Evaluation of the serum levels of CCL2, CCL3, and IL-29 after first and second administrations of the COVID-19 vaccine (Oxford-AstraZeneca).

BACKGROUND: Previous studies show that chemokines and cytokines play a very important role in eliciting an appropriate response against viruses. Vaccination causes inflammation in the person receiving the vaccine, accompanied with production of inflammatory molecules by immune cells. The more and better the production and expression of chemokines and cytokines by immune cells, the better the response of the acquired immune system. Chemokines and cytokines are critical in promoting the innate immune response against the COVID-19. Here we intended to assess serum levels of CCL2, CCL3, and interleukin (IL)-29 in patients received COVID-19 vaccine. METHODS: In this study, 40 subjects vaccinated with the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine were selected. Blood samples were collected before injection of the vaccine, 3-5 days after the first dose injection, and 3-5 days subsequent to the second vaccination. To check the serum level of CCL2, CCL3, and IL-29, ELISA technique was used. RESULTS: Our results indicated that the serum levels of CCL2, CCL3, and IL-29 were significantly higher after first and second dose of vaccination compared to before vaccine administration. Furthermore, serum levels of all these mediators were higher after second dose of vaccine compared to the first vaccine administration. CONCLUSIONS: Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine is able to induce inflammatory CCL2 and CCL3 chemokines as well as protective interferon lambda (IL-29).

Serum Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) level and its potential impact on immune responses and symptom severity after Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination.

BACKGROUND: Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) has been associated with an immunomodulatory function. This study aims to explore the relationship between serum levels of DHEA-S and the immune responses triggered by the Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine in individuals candidate for vaccination. METHODS: Serum levels of DHEA-S, cytokine release, antibody production and virus neutralization potential were assessed in 50 male and 50 female subjects before and 2 weeks after vaccination with Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine. RESULTS: Level of DHEA-S before and 2 weeks after first and second dose of vaccination was not different significantly. Levels of Interleukin (IL)-2 and Interferon (IFN)-γ were significantly higher in the supernatant of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from subjects 2 weeks after both first and second dose of vaccination compared to before vaccination. Serum levels of IgM 2 weeks after first dose of vaccination was significantly higher compared to before first dose of vaccination. However, serum levels of IgG 2 weeks after first and second dose of vaccination were significantly higher compared to before first and second dose of vaccination. The 50 % focus reduction neutralization test (FRNT50) titer was significantly higher 2 weeks after both first and second dose of vaccination compared to before vaccination. Levels of DHEA-S did not have significant correlation with levels of IL-2, IFN-γ, IgM and IgG, and FRNT50 before and after first and second dose of vaccination. Vaccination did not result in intense unwanted clinical presentations. CONCLUSION: DHEA-S is not involved in the quality of protective immune response during Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination.

Correlation of iron and related factors with disease severity and outcomes and mortality of patients with Coronavirus disease 2019.

BACKGROUND: Iron is a trace element that possesses immunomodulatory properties and modulates the proneness to the course and outcome of a diverse viral diseases. This study intended to investigate the correlation of different iron-related factors with disease severity and outcomes as well as the mortality of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients. METHODS: Blood serum samples were obtained from 80 COVID-19 cases and 100 healthy controls. Concentrations of ferritin, transferrin, total iron binding capacity (TIBC) was measured by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and iron level was measured by immunoturbidometric method. RESULTS: Concentrations of iron, transferrin, and TIBC were low, while ferritin level was high in the COVID-19 cases in comparison to controls. In non-survivor (deceased) patients as well as severe subjects, the levels of iron, ferritin, transferrin, and TIBC were significantly different than survivors (discharged) and mild cases. Significant correlations were found between iron and related factors and the clinicopathological features of the patients. Based on ROC curve analysis, iron, ferritin, transferrin, and TIBC had potential to estimate disease severity in COVID-19 subjects. CONCLUSION: Iron metabolism is involved in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. Iron and related factors correlate with disease outcomes and might serve as biomarker in diagnosis of the disease severity and estimation of mortality in the COVID-19 subjects.