Fuzzy sets in human anatomy.

Artificial intelligence will have a great impact on the rather traditional field of anatomy. Techniques of artificial intelligence can advance anatomical research in a wide range of applications. Fuzzy logic is especially useful in facilitating the use of natural language in the mathematical description of structures or functions. Examples presented demonstrate the broad use of information technology in anatomical applications, including description and classification, knowledge representation, image processing, and three-dimensional anatomical atlases.

Enhanced orbital magnetism in Fe(50)Pt(50) nanoparticles.

X-ray absorption and magnetic circular dichroism spectra at both the Fe and Pt L(3,2) edges were measured on wet-chemically synthesized monodisperse Fe(50)Pt(50) particles with a mean diameter of 6.3 nm before and after complete removal of the organic ligands and the oxide shell covering the particles by soft hydrogen plasma resulting in a pure metallic state. After thermal treatment of the metallic particles, the coercive field increased by a factor of 6, the orbital magnetic moment at the Fe site increased by 330% and is reduced at the Pt site by 30%, while the effective spin moments did not change. A decrease of the frequency of oscillations in the extended x-ray absorption fine structure at the Pt L(3,2) edges provides evidence for crystallographic changes towards the L1(0) phase.