Endophytes as producers of xylanase.

One hundred and sixty-nine endophytic fungi and 81 endophytic bacteria were isolated from 14 plants in total. Among them, 155 fungi (91.7%) and 52 bacteria (64%) were found to produce xylanase. The inside part of plants is a novel and good source for isolating xylanase producers in comparison with soil.

A novel steroidal selective steroid sulfatase inhibitor KW-2581 inhibits sulfated-estrogen dependent growth of breast cancer cells in vitro and in animal models.

We screened a series of 17beta-(N-alkylcarbamoyl)-estra-1,3,5(10)trine-3-O-sulfamate derivatives, and describe here a potent and selective steroid sulfatase (STS) inhibitor with antitumor effects in breast cancer models in vitro and in vivo. In biochemical assays using crude enzymes isolated from recombinant Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human arylsulfatses (ARSs), one of the best compounds, KW-2581, inhibited STS activity with an IC(50) of 4.0 nM, while > 1000-fold higher concentrations were required to inhibit the other ARSs. The failure to stimulate the growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells as well as in uteri in ovariectomized rats indicated the lack of estrogenicity of this compound. In MCF-7 cells transfected with the STS gene, termed MCS-2 cells, KW-2581 inhibited the growth of cells stimulated by estrone sulfate (E1S) but also 5-androstene-3beta, 17beta-diol 3-sulfate (ADIOLS) and dehydroepiandrostenedione 3-sulfate. We found that oral administration of KW-2581 inhibited both E1S- and ADIOLS-stimulated growth of MCS-2 cells in a mouse hollow fiber model. In a nitrosomethylurea-induced rat mammary tumor model, KW-2581 induced regression of E1S-stimulated tumor growth as effectively as tamoxifen or another STS inhibitor, 667 Coumate. Dose-response studies in the same rat model demonstrated that more than 90% inhibition of STS activity in tumors was necessary to induce tumor shrinkage. STS activity in tumors has well correlated with that in leukocytes, suggesting that STS activity in leukocytes could be used as an easily detectable pharmacodynamic marker. These findings demonstrate that KW-2581 is a candidate for development as a therapeutic agent for the treatment of hormone receptors-positive breast cancer.