Guidelines on retention of pathology records and materials (Version 2/2022).

No abstract available.

Lifetime Measurements of Excited States in

Lifetimes of the first excited 2^{+} and 4^{+} states in the extremely neutron-deficient nuclide ^{172}Pt have been measured for the first time using the recoil-distance Doppler shift and recoil-decay tagging techniques. An unusually low value of the ratio B(E2:4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+})/B(E2:2_{1}^{+}→0_{gs}^{+})=0.55(19) was found, similar to a handful of other such anomalous cases observed in the entire Segré chart. The observation adds to a cluster of a few extremely neutron-deficient nuclides of the heavy transition metals with neutron numbers N≈90-94 featuring the effect. No theoretical model calculations reported to date have been able to explain the anomalously low B(E2:4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+})/B(E2:2_{1}^{+}→0_{gs}^{+}) ratios observed in these cases. Such low values cannot, e.g., be explained within the framework of the geometrical collective model or by algebraic approaches within the interacting boson model framework. It is proposed that the group of B(E2:4_{1}^{+}→2_{1}^{+})/B(E2:2_{1}^{+}→0_{gs}^{+}) ratios in the extremely neutron-deficient even-even W, Os, and Pt nuclei around neutron numbers N≈90-94 reveal a quantum phase transition from a seniority-conserving structure to a collective regime as a function of neutron number. Although a system governed by seniority symmetry is the only theoretical framework for which such an effect may naturally occur, the phenomenon is highly unexpected for these nuclei that are not situated near closed shells.

Perception of Complete Visually Impaired Children to Three Different Oral Health Education Methods: A Preliminary Study.

AIM: To evaluate the perception of visually impaired children to three different methods of oral health education. STUDY DESIGN: Sixty total visually impaired children were divided into three groups of 20 children each. Children in group-I received oral health education through a lecture. Children in group II received Demonstration on a Model by Tell and Touch method (DMTT) and children in group III were self trained on oral hygiene skills. All children received written instructions in Braille. Their knowledge and practice of oral hygiene methods were recorded by a questionnaire and their method of brushing and rinsing was assessed during a personal interview. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Children in group II were able to brush and rinse significantly better (p <0.05) as compared to the other groups. Demonstration on a Model by Tell and Touch method was found to be the most preferred method of oral health education. CONCLUSION: Oral health education given through DMTT method was perceived well by the visually impaired children.

Does Addition of Propolis to Glass Ionomer Cement Alter its Physicomechanical Properties? An In Vitro Study.

Propolis is a natural resinous substance produced by honey bees. The antimicrobial effects of glass ionomer cement have been shown to improve with the addition of propolis; however its effect on the physicomechanical properties of the cement is not known. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength and solubility of conventional restorative glass ionomer cement following the addition of propolis. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty half cylindrical samples were prepared with conventional restorative glass ionomer cement formed the control group. Another twenty samples were prepared with propolis added to conventional restorative glass ionomer cement formed the experimental group. The compressive strength was assessed using universal testing machine. To assess solubility, the samples were immersed in deionised water at room temperature, for 7 days. The solubility was measured as a difference in the weight of the sample; prior to immersion and following immersion at the end of each day. RESULTS: The control group had a significantly higher mean compressive strength of 146.26 Mpa as compared to the experimental group (135.06 Mpa). The solubility between the groups was significant. CONCLUSION: In comparison to the control group, incorporation of propolis to conventional restorative glass ionomer cement decreased the compressive strength significantly. The solubility of the cement in the experimental group increased significantly over 7day period as compared to the control group.

Electrophilic and nucleophilic pathways in ligand oxide mediated reactions of phenylsulfinylacetic acids with oxo(salen)chromium(V) complexes.

The mechanism of oxidative decarboxylation of phenylsulfinylacetic acids (PSAA) by oxo(salen)Cr(V)+ ion in the presence of ligand oxides has been studied spectrophotometrically in acetonitrile medium. Addition of ligand oxides (LO) causes a red shift in the λ max values of oxo(salen) complexes and an increase in absorbance with the concentration of LO along with a clear isobestic point. The reaction shows first-order dependence on oxo(salen)-chromium(V)+ ion and fractional-order dependence on PSAA and ligand oxide. Michaelis-Menten kinetics without kinetic saturation was observed for the reaction. The order of reactivity among the ligand oxides is picoline N-oxide > pyridine N-oxide > triphenylphosphine oxide. The low catalytic activity of TPPO was rationalized. Both electron-withdrawing and electron-donating substituents in the phenyl ring of PSAA facilitate the reaction rate. The Hammett plots are non-linear upward type with negative ρ value for electron-donating substituents, (ρ - = -0.740 to -4.10) and positive ρ value for electron-withdrawing substituents (ρ + = +0.057 to +0.886). Non-linear Hammett plot is explained by two possible mechanistic scenarios, electrophilic and nucleophilic attack of oxo(salen)chromium(V)+-LO adduct on PSAA as the substituent in PSAA is changed from electron-donating to electron-withdrawing. The linearity in the log k vs. E ox plot confirms single-electron transfer (SET) mechanism for PSAAs with electron-donating substituents.

Effect of Restoring Carious Teeth on Occlusal Bite Force in Children.

BACKGROUND: Bite force is one of the components of masticatory function. Poor dental health impacts on quality of life as a whole due to a number of different elements, dental caries being one of them. Functional impairment is a negative sequel of caries. AIM: to assess the impact of comprehensive dental treatment on occlusal bite forces in children. STUDY DESIGN: The sample comprised of forty children of both genders, aged 6-9 years, with dental caries in primary molars. Occlusal bite force was recorded using a hydraulic occlusal force gauge, in the region of primary molars before and following the restorations in primary molars. The obtained data was subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Children with caries in all quadrants showed a significant increase in mean maximum bite force following restoration of their decayed teeth. In children with unilateral caries, either on right or left sides, a similar increase in occlusal bite force was seen in relation to the teeth that were restored. The contralateral sound teeth in these groups also showed an improvement in bite force. CONCLUSION: The mean occlusal bite force was seen to increase significantly following dental restoration of primary teeth.

Does Addition of Propolis to Glass Ionomer Cement Alter its Physicomechanical Properties? An in Vitro Study.

UNLABELLED: Propolis is a natural resinous substance produced by honey bees. The antimicrobial effects of glass ionomer cement have been shown to improve with the addition of propolis; however its effect on the physicomechanical properties of the cement is not known. AIM: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the compressive strength and solubility of conventional restorative glass ionomer cement following the addition of propolis. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty half cylindrical samples were prepared with conventional restorative glass ionomer cement formed the control group. Another twenty samples were prepared with propolis added to conventional restorative glass ionomer cement formed the experimental group. The compressive strength was assessed using universal testing machine. To assess solubility, the samples were immersed in deionised water at room temperature, for 7 days. The solubility was measured as a difference in the weight of the sample; prior to immersion and following immersion at the end of each day. RESULTS: The control group had a significantly higher mean compressive strength of 146.26 Mpa as compared to the experimental group (135.06 Mpa). The solubility between the groups was significant. CONCLUSION: In comparison to the control group, incorporation of propolis to conventional restorative glass ionomer cement decreased the compressive strength significantly. The solubility of the cement in the experimental group increased significantly over 7day period as compared to the control group.

Evaluation of Solubility and Microleakage of Glass Carbomer Sealant.

AIM: This study was carried out to evaluate and compare solubility and microleakage of the newly introduced moisture tolerant glass carbomer sealant. STUDY DESIGN: For evaluation of solubility, 20 specimens of glass carbomer and conventional glass ionomer were prepared and immersed in artificial saliva of pH 4 and 6 for seven days. The difference between initial and final weight was calculated. For evaluation of microleakage, glass carbomer was compared with a conventional resin sealant. 20 premolar teeth indicated for orthodontic extraction were collected and divided into two groups and the respective sealants were applied. It was subjected to thermocycling and then kept immersed in methylene blue for 24 hours. Dye penetration was scored. RESULTS: The glass carbomer specimens were less soluble than the conventional glass ionomer at both pH values. There was no significant difference in the microleakage. CONCLUSION: Being moisture resistant, glass carbomer can be used as an alternative fissure sealant material; especially in young children with partially erupted teeth and where obtaining moisture control is difficult.

Levels of Salivary Immunoglobulin A (SIgA) in HIV Infected Children.

UNLABELLED: Secretory IgA is the main type of immunoglobulin in saliva and is considered to be the main secretion factor of adaptive immunity in the mouth. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of Anti Retroviral Therapy on SIgA levels in saliva of HIV infected children. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional sample of 50 HIV infected children aged 6-8 years were divided into 2 groups ; Group 1: children prior to onset of anti-retroviral therapy and Group 2: children undergoing anti-retroviral therapy. Stimulated whole saliva samples were collected from each child following I hour of breakfast. The samples were placed on ice packs and immediately transferred to a laboratory, processed and total SIgA quantification was estimated using ELISA. Data obtained was statistically analyzed. RESULTS: Among HIV infected children, significantly low SIgA levels of 6.2 mg/dl was seen in children prior to ART. CONCLUSION: Salivary IgA levels were significantly low in HIV infected children, particularly in children prior to ART.

Environmental attitudes and political partisanship.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the impact of political partisanship on environmental attitudes related to climate change in United States and its implications for public health. STUDY DESIGN: An integrative literature review. METHODS: A literature review of English articles was performed from January 2013 to March 2013 using the following databases: CINAHL, PubMed, Academic Search Premier, Business Source Premier, ERIC, psychINFO, and Wiley Online Library. Empirical and review articles and Internet sources were included. RESULTS: Continued mass emission of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases will exacerbate the consequences of global warming and climate change. As one of the key global contributors of carbon emissions, the lack of climate change policy and regulatory practices at the federal level in the United States is of great concern. Political partisanship in the US is largely to blame for this inaction, as efforts for drastic remediation action is met with rejection from conservative groups who do not believe that global warming and climate change are a problem, despite scientific evidence to the contrary. To promote the health of the entire population, there needs to be a paradigm shift from consumption driven economic growth as advocated by the Republicans to a realization of true prosperity beyond growth in order to create a sustainable world. CONCLUSION: This presents a critical challenge to public health professionals as political partisanship has the power to impact environmental attitudes and have serious implications for public health. Preserving the environment must take precedence over economic growth if we want a habitable planet low in carbon.

Assessment of salivary total antioxidant levels and oral health status in children with cerebral palsy.

UNLABELLED: Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of neurological disorders. Saliva may constitute a first line of defence, against free radical-modified oxidative stress. The objective of the present study was to evaluate Total Antioxidant Capacity (TAC), levels of Nitric Oxide (NO), and Sialic Acid (SA) in saliva of cerebral palsied children. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty four non-institutionalized children in the age group of 7-12 years having cerebral palsy formed the study group. The control group consisted of thirty three normal, healthy children. The W.H.O. criteria was used for diagnosis and recording of dental caries. Oral hygiene status was assessed using the Simplified Oral Hygiene Index OHI-S. Estimation of Total Antioxidant Capacity, levels of Nitric Oxide and Sialic Acid in saliva was done. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: Children with CP had higher deft scores than that of normal children. Oral hygiene of children with CP was significantly poorer than that of normal children. Total Antioxidant Capacity of saliva was significantly higher in normal children than cerebral palsied children. Levels of Sialic Acid in saliva were significantly higher in cerebral palsy children. CONCLUSIONS: In children with CP, TAC of saliva showed an inverse relation with dental caries.

Oral health status in children with renal disorders.

Advances in pediatric nephrology have resulted in increased survival rates of children with renal disorders. Renal disease is characterized by multiple organ involvement, including soft and hard tissues of the oral cavity. Data regarding the oral health status of Indian children with renal disorders is scarce. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the oral health status of children with renal disorders in Jaipur city, India. Thirty six children in the age-group of 4-14 years, diagnosed with renal disorders were selected Data pertaining to demographics, medication history, body mass index and blood investigations were obtained from the hospital records. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to diagnose dental caries. Enamel defects were recorded according to Developmental Defects of Enamel index. Oral hygiene status, salivary pH and buffering capacity were also assessed. The mean blood hemoglobin value was 9.75 gm/dl, blood urea nitrogen 43.06 gm/dl and serum creatinine 1.5 mg/dl. Enamel defects were seen in 58.3% of children. Their mean deft and DMFT scores were 1.5 and 0.5, respectively. The mean Oral Hygiene Index-Simplified (OHI-S) score was 1.56. Gingival overgrowth was not present. Mean salivary pH was 6.92 and buffering capacity of stimulated saliva was 9.86. It is necessary for pediatric dentists to follow preventive oral health regimens that are tailored to these patients.

Diagnosis of Alagille syndrome-25 years of experience at King's College Hospital.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to study the clinical and histological features of Alagille syndrome (AGS) at presentation comparing the value of the various modalities before the implementation of genetic diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of the records of 117 children diagnosed as having AGS after referral to King's College Hospital between 1980 and 2005. RESULTS: Cholestasis was seen in 104 of 117 (89%), characteristic facies in 91 of 117 (77%), posterior embryotoxon in 72 of 117 (61%), butterfly vertebrae in 44 of 117 (39%), heart disease (most often peripheral pulmonary stenosis) in 107 of 117 (91%), and renal disease in 27 of 117 (23%). Serum cholesterol levels of >5 mmol/L were seen in 52 of 86 (60.4%). Liver biopsy showed characteristic features of paucity of interlobular bile ducts in 59 of 77 (76.6%) children younger than 16 weeks of age, in 10 of 14 (71.4%) between 16 weeks and 1 year of age, and in 8 of 12 (66.66%) older than 1 year of age. Other biopsy findings were those of nonspecific hepatitis and biliary features. Iminodiacetic acid scans showed no excretion of isotope into the bowel after 24 hours in 21 of 35 (60%), and small/no gallbladder on ultrasound was seen in 29 of 104 (27.8%). Eleven of 117 (9.4%) had a diagnostic laparotomy and operative cholangiography, 2 proceeding to Kasai portoenterostomy before referral to our unit. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical features of AGS are not as consistently informative as suggested in the literature. Hypercholesterolaemia is nonspecific but may be a helpful pointer. Histology is not characteristic in 25%; hepatobiliary iminodiacetic acid scan and ultrasound may suggest a false diagnosis of biliary atresia in 60% and 28%, respectively, supporting the concept that infants with liver disease warrant early referral to a specialist centre. The advent of genetic diagnosis will redefine the syndrome with likely effects on the prognosis of the defined group.

Oral health status of autistic children in India.

UNLABELLED: Autism is one of the most severe childhood neuropsychiatric disorders. Autistic individuals are characterized by impairment in social interaction with a restricted range of interests and often, stereotyped repetitive behaviors. Studies on oral health conditions in children with autism are sparse. The complicated disability itself makes clinical research difficult. AIM: The need for baseline information regarding the oral health status of children with autism is essential. METHOD: The present study assessed the oral health status of 106 autistic children aged 4 to 15 years in Bangalore city, India. The dental caries was recorded according to the WHO criteria; oral hygiene was assessed using the oral hygiene index-simplified (OHI-S) and its modification for deciduous dentition. The behavior of children towards dental treatment was also assessed using the Frankel's behavior rating scale. Data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: showed that caries experience among autistic children was lower; however they were found to have more debris and calculus deposits. CONCLUSIONS: Negative behavior towards dental treatment was seen in autistic children.

Effect of polyol gums on salivary S mutans levels.

UNLABELLED: The predominant sugar substitutes used in chewing gum are polyols which are low-caloric substances. The polyols most frequently used in chewing gums are sorbitol and xylitol. AIM: The present study assessed the effectiveness of xylitol and sorbitol chewing-gums on levels of S mutans in saliva. METHOD: The study group consisted of 30 normal and healthy males aged between 13-17 years. A pellet of gum (sorbitol or xylitol) was given to each participant after breakfast (8am), lunch (2pm) and dinner (8pm) for the study period of 3 months. On the first day of the study, baseline salivary samples were collected after breakfast from all participants and assessed for S mutans levels. At the end of 3 months, salivary samples were collected and processed in a similar manner CONCLUSION: Salivary S mutans levels showed a significant reduction after the use of xylitol based chewing gum than with sorbitol based chewing gum.

Association of age specific body mass index, dental caries and socioeconomic status of children and adolescents.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to determine the association of BMI-for-age with dental caries and socioeconomic status. METHOD: A random sample of 2033 school going children aged 6-15 years were selected from ten different schools located in the south of Bangalore city. Height and weight of each child was recorded to obtain BMI-for-age. The socioeconomic status (SES) was assessed based on educational status, profession and annual income of parents. Dental caries was recorded according to WHO criteria. A diet recording sheet was given to each child to record his/her dietary intake of the four basic food groups and snacks for 5 consecutive days including one weekend day. The data obtained was subjected to statistical analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that a higher number of children who were overweight and at a risk of overweight were seen in the upper SES and both showed a higher mean dietary intake of all the four food groups and snacks. The mean deft score was significantly higher in underweight children. A significantly higher mean DMFT score was observed in children at risk of overweight and overweight children. CONCLUSIONS: Children from the upper classes consumed more food, including snacks and were either at a risk of overweight or overweight. They had more caries in their permanent dentition. Underweight children were seen in the lower class. Although their intake of snacks was less, they had higher caries in their primary dentition.

Oral rehydration salt-liquid as an alternative storage medium--a preliminary study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the efficacy of Oral Rehydration Salt-Liquid (ORS-L) in the maintenance of the viability of Periodontal ligament cells (PDL). MATERIALS AND METHOD: Twenty freshly extracted teeth were used for this study. They were then randomly divided into 3 groups: Positive control group--5 teeth which were immediately subjected to collagenase assay, without immersing in ORS-L; Negative control group--5 teeth with an extra oral dry time of 24 hours, followed by subjecting to collagense assay without immersing in ORS-L and Test group (ORS-L)--10 teeth with an extra oral dry period of 30 minutes, followed by immersion in ORS-L for a period of 45 minutes and then subjected to collagenase assay. The mean number of viable PDL cells were counted on a hemocytometer under 20X magnification. RESULTS: The mean number of viable PDL cells was highest in the positive control group. In comparison to the negative control group, the test group showed a higher number of viable PDL cells. CONCLUSION: The study found that ORS-L was an effective solution in maintaining the viability of PDL cells.

Characterization of cryptic rearrangements, deletion, complex variants of PML, RARA in acute promyelocytic leukemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) is characterized by a reciprocal translocation t(15;17)(q22;q21) leading to the disruption of Promyelocytic leukemia (PML) and Retionic Acid Receptor Alpha (RARA) followed by reciprocal PML-RARA fusion in 90% of the cases. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) has overcome the hurdles of unavailability of abnormal and/or lack of metaphase cells, and detection of cryptic, submicroscopic rearrangements. In the present study, besides diagnostic approach we sought to analyze these cases for identification and characterization of cryptic rearrangements, deletion variants and unknown RARA translocation variants by application of D-FISH and RARA break-apart probe strategy on interphase and metaphase cells in a large series of 200 cases of APL. Forty cases (20%) had atypical PML-RARA and/or RARA variants. D-FISH with PML/RARA probe helped identification of RARA insertion to PML. By application of D-FISH on metaphase cells, we documented that translocation of 15 to 17 leads to 17q deletion which results in loss of reciprocal fusion and/or residual RARA on der(17). Among the complex variants of t(15;17), PML-RARA fusion followed by residual RARA insertion closed to PML-RARA on der(15) was unique and unusual. FISH with break-apart RARA probe on metaphase cells was found to be a very efficient strategy to detect unknown RARA variant translocations like t(11;17)(q23;q21), t(11;17)(q13;q21) and t(2;17)(p21;q21). These findings proved that D-FISH and break-apart probe strategy has potential to detect primary as well as secondary additional aberrations of PML, RARA and other additional loci. The long-term clinical follow-up is essential to evaluate the clinical importance of these findings.

Sequential Treatment of Arsenic Trioxide Followed by All Trans Retinoic Acid with Anthracyclines has Excellent Long-Term Cure in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia.

Acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) remains the most curable myeloid leukemia made feasible through effective use of two differentiating agents, all trans retinoic acid (ATRA) and arsenic trioxide (ATO) with or without chemotherapy (CT). However, early morbidity and mortality remains a problem. With the objective of reducing early death a strategy of sequential induction ATO followed by consolidation ATRA in combination with CT was adopted by our group. The long-term outcomes of patient of APL treated on this sequential approach at our center was analyzed. In this retrospective analysis of prospectively maintained database consecutive adult patients with APL irrespective of their Sanz risk group were treated using a protocol of ATO (10 mg IV infusion over 3 h daily for 45 days) in the first phase followed by ATRA (45 mg/m2 for 60 days) in combination with Daunorubicin (60 mg/m2 for 3 days × 3 cycles) in second phase. All patients received maintenance ATRA (45 m/m2 for 15 days every 3 months) for a period of 18 months in phase 3. Patients were monitored for cytogenetic and molecular responses after phase 1 and 2. All patients were followed up for toxicity, event free and overall survival. 131 consecutive patients were treated in this study. At a median follow up of 60 months, 84.81% patients are alive with an overall event free survival (EFS) of 77.82%. Sanz low risk patients fared better (85%) versus intermediate and high-risk patients who had a 76% EFS. Proportion of patients alive at last follow up were 100% in Sanz low risk group and 82% in intermediate and high-risk group. The sequential schedule showed excellent tolerance and toxicity profile when treating newly diagnosed APL. The long-term follow-up data shows comparable if not better survival compared with the published real-world data and this has been consistent across all risk group.

Treatment of crown dilaceration: an interdisciplinary approach.

Trauma to primary teeth can result in a wide range of disturbances to the underlying permanent teeth, such as dilaceration. Root dilacerations occur more commonly than crown dilacerations. This paper is a report of an 11-year-old girl with a missing maxillary left anterior tooth. Past history revealed premature loss of primary maxillary anterior teeth due to trauma. Radiographic examination revealed crown dilaceration of permanent maxillary left central incisor. An interdisciplinary approach in the management of this child is presented herewith.