscales, which may be due to the relatively low-risk substance use pattern in the present sample.


Assuntos
Testes de Personalidade/normas , Personalidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/diagnóstico , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/epidemiologia , Adolescente , Inglaterra/epidemiologia , Feminino , Seguimentos , França/epidemiologia , Alemanha/epidemiologia , Humanos , Irlanda/epidemiologia , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Psicometria , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Medição de Risco/normas , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia
6.
Addict Biol ; 20(3): 534-45, 2015 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24903627

RESUMO

Individuals with alcohol-dependent parents show an elevated risk of developing alcohol-related problems themselves. Modulations of the mesolimbic reward circuit have been postulated as a pre-existing marker of alcoholism. We tested whether a positive family history of alcoholism is correlated with ventral striatum functionality during a reward task. All participants performed a modified version of the monetary incentive delay task while their brain responses were measured with functional magnetic resonance imaging. We compared 206 healthy adolescents (aged 13-15) who had any first- or second-degree relative with alcoholism to 206 matched controls with no biological relative with alcoholism. Reward anticipation as well as feedback of win recruited the ventral striatum in all participants, but adolescents with a positive family history of alcoholism did not differ from their matched peers. Also we did not find any correlation between family history density and reward anticipation or feedback of win. This finding of no differences did not change when we analyzed a subsample of 77 adolescents with at least one parent with alcohol use disorder and their matched controls. Because this result is in line with another study reporting no differences between children with alcohol-dependent parents and controls at young age, but contrasts with studies of older individuals, one might conclude that at younger age the effect of family history has not yet exerted its influence on the still developing mesolimbic reward circuit.


Assuntos
Estriado Ventral/fisiologia , Adolescente , Alcoolismo/genética , Alcoolismo/fisiopatologia , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Voluntários Saudáveis , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Linhagem , Testes Psicológicos , Tempo de Reação , Recompensa
7.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry ; 24(12): 1523-34, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26036862

RESUMO

The main purpose of the present study was to analyse the internal structure and to test the measurement invariance of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), self-reported version, in five European countries. The sample consisted of 3012 adolescents aged between 12 and 17 years (M = 14.20; SD = 0.83). The five-factor model (with correlated errors added), and the five-factor model (with correlated errors added) with the reverse-worded items allowed to cross-load on the Prosocial subscale, displayed adequate goodness of-fit indices. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis showed that the five-factor model (with correlated errors added) had partial strong measurement invariance by countries. A total of 11 of the 25 items were non-invariant across samples. The level of internal consistency of the Total difficulties score was 0.84, ranging between 0.69 and 0.78 for the SDQ subscales. The findings indicate that the SDQ's subscales need to be modified in various ways for screening emotional and behavioural problems in the five European countries that were analysed.


Assuntos
Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adolescente , Etnicidade , Europa (Continente) , Análise Fatorial , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Autorrelato
8.
Eur J Neurosci ; 38(6): 2941-5, 2013 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23551272

RESUMO

Recently, genome-wide association between schizophrenia and an intronic variant in AMBRA1 (rs11819869) was reported. Additionally, in a reverse genetic approach in adult healthy subjects, risk allele carriers showed a higher medial prefrontal cortex blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response during a flanker task examining motor inhibition as an aspect of impulsivity. To test whether this finding can be expanded to further aspects of impulsivity, we analysed the effects of the rs11819869 genotype on impulsivity-related traits on a behavioral, temperament and neural level in a large sample of healthy adolescents. We consider this reverse genetic approach specifically suited for use in a healthy adolescent sample, as these individuals comprise those who will eventually develop mental disorders in which impulsivity is implicated. Healthy adolescents from the IMAGEN study were included in the neuropsychological analysis (n = 848) and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task (n = 512). Various aspects of impulsivity were assessed using the Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised, the Substance Use Risk Profile Scale, the Cambridge Cognition Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery, and the Stop Signal Task (SST) in the fMRI paradigm. On a behavioral level, increased delay aversion was observed in risk allele carriers. Furthermore, risk allele carriers showed a higher BOLD response in an orbito-frontal target region during the SST, which declined to trend status after Family Wise Error correction. Our findings support the hypothesis that the schizophrenia-related risk variant of rs11819869 is involved in various aspects of impulsivity, and that this involvement occurs on a behavioral as well as an imaging genetics level.


Assuntos
Proteínas Adaptadoras de Transdução de Sinal/genética , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Comportamento Impulsivo/genética , Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Fatores de Risco , Esquizofrenia/genética
9.
Bipolar Disord ; 15(4): 440-5, 2013 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23611537

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Bipolar disorder is a severe mood disorder, which normally begins during adolescence or early adulthood and has a heritability of up to 80%. The largest genome-wide association analysis of bipolar disorder recently identified a new genome-wide associated variant in OZD4 (rs12576775). The aim of the present study was to further elucidate the role of this risk variant in the disease process using an imaging genetics approach. As increased amygdala and striatal responses during the processing of reward and emotion are characteristic for bipolar disorder patients, it was tested whether the risk variant has an influence on this endophenotype in healthy adolescents. METHODS: We examined the impact of the risk variant rs12576775 on functional magnetic resonance imaging data in an adolescent sample (N = 485). Differential activation between carriers of the risk allele (G-allele) and homozygous A-allele carriers in the amygdala and the striatum during a modification of the monetary incentive delay task (examining reward) and a face task (examining emotion) was analyzed. RESULTS: Carriers of the risk allele showed an increased blood oxygen level-dependent response in the amygdala during reward sensitivity (p = 0.05) and reward expectation (p < 0.05) but not during the face task. No significant group differences were found in the striatum during both reward and emotion processing. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that the ODZ4 risk variant influences reward processing in the amygdala. Alterations in the processing of emotion may have different underlying mechanisms and need to be further examined.


Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo , Transtorno Bipolar , Emoções/fisiologia , Glicoproteínas de Membrana/genética , Adolescente , Tonsila do Cerebelo/metabolismo , Tonsila do Cerebelo/patologia , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/genética , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Corpo Estriado/metabolismo , Corpo Estriado/patologia , Feminino , Variação Genética , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Neuropsiquiatria , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Recompensa
10.
Exp Brain Res ; 223(3): 429-39, 2012 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23108370

RESUMO

Adolescence is a transition period that is assumed to be characterized by increased sensitivity to reward. While there is growing research on reward processing in adolescents, investigations into the engagement of brain regions under different reward-related conditions in one sample of healthy adolescents, especially in a target age group, are missing. We aimed to identify brain regions preferentially activated in a reaction time task (monetary incentive delay (MID) task) and a simple guessing task (SGT) in a sample of 14-year-old adolescents (N = 54) using two commonly used reward paradigms. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was employed during the MID with big versus small versus no win conditions and the SGT with big versus small win and big versus small loss conditions. Analyses focused on changes in blood oxygen level-dependent contrasts during reward and punishment processing in anticipation and feedback phases. We found clear magnitude-sensitive response in reward-related brain regions such as the ventral striatum during anticipation in the MID task, but not in the SGT. This was also true for reaction times. The feedback phase showed clear reward-related, but magnitude-independent, response patterns, for example in the anterior cingulate cortex, in both tasks. Our findings highlight neural and behavioral response patterns engaged in two different reward paradigms in one sample of 14-year-old healthy adolescents and might be important for reference in future studies investigating reward and punishment processing in a target age group.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente/fisiologia , Cognição/fisiologia , Corpo Estriado/fisiologia , Recompensa , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Cerebelo/fisiologia , Feminino , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiologia , Humanos , Masculino , Tálamo/fisiologia
11.
Nat Hum Behav ; 3(12): 1306-1318, 2019 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31591521

RESUMO

Most psychopathological disorders develop in adolescence. The biological basis for this development is poorly understood. To enhance diagnostic characterization and develop improved targeted interventions, it is critical to identify behavioural symptom groups that share neural substrates. We ran analyses to find relationships between behavioural symptoms and neuroimaging measures of brain structure and function in adolescence. We found two symptom groups, consisting of anxiety/depression and executive dysfunction symptoms, respectively, that correlated with distinct sets of brain regions and inter-regional connections, measured by structural and functional neuroimaging modalities. We found that the neural correlates of these symptom groups were present before behavioural symptoms had developed. These neural correlates showed case-control differences in corresponding psychiatric disorders, depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in independent clinical samples. By characterizing behavioural symptom groups based on shared neural mechanisms, our results provide a framework for developing a classification system for psychiatric illness that is based on quantitative neurobehavioural measures.


Assuntos
Ansiedade/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Depressão/diagnóstico por imagem , Função Executiva , Adolescente , Anisotropia , Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Correlação de Dados , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno Depressivo/fisiopatologia , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Feminino , Neuroimagem Funcional , Substância Cinzenta/diagnóstico por imagem , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Vias Neurais/diagnóstico por imagem , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Tamanho do Órgão , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem , Adulto Jovem
12.
Transl Psychiatry ; 9(1): 103, 2019 02 25.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30804326

RESUMO

This study examines the effects of puberty and sex on the intrinsic functional connectivity (iFC) of brain networks, with a focus on the default-mode network (DMN). Consistently implicated in depressive disorders, the DMN's function may interact with puberty and sex in the development of these disorders, whose onsets peak in adolescence, and which show strong sex disproportionality (females > males). The main question concerns how the DMN evolves with puberty as a function of sex. These effects are expected to involve within- and between-network iFC, particularly, the salience and the central-executive networks, consistent with the Triple-Network Model. Resting-state scans of an adolescent community sample (n = 304, male/female: 157/147; mean/std age: 14.6/0.41 years), from the IMAGEN database, were analyzed using the AFNI software suite and a data reduction strategy for the effects of puberty and sex. Three midline regions (medial prefrontal, pregenual anterior cingulate, and posterior cingulate), within the DMN and consistently implicated in mood disorders, were selected as seeds. Within- and between-network clusters of the DMN iFC changed with pubertal maturation differently in boys and girls (puberty-X-sex). Specifically, pubertal maturation predicted weaker iFC in girls and stronger iFC in boys. Finally, iFC was stronger in boys than girls independently of puberty. Brain-behavior associations indicated that lower connectivity of the anterior cingulate seed predicted higher internalizing symptoms at 2-year follow-up. In conclusion, weaker iFC of the anterior DMN may signal disconnections among circuits supporting mood regulation, conferring risk for internalizing disorders.


Assuntos
Afeto/fisiologia , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Rede Nervosa/fisiopatologia , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Fatores Sexuais , Maturidade Sexual , Adolescente , Mapeamento Encefálico , Transtorno Depressivo/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Neuroimagem Funcional , Giro do Cíngulo/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Autorrelato
13.
Assessment ; 26(4): 567-581, 2019 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29557190

RESUMO

Trait disinhibition, a clinical-liability construct, has well-established correlates in the diagnostic, self-rating, task-behavioral, and brain potential response domains. Recently, studies have begun to test for neuroimaging correlates of this liability factor, but more work of this type using larger data sets is needed to clarify its brain bases. The current study details the development and validation of a scale measure of trait disinhibition composed of questionnaire items available in the IMAGEN project, a large-scale longitudinal study of factors contributing to substance abuse that includes clinical interview, self-report personality, task-behavioral, neuroimaging, and genomic measures. Using a construct-rating and psychometric refinement approach, a scale was developed that evidenced: (a) positive relations with interview-assessed psychopathology in the IMAGEN sample, both concurrently and prospectively and (b) positive associations with scale measures of disinhibition and reported psychopathology, and a robust negative correlation with P3 brain response, in a separate adult sample ( Mage = 19.5). These findings demonstrate that a common scale measure can index this construct from adolescence through to early adulthood, and set the stage for systematic work directed at identifying neural and genetic biomarkers of this key liability construct using existing and future data from the IMAGEN project.


Assuntos
Inibição Psicológica , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica/normas , Psicopatologia/métodos , Adolescente , Biomarcadores , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Neuroimagem , Transtornos da Personalidade/diagnóstico , Transtornos da Personalidade/psicologia , Psicometria , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias
14.
Am J Psychiatry ; 175(12): 1255-1264, 2018 12 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30111185

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: White matter microstructure alterations have recently been associated with depressive episodes during adolescence, but it is unknown whether they predate depression. The authors investigated whether subthreshold depression in adolescence is associated with white matter microstructure variations and whether they relate to depression outcome. METHOD: Adolescents with subthreshold depression (N=96) and healthy control subjects (N=336) drawn from a community-based cohort were compared using diffusion tensor imaging and whole brain tract-based spatial statistics (TBSS) at age 14 to assess white matter microstructure. They were followed up at age 16 to assess depression. Probabilistic tractography was used to reconstruct white matter streamlines spreading from the regions identified in the TBSS analysis and along bundles implicated in emotion regulation, the uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum. The authors searched for mediating effects of white matter microstructure on the relationship between baseline subthreshold depression and depression at follow-up, and then explored the specificity of the findings. RESULTS: Lower fractional anisotropy (FA) and higher radial diffusivity were found in the anterior corpus callosum in the adolescents with subthreshold depression. Tractography analysis showed that they also had lower FA in the right cingulum streamlines, along with lower FA and higher mean diffusivity in tracts connecting the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex. The relation between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression at follow-up was mediated by FA values in the latter tracts, and lower FA values in those tracts distinctively predicted higher individual risk for depression. CONCLUSIONS: Early FA variations in tracts projecting from the corpus callosum to the anterior cingulate cortex may denote a higher risk of transition to depression in adolescents.


Assuntos
Depressão/patologia , Substância Branca/ultraestrutura , Adolescente , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Corpo Caloso/ultraestrutura , Depressão/diagnóstico por imagem , Imagem de Difusão por Ressonância Magnética , Imagem de Tensor de Difusão , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Neuroimagem , Sintomas Prodrômicos , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Fatores de Risco , Inquéritos e Questionários , Substância Branca/diagnóstico por imagem
15.
Biol Psychiatry ; 82(9): 660-668, 2017 Nov 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28237458

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Neuroimaging studies of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have most commonly reported volumetric abnormalities in the basal ganglia, cerebellum, and prefrontal cortices. Few studies have examined the relationship between ADHD symptomatology and brain structure in population-based samples. We investigated the relationship between dimensional measures of ADHD symptomatology, brain structure, and reaction time variability-an index of lapses in attention. We also tested for associations between brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology and maps of dopaminergic gene expression. METHODS: Psychopathology and imaging data were available for 1538 youths. Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms were obtained using the Development and Well-Being Assessment and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Self-reports of ADHD symptoms were assessed using the youth version of the SDQ. Reaction time variability was available in a subset of participants. For each measure, whole-brain voxelwise regressions with gray matter volume were calculated. RESULTS: Parent ratings of ADHD symptoms (Development and Well-Being Assessment and SDQ), adolescent self-reports of ADHD symptoms on the SDQ, and reaction time variability were each negatively associated with gray matter volume in an overlapping region of the ventromedial prefrontal cortex. Maps of DRD1 and DRD2 gene expression were associated with brain structural correlates of ADHD symptomatology. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to reveal relationships between ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure and multi-informant measures of ADHD symptoms in a large population-based sample of adolescents. Our results indicate that ventromedial prefrontal cortex structure is a biomarker for ADHD symptomatology. These findings extend previous research implicating the default mode network and dopaminergic dysfunction in ADHD.


Assuntos
Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/patologia , Tempo de Reação/fisiologia , Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/diagnóstico por imagem , Criança , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Córtex Pré-Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem
16.
Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci ; 11(12): 1961-1969, 2016 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27697987

RESUMO

Negative life events (NLE) contribute to anxiety and depression disorders, but their relationship with brain functioning in adolescence has rarely been studied. We hypothesized that neural response to social threat would relate to NLE in the frontal-limbic emotional regions. Participants (N = 685) were drawn from the Imagen database of 14-year-old community adolescents recruited in schools. They underwent functional MRI while viewing angry and neutral faces, as a probe to neural response to social threat. Lifetime NLEs were assessed using the 'distress', 'family' and 'accident' subscales from a life event dimensional questionnaire. Relationships between NLE subscale scores and neural response were investigated. Links of NLE subscales scores with anxiety or depression outcomes at the age of 16 years were also investigated. Lifetime 'distress' positively correlated with ventral-lateral orbitofrontal and temporal cortex activations during angry face processing. 'Distress' scores correlated with the probabilities of meeting criteria for Generalized Anxiety Disorder or Major Depressive Disorder at the age of 16 years. Lifetime 'family' and 'accident' scores did not relate with neural response or follow-up conditions, however. Thus, different types of NLEs differentially predicted neural responses to threat during adolescence, and differentially predicted a de novo internalizing condition 2 years later. The deleterious effect of self-referential NLEs is suggested.


Assuntos
Ira/fisiologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/diagnóstico por imagem , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/diagnóstico por imagem , Expressão Facial , Lobo Frontal/diagnóstico por imagem , Acontecimentos que Mudam a Vida , Adolescente , Ansiedade/diagnóstico por imagem , Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/fisiopatologia , Depressão/diagnóstico por imagem , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Feminino , Lobo Frontal/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino
17.
Am J Psychiatry ; 172(12): 1215-23, 2015 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26085042

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: The authors examined whether alterations in the brain's reward network operate as a mechanism across the spectrum of risk for depression. They then tested whether these alterations are specific to anhedonia as compared with low mood and whether they are predictive of depressive outcomes. METHOD: Functional MRI was used to collect blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses to anticipation of reward in the monetary incentive task in 1,576 adolescents in a community-based sample. Adolescents with current subthreshold depression and clinical depression were compared with matched healthy subjects. In addition, BOLD responses were compared across adolescents with anhedonia, low mood, or both symptoms, cross-sectionally and longitudinally. RESULTS: Activity in the ventral striatum was reduced in participants with subthreshold and clinical depression relative to healthy comparison subjects. Low ventral striatum activation predicted transition to subthreshold or clinical depression in previously healthy adolescents at 2-year follow-up. Brain responses during reward anticipation decreased in a graded manner between healthy adolescents, adolescents with current or future subthreshold depression, and adolescents with current or future clinical depression. Low ventral striatum activity was associated with anhedonia but not low mood; however, the combined presence of both symptoms showed the strongest reductions in the ventral striatum in all analyses. CONCLUSIONS: The findings suggest that reduced striatal activation operates as a mechanism across the risk spectrum for depression. It is associated with anhedonia in healthy adolescents and is a behavioral indicator of positive valence systems, consistent with predictions based on the Research Domain Criteria.


Assuntos
Afeto/fisiologia , Anedonia/fisiologia , Depressão/fisiopatologia , Recompensa , Estriado Ventral/fisiologia , Adolescente , Mapeamento Encefálico , Feminino , Neuroimagem Funcional , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino
18.
J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry ; 54(10): 832-40, 2015 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26407493

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Neuroimaging findings have been reported in regions of the brain associated with emotion in both adults and adolescents with depression, but few studies have investigated whether such brain alterations can be detected in adolescents with subthreshold depression, a condition at risk for major depressive disorder. In this study, we searched for differences in brain structure at age 14 years in adolescents with subthreshold depression and their relation to depression at age 16 years. METHOD: High-resolution structural magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess adolescents with self-reported subthreshold depression (n = 119) and healthy control adolescents (n = 461), all recruited from a community-based sample. Regional gray and white matter volumes were compared across groups using whole-brain voxel-based morphometry. The relationship between subthreshold depression at baseline and depression outcome was explored using causal mediation analyses to search for mediating effects of regional brain volumes. RESULTS: Adolescents with subthreshold depression had smaller gray matter volume in the ventromedial prefrontal and rostral anterior cingulate cortices and caudates, and smaller white matter volumes in the anterior limb of internal capsules, left forceps minor, and right cingulum. In girls, but not in boys, the relation between subthreshold depression at baseline and high depression score at follow-up was mediated by medial-prefrontal gray matter volume. CONCLUSION: Subthreshold depression in early adolescence might be associated with smaller gray and white matter volumes in regions of the frontal-striatal-limbic affective circuit, and the occurrence of depression in girls with subthreshold depression might be influenced by medial-prefrontal gray matter volume. However, these findings should be interpreted with caution because of the limitations of the clinical assessment methods.


Assuntos
Depressão/fisiopatologia , Lobo Frontal/patologia , Substância Cinzenta/patologia , Giro do Cíngulo/patologia , Substância Branca/patologia , Adolescente , Mapeamento Encefálico/métodos , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Criança , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Tamanho do Órgão , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica
19.
Neuropsychopharmacology ; 39(4): 875-84, 2014 Mar.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24126454

RESUMO

Neuroticism involves a tendency for enhanced emotional and cognitive processing of negative affective stimuli and a propensity to worry and be anxious. It is known that this trait modulates fear learning and the activation of brain regions involved in it such as the amygdala, hippocampus, and prefrontal cortex and their connectivity. Thirty-nine (21 female) 14-year-old healthy adolescents participated in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) of aversive pavlovian differential delay conditioning. An unpleasant sound served as unconditioned stimulus (US) and pictures of neutral male faces as conditioned stimuli (CS+ followed by the US in 50% of the cases; CS- never followed by the US). During acquisition (CS+/- differentiation), higher levels of neuroticism were associated with a stronger interaction between the right amygdala and the right hippocampus as well as the right amygdala and prefrontal cortical regions, specifically ventromedial prefrontal cortex, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex. The association of stronger conditionability of fear and connectivity of brain regions related to consolidation of fear associations and neuroticism points to underlying mechanisms of the enhanced propensity for anxiety disorders in highly neurotic participants. This is especially important in adolescence, a vulnerable time for the onset of mental disorders such as anxiety disorders.


Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiopatologia , Transtornos de Ansiedade/patologia , Aprendizagem da Esquiva/fisiologia , Hipocampo/fisiopatologia , Vias Neurais/fisiopatologia , Córtex Pré-Frontal/fisiopatologia , Adolescente , Tonsila do Cerebelo/irrigação sanguínea , Tonsila do Cerebelo/patologia , Condicionamento Clássico , Feminino , Hipocampo/irrigação sanguínea , Humanos , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Vias Neurais/irrigação sanguínea , Vias Neurais/patologia , Neuroticismo , Oxigênio/sangue , Inventário de Personalidade , Córtex Pré-Frontal/irrigação sanguínea , Psicofísica
20.
Am J Psychiatry ; 171(12): 1310-9, 2014 Dec 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25073448

RESUMO

Longitudinal and family-based research suggests that conduct disorder, substance misuse, and ADHD involve both unique forms of dysfunction as well as more specific dysfunctions unique to each condition. Using direct measures of brain function, this study also found evidence in both unique and disorder-specific perturbations.


Assuntos
Comportamento do Adolescente , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/psicologia , Cognição , Transtorno da Conduta/psicologia , Personalidade , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/psicologia , Adolescente , Alcoolismo/psicologia , Transtorno do Deficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade/patologia , Transtorno da Conduta/patologia , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Masculino , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Transtornos Relacionados ao Uso de Substâncias/patologia
SELEÇÃO DE REFERÊNCIAS
DETALHE DA PESQUISA