Anticoagulant activity of enzymatically synthesized amylose derivatives containing carboxy or sulfonate groups.

Heparin is an extracellular matrix polysaccharide. It is widely employed as an anticoagulant and can be used to form an anticoagulant surface on various medical devices such as renal dialysis devices to prevent thrombosis. However, heparin may cause hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia. Moreover, commercially available heparin may be contaminated with viruses and allergens of animal origin, as it is derived mainly from porcine or bovine tissue. To avoid these problems, we prepared succinated and sulfonated enzymatically synthesized amylose (SucESA and SulfESA, respectively) and assessed their anticoagulant activity. SucESA and SulfESA inhibited factor Xa activity in normal human plasma to an equal extent. However, SucESA strongly inhibited thrombin activity, whereas SulfESA only inhibited it slightly. These results suggest that SucESA inhibits the activities of both factor Xa (or its upstream coagulation factors) and thrombin and that SulfESA inhibits only factor Xa activity (or that of its upstream coagulation factors). SucESA and SulfESA with a high degree of substitution strongly inhibited factor Xa and thrombin activity compared with those of the derivatives with a low degree of substitution, even when present in high concentrations. This suggests that the density of the anion group determines the degree of inhibition of factor Xa and thrombin activity. SucESA, which has a high molecular weight, inhibited thrombin activity to a greater degree than low molecular weight SucESA. Because SucESA and SulfESA inhibited both purified factor Xa and thrombin irrespective of the presence of antithrombin, it is suggested that SucESA and SulfESA inhibit via direct action with both enzymes.

Characterization of the C-terminal truncated form of amylopullulanase from Lactobacillus plantarum L137.

A gene (apuA) encoding amylopullulanase from a starch-hydrolyzing lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum L137, which had been isolated from traditional fermented food made from fish and rice in the Philippines, was found to contain two unique amino acid repeating units in the N- and C-terminal region. The former is a six amino acid sequence (Asp-Ala/Thr-Ala-Asn-Ser-Thr) repeated 39 times, and the latter is a three amino acid sequence (Gln-Pro-Thr) repeated 50 times. To clarify the role of these repeating units, a truncated apuA in the C-terminal region was constructed and expressed in L. plantarum NCL21, which is the ApuA- derivative of strain L137. The recombinant truncated amylopullulanase (ApuADelta), which lacks the 24 kDa of the C-terminal repeat region, was purified and characterized, and compared with wild-type amylopullulanase (ApuA). The enzyme production and specific activity of ApuADelta were higher than those of ApuA. The two enzymes, ApuA and ApuADelta, showed similar pH (4.0-4.5) and temperature (40-45 degrees C) optima. However, the activity of ApuADelta was more stable in the pH and temperature than that of ApuA. The catalytic efficiencies of ApuADelta toward soluble starch, pullulan and amylose were higher than those of ApuA, although their substrate specificities towards saccharides were similar. From these results, we conclude that the C-terminal repeating region of ApuA is negatively involved in the stability of amylopullulanase and binding of substrates. Thus, the truncated amylopullulanase is more useful in processing of amylose and pullulan.

Characterization of gene encoding amylopullulanase from plant-originated lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum L137.

A starch-hydrolyzing lactic acid bacterium, Lactobacillus plantarum L137, was isolated from traditional fermented food made from fish and rice in the Philippines. A gene (apuA) encoding an amylolytic enzyme from Lactobacillus plantarum L137 was cloned, and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The apuA gene consisted of an open reading frame of 6171 bp encoding a protein of 2056 amino acids, the molecular mass of which was calculated to be 215,625 Da. The catalytic domains of amylase and pullulanase were located in the same region within the middle of the N-terminal region. The deduced amino acid sequence revealed four highly conserved regions that are common among amylolytic enzymes. In the N-terminal region, a six-amino-acid sequence (Asp-Ala/Thr-Ala-Asn-Ser-Thr) is repeated 39 times, and a three-amino-acid sequence (Gln-Pro-Thr) is repeated 50 times in the C-terminal region. The apuA gene was subcloned in L. plantarum NCL21, which is a plasmid-cured derivative of the wild-type L137 strain and has no amylopullulanase activity, and the gene was overexpressed under the control of its own promoter. The ApuA enzyme from this recombinant L. plantarum NCL21 harboring apuA gene was purified. The enzyme has both alpha-amylase and pullulanase activities. The N-terminal sequence of the purified enzyme showed that the signal peptide was cleaved at Ala(36) and the molecular mass of the mature extracellular enzyme is 211,537 Da. The major reaction products from soluble starch were maltotriose (G3) and maltotetraose (G4). Only maltotriose (G3) was produced from pullulan. From these results, we concluded that ApuA is an amylolytic enzyme belonging to the amylopullulanase family.

Effect of addition of water-soluble chitin on amylose film.

Amylose films blended with chitosan, which were free from additives such as acid, salt, and plasticizer, were prepared by casting mixtures of an aqueous solution of an enzymatically synthesized amylose and that of water-soluble chitin (44.1% deacetylated). The presence of a small amount of chitin (less than 10%) increased significantly the permeability of gases (N2, O2, CO2, C2H4) and improved the mechanical parameters of amylose film; particularly, the elastic modulus and elongation of the blend films were larger than those of amylose or chitin films. No antibacterial activity was observed with either amylose or water-soluble chitin films. But amylose films having a small amount of chitin showed strong antibacterial action, suggesting a morphological change in water-soluble chitin on the film surface by blending with amylose molecule. These facts suggested the presence of a molecular complex of amylose and chitosan.