Multi-omics profiling reveal cells with novel oncogenic cluster, TRAP1low/CAMSAP3low, emerge more aggressive behavior and poor-prognosis in early-stage endometrial cancer.

The clinical heterogeneity of early-stage endometrial cancer (EC) is worthy of further study to identify high-quality prognostic markers and their potential role in aggressive tumor behavior. Mutation of TP53 was considered as an important primary triage in modified molecular typing for EC, it still cannot precisely predict the prognosis of EC. After proteomic analysis of cancer and para-cancerous tissues from 24 early-stage endometrioid EC patients with different survival outcomes, 13 differentially expressed proteins were screen out while 2 proteins enriched in p53 signaling pathway were further identified by single-cell transcriptome (scRNA-seq). Interestingly, tumor necrosis factor type-1 receptor-associated protein (TRAP1) and calmodulin-regulated spectrin-associated protein family member 3 (CAMSAP3) were found to be significantly downregulated in the specific cell cluster. Expectedly, the signature genes of TRAP1low/CAMSAP3low cluster included classical oncogenes. Moreover, close cellular interactions were observed between myeloid cells and the TRAP1low/CAMSAP3low cluster after systematically elucidating their relationship with tumor microenvironment (TME). The expression of TRAP1 and CAMSAP3 was verified by immunohistochemistry. Thus, a novel prediction model combining TRAP1, CAMSAP3 and TP53 was construct by multi-omics. Compared with the area under the curve, it demonstrated a significantly improvemrnt in the diagnostic efficacy in EC patients from TCGA bank. In conclusion, this work improved the current knowledge regarding the prognosis of early-stage EC through proteomics and scRNA-seq. These findings may lead to improvements in precise risk stratification of early-stage EC patients.

Serious Risk of Tigecycline Resistance in Escherichia coli Isolated from Swine Manure.

The emergence of the plasmid-mediated tigecycline resistance gene tetX family in pig farms has attracted worldwide attention. The use of tetracycline antibiotics in pig farms has a facilitating effect on the prevalence of the tetX family, but the relationship among its presence, expression, and resistance phenotype in resistant bacteria is unknown. In this study, the presence and expression characteristics of tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) in 89 strains of doxycycline-resistant E. coli (DRE) isolated from pig manure samples from 20 pig farms under low concentrations of doxycycline stress (2 µg/mL) were analyzed. The detection rate of tetO was 96.63%, which is higher than those of other TRGs, such as tetA (94.38%), tetX (76.40%), tetB (73.03%), and tet(X4) (69.66%). At least three TRG types were present in DRE strains, which thus showed extensive resistance to tetracycline antibiotics, and 37% of these strains were resistant to tigecycline. In the presence of a low concentration of doxycycline, tetA played an important role, and the expression and existence ratio of TRGs indicated low expression of TRGs. Furthermore, the doxycycline resistance of DRE was jointly determined by the total absolute abundance of TRGs, and the absolute abundance of tetX and tet(X4) was significantly positively associated with tigecycline resistance in DRE (P < 0.05). Overall, DRE isolated from swine manure is an important reservoir of the tetX family, which suggests that DRE in swine manure has a high risk of tigecycline resistance, poses a potential threat to human health, and should be of public concern.

Proteome Characterization of Glaucoma Aqueous Humor.

Glaucoma is the leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. The proteome characterization of glaucoma is not clearly understood. A total of 175 subjects, including 57 primary acute angle-closure glaucoma (PAACG), 50 primary chronic angle-closure glaucoma (PCACG), 35 neovascular glaucoma (NVG), and 33 cataract patients, were enrolled and comparison proteomic analysis was provided. The samples were randomly divided into discovery group or validation group, whose aqueous humor proteome was analyzed by data-independent acquisition or by parallel reaction monitoring. The common proteome features of three types of glaucoma were immune response, lipid metabolism, and cell death. Three proteins, VTN, SERPIND1, and CD14, showed significant upregulation in glaucoma and could discriminate glaucoma from cataract. Mutual differential proteomic analysis of PAACG, PCACG, and NVG showed different proteome characterization of the three types of glaucoma. NVG was characterized with activated angiogenesis. PAACG was characterized with activation of inflammation response. SERPIND1 was discovered to play vital role in glaucoma occurrences, which is associated with eye transparency decrease and glucose metabolism. This study would provide insights in understanding proteome characterization of glaucoma and benefit the clinical application of AH proteome.

Structure-guided preparation of fuctional oil rich in 1,3-diacylglycerols and linoleic acid from Camellia oil by combi-lipase.

BACKGROUND: Diacylglycerol (DAG)-enriched oil has been attracting attention because of its nutritional benefits and biological functions, although the composition of its various free fatty acids (FFAs) and an unclear relationship between substrate and yield make it difficult to be identified and qualified with respect to its production. In the present study, linoleic acid-enriched diacylglycerol (LA-DAG) was synthesized and enriched from Camellia oil by the esterification process using the combi-lipase Lipozyme TL IM/RM IM system. RESULTS: The relationship between FFA composition and DAG species productivity was revealed. The results showed that heterogeneous FFA with a major constituent (more than 50%) exhibited higher DAG productivity and inhibited triacylglycerol productivity compared to homogeneous constituents. Joint characterization by high-performance liquid chromatography-evaporative light scattering detection, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and ultra-performance liquid chromatography-heated electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry identified that DAG components contained dilinoleic acid acyl glyceride, linoleyl-oleyl glyceride and dioleic acid acyl glyceride in esterification products. Under the optimum conditions, 60.4% 1,3-DAG and 61.3% LA-DAG in the crude product at 1 h reaction were obtained, and further purified to 81.7% LA-DAG and 94.7% DAG via silica column chromatography. CONCLUSION: The present study provides a guideline for the identification of DAG species, as well as a structure-guided preparation method of DAG-enriched oils via the cost-effective combi-lipase. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.

Dietary patterns and metabolic syndrome among urbanized Tibetans: A cross-sectional study.

The prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the major dietary patterns among urbanized Tibetans are unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the prevalence of MetS among Jiarong Tibetans in Aba Plateau, identify the major dietary patterns, and evaluate their association with the risk of MetS. In this cross-sectional study on 476 subjects, 18-80-years-old, dietary intakes were evaluated using a simplified food frequency questionnaire (SFFQ). MetS was defined according to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) guidelines. Principal component analysis was performed to assess the major dietary patterns. Multivariate logistic regression analysis examined the associations between dietary patterns and the risk of MetS. The prevalence of Mets in the population was 37.6%. Herein, three major dietary patterns were extracted: traditional Tibetan, urbanized, and healthy dietary patterns. After adjusting for potential confounders (Model 1: adjusted for sex and age; Model 2: adjusted for sex, age, smoking status, drinking situation, physical activity level and total energy intake), subjects in the highest tertile of the healthy dietary had a lower risk of MetS compared to those from the lowest tertile. Also, no significant statistical association was established between the risk of MetS and the traditional Tibetan and urbanized diet.

[Mechanism of Effects of Genistein on the Reproductive System of Prepubertal Male Rats].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effects of genistein (GEN) on reproductive system in prepubertal male rats. METHODS: Thirty SPF-rated male SD rats were randomly divided into control group (Con group), low-dose group (G1 group) and high-dose group (G2 group), with 10 rats in each group. Corn oil, 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg GEN dissolved in corn oil of equal volume were respectively administered every day and weighed the next day. After 6 weeks, the rats were sacrificed, and the testis, epididymis and prostate were dissected, and organ coefficients were calculated. Histopathological changes of testis was observed. The number of sperm was counted and the rate of sperm malformation was calculated. The concentrations of serum testosterone and estradiol were detected by radioimmunoassay. The protein phosphatase 2, regulatory subunit B, gamma (PPP2R2C) protein expression in testicular tissue was detected by immunofluorescence assay. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PPP2R2C and cyclin dependent protein kinases 2 (CDK2) in rat testis were detected by real-time quantitative fluorescence PCR (RT-qPCR) and Western blot, respectively. The protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) activity in testicular tissue was detected by immunoprecipitation. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in body mass, sperm number, serum estradiol and PP2A enzyme activity among the groups ( P>0.05). The pathological structure of testicular in G2 group was disordered. Sperm abnormality rate in G1 and G2 groups was higher than that in Con group ( P<0.05). Serum testosterone concentration in G2 group was lower than that in Con group ( P<0.05). The expression of PPP2R2C and CDK2 in G2 group was higher than that in Con group ( P<0.05), but the protein level was lower than that in Con group ( P<0.05). PPP2R2C protein was expressed in testicular tissue in each group. CONCLUSION: Long-term exposure to high dose (300 mg/kg) GEN during prepuberty may cause adverse effects on reproductive function in adult male rats. Further investigation is needed to determine whether PPP2R2C-PP2A-CDK2 phosphorylation pathway affects reproductive system in rats.

Ultrasound accelerated synthesis of O-alkylated hydroximides under solvent- and metal-free conditions.

A novel, sustainable, environmentally friendly, high substrate scope, efficient, solvent-free and metal catalyst-free method for the cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) reaction between N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) and benzyl/ether compounds is described. This coupling reaction proceeds through ultrasound acceleration. Compared to conventional heating conditions, the use of ultrasound techniques not only improves the reaction efficiency and enhances the reaction rate but also minimizes the side reactions.

TBAI-catalyzed selective synthesis of sulfonamides and ß-aryl sulfonyl enamines: coupling of arenesulfonyl chlorides and sodium sulfinates with tert-amines.

A simple, practical and metal-free method has been developed for the synthesis of sulfonamides and ß-arylsulfonyl enamines via the selective cleavage of C-N and C-H bonds through the iodine-catalyzed oxidation of arenesulfonyl chlorides and sodium sulfinates with tert-amines. The method uses commercially available inexpensive catalysts and oxidants, and has a wide substrate scope and operational simplicity.

Analysis of Pickled Cucumber Products, Based on Microbial Diversity and Flavor Substance Detection.

Changes to the microbial community during pickled cucumber fermentation were studied using the 16S rDNA technique. The changes of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) during pickled cucumber fermentation were studied by gas chromatograph-ion mobility spectrometry. At the phylum level, Cyanophyta and Proteobacteria were the dominant flora in the natural fermentation group, and Firmicutes were the dominant flora in the added-bacteria fermentation group. At the generic level, the addition of Lactobacillus led to changes in the community of the bacteria in the added-bacterial fermentation group and decreased the species abundance of other bacteria. In total, 75 volatile organic compounds were identified from naturally fermented pickled cucumber, and 60 volatile organic compounds were identified from fermented pickled cucumber with bacterial addition. The main metabolites were esters, aldehydes, acids, alcohols, ketones, alkanes, nitriles, and alkenes. These metabolites will bring their unique aroma components to the pickled cucumber. Metabolomic analysis of the O2PLS model showed that Weissella and Lactobacillus were closely and positively correlated with nine alcohols, six esters, five aldehydes, four acids, three ketones, and one pyrazine. Pseudomonas and norank_f_Mitochondria show a close positive correlation with four kinds of alcohols, two kinds of esters, one kind of aldehyde, and one kind of nitrile.

Intramuscular therapeutic doses of enrofloxacin affect microbial community structure but not the relative abundance of fluoroquinolones resistance genes in swine manure.

Livestock manure is a major source of veterinary antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). Elucidation of the residual characteristics of ARGs in livestock manure following the administration of veterinary antibiotics is critical to assess their ecotoxicological effects and environmental contamination risks. Here, we investigated the effects of enrofloxacin (ENR), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic commonly used as a therapeutic drug in animal husbandry, on the characteristics of ARGs, mobile genetic elements, and microbial community structure in swine manure following its intramuscular administration for 3 days and a withdrawal period of 10 days. The results revealed the highest concentrations of ENR and ciprofloxacin (CIP) in swine manure at the end of the administration period, ENR concentrations in swine manure in groups L and H were 88.67 ± 45.46 and 219.75 ± 88.05 mg/kg DM, respectively. Approximately 15 fluoroquinolone resistance genes (FRGs) and 48 fluoroquinolone-related multidrug resistance genes (F-MRGs) were detected in swine manure; the relative abundance of the F-MRGs was considerably higher than that of the FRGs. On day 3, the relative abundance of qacA was significantly higher in group H than in group CK, and no significant differences in the relative abundance of other FRGs, F-MRGs, or MGEs were observed between the three groups on day 3 and day 13. The microbial community structure in swine manure was significantly altered on day 3, and the altered community structure was restored on day 13. The FRGs and F-MRGs with the highest relative abundance were qacA and adeF, respectively, and Clostridium and Lactobacillus were the dominant bacterial genera carrying these genes in swine manure. In summary, a single treatment of intramuscular ENR transiently increased antibiotic concentrations and altered the microbial community structure in swine manure; however, this treatment did not significantly affect the abundance of FRGs and F-MRGs.

Effect of Type 2 Diabetes on the Development of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) in Patients with Lung Cancer After Surgery and Its Prognosis.

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is associated with the occurrence of lung cancer. Postoperative lung cancer complications with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are characterized by rapid onset and severe disease. This study aimed to analyze the effect of T2DM on the occurrence of ARDS in patients with lung cancer after surgery and its prognosis and further investigate the risk factors of postoperative complications of ARDS. Methods: A total of 530 patients who developed lung cancer from December 2016 to December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. The t- and chi-square tests were used to determine the relationship between whether the patients had combined diabetes and other clinical characteristics. Binary logistic and Cox risk regressions were used to analyze the independent risk factors for the development of ARDS in patients after surgery and the effect of each factor on the survival status of patients, respectively. Results: Fifty-three cases of ARDS occurred after lung cancer surgery, with an incidence of 10%. Binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that the independent influencing factors that determined the occurrence of ARDS after surgery were the presence or absence of combined diabetes (odds ratio [OR] = 3.888, P<0.001), history of radiotherapy (OR = 2.039, P = 0.024), surgery mode (OR = 2.521, P = 0.002), and so on. Moreover, Cox risk regression analysis demonstrated that the presence or absence of combined diabetes (OR = 1.389, P = 0.039) and occurrence of ARDS (OR = 2.028, P = 0.037) were independent influencing factors on the patient survival time. Conclusion: In lung cancer patients with T2DM, postoperative ARDS is more likely to occur, and both diabetes and postoperative ARDS are risk factors affecting the survival of patients with lung cancer. Preoperative and postoperative glycemic control and improved pulmonary ventilation should be enhanced to minimize the chance of ARDS.

LC-MS based urine untargeted metabolomic analyses to identify and subdivide urothelial cancer.

Introduction: Urine metabolomics has been a promising technique in the liquid biopsy of urothelial cancer (UC). The comparison of upper tract urothelial cancer (UTUC), lower tract urothelial cancer (BCa), and healthy controls (HCs) need to be performed to find related biomarkers. Methods: In our investigation, urine samples from 35 UTUCs, 44 BCas, and 53 gender- and age-matched HCs were analyzed using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). In different groups, the differential metabolites and the disturbed metabolism pathways were explored. Transcriptomics and urine metabolomics are combined to identify the probably disturbed gene in BCa. Results: With an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.815, the panel consisting of prostaglandin I2, 5-methyldeoxycytidine, 2,6-dimethylheptanoyl carnitine, and deoxyinosine was able to discriminate UC from HCs. With an AUC of 0.845, the validation group also demonstrated strong predictive ability. UTUC and BCa without hematuria could be distinguished using the panel of 5'-methylthioadenosine, L-beta-aspartyl-L-serine, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, and N'-formylkynurenine (AUC=0.858). The metabolite panel comprising aspartyl-methionine, 7-methylinosine, and alpha-CEHC glucuronide could discriminate UTUC from BCa with hematuria with an AUC of 0.83. Fatty acid biosynthesis, purine metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, pentose and glucuronate interconversions, and arachidonic acid metabolism were dysregulated when comparing UC with HCs. PTGIS and BCHE, the genes related to the metabolism of prostaglandin I2 and myristic acid respectively, were significantly associated with the survival of BCa. Discussion: Not only could LC-HRMS urine metabolomic investigations distinguish UC from HCs, but they could also identify UTUC from BCa. Additionally, urine metabolomics combined with transcriptomics can find out the potential aberrant genes in the metabolism.

Investigation of the Pathogenic Mechanism of Ciprofloxacin in Aortic Aneurysm and Dissection by an Integrated Proteomics and Network Pharmacology Strategy.

Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) is a life-threatening disease worldwide. Recently, fluoroquinolones have been reported to significantly increase the risk of AAD. This study aimed to investigate the potential functional mechanism and molecular targets of fluoroquinolones in relation to AAD by an integrated proteomic and network pharmacology strategy. A total of 1351 differentially expressed proteins were identified in human aortic vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) after ciprofloxacin (CIP) stimulation. The functional analysis emphasized the important roles of metabolism, extracellular matrix homeostasis, mitochondrial damage, focal adhesion, and apoptosis in CIP-stimulated VSMCs. CIP targets were predicted with online databases and verified by molecular docking. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) analysis and module construction of the 34 potential CIP targets and 37 selected hub molecules after CIP stimulation identified four critical target proteins in the module: PARP1, RAC1, IGF1R and MKI67. Functional analysis of the PPI module showed that the MAPK signalling pathway, focal adhesion, apoptosis, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and PI3K-Akt signalling pathway were significantly enriched. Our results will provide novel insights into the pathogenic mechanism of fluoroquinolones in aortic diseases.

Proteomic and single-cell analysis shed new light on the anti-inflammatory role of interferonß in chronic periodontitis.

Periodontitis, a condition that results in periodontal attachment loss and alveolar bone resorption, contributes to the global burden of oral disease. The underlying mechanism of periodontitis involves the dysbiosis and dyshomeostasis between host and oral microbes, among which the macrophage is one of the major innate immune cell players, producing interferon ß (IFNß) in response to bacterial infection. The objective of this research was to examine the interaction of macrophages with periodontitis and the role and mechanism of IFNß on macrophages. IFNß has been shown to have the potential to induce the differentiation of M1 to M2 macrophages, which are stimulated by low levels of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Additionally, IFNß has been demonstrated to promote the production of ISG15 by macrophages, which leads to the inhibition of the innate immune response. Moreover, our investigation revealed that IFNß has the potential to augment the secretion of ISG15 and its downstream cytokine, IL10, in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Single-cell analysis was conducted on the gingival tissues of patients with periodontitis, which revealed a higher proportion of macrophages in the periodontitis-diseased tissue and increased expression of IFNß, ISG15, and IL10. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis indicated that bacterial infection was associated with upregulation of IFNß, ISG15, and IL10. Notably, only IL10 has been linked to immunosuppression, indicating that the IFNß-ISG15-IL10 axis might promote an anti-inflammatory response in periodontitis through IL10 expression. It is also found that macrophage phenotype transitions in periodontitis involve the release of higher levels of IFNß, ISG15, and IL10 by the anti-inflammatory M2 macrophage phenotype compared to the pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype and myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). This implies that the IFNß-induced production of IL10 might be linked to the M2 macrophage phenotype. Furthermore, cell communication analysis demonstrated that IL10 can promote fibroblast proliferation in periodontal tissues via STAT3 signaling.

Single-cell transcriptomic analyses provide insights into the cellular origins and drivers of brain metastasis from lung adenocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Brain metastasis (BM) is the most common intracranial malignancy causing significant mortality, and lung cancer is the most common origin of BM. However, the cellular origins and drivers of BM from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) have yet to be defined. METHODS: The cellular constitutions were characterized by single-cell transcriptomic profiles of 11 LUAD primary tumor (PT) and 10 BM samples (GSE131907). Copy number variation (CNV) and clonality analysis were applied to illustrate the cellular origins of BM tumors. Brain metastasis-associated epithelial cells (BMAECs) were identified by pseudotime trajectory analysis. By using machine-learning algorithms, we developed the BM-index representing the relative abundance of BMAECs in the bulk RNA-seq data indicating a high risk of BM. Therapeutic drugs targeting BMAECs were predicted based on the drug sensitivity data of cancer cell lines. RESULTS: Differences in macrophages and T cells between PTs and BMs were investigated by single-cell RNA (scRNA) and immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence data. CNV analysis demonstrated BM was derived from subclones of PT with a gain of chromosome 7. We then identified BMAECs and their biomarker, S100A9. Immunofluorescence indicated strong correlations of BMAECs with metastasis and prognosis evaluated by the paired PT and BM samples from Peking Union Medical College Hospital. We further evaluated the clinical significance of the BM-index and identified 7 drugs that potentially target BMAECs. CONCLUSIONS: This study clarified possible cellular origins and drivers of metastatic LUAD at the single-cell level and laid a foundation for early detection of LUAD patients with a high risk of BM.

The construction of high efficient visible-light-driven 3D porous g-C3N4/Fe3O4 photocatalyst: A new photo-induced bacterial inactivation material enhanced by cascade photo-Fenton reaction.

Photocatalytic disinfection is considered a promising method for eliminating the hazards of pathogenic bacteria. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) is an ideal photocatalytic bacterial inactivation material for its advantage of tunable band structure, good stability and easy preparation. This work has constructed a novel defective 3D porous g-C3N4 by cyanamide carbonation using dendritic mesoporous silica template. The direct loading of Fe3O4 nanoparticles provided an excellent pg-C3N4-Fe3O4 photocatalyst suitable for water disinfection. Compared to pristine g-C3N4, the prepared 3D porous defective g-C3N4-Fe3O4 exhibited the enhanced visible light absorbance as indicated by the band gap decreasing of 0.66 eV, and about 3 and 10 fold increase of photo-induced current response and O2 adsorption respectively. The pg-C3N4-Fe3O4 showed excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic bactericidal activity. It could kill 1 × 107 cfu mL-1Escherichia coli completely within 1 h under visible-light illumination (100 mW cm-2) with good reusability, its logarithmic bacterial inactivation efficiency was about 2.5 fold higher than pg-C3N4. The enhanced bactericidal performance is mainly ascribed to the Fe3O4 involved cascade photo-Fenton reaction.

The tigecycline resistance gene tetX has an expensive fitness cost based on increased outer membrane permeability and metabolic burden in Escherichia coli.

Livestock-derived tetX-positive Escherichia coli with tigecycline resistance poses a serious risk to public health. Fitness costs, antibiotic residues, and other tetracycline resistance genes (TRGs) are fundamental in determining the spread of tetX in the environment, but there is a lack of relevant studies. The results of this study showed that both tetO and tetX resulted in reduction in growth and an increased in the metabolic burden of E. coli, but the presence of doxycycline reversed this phenomenon. Moreover, the protection of E. coli growth and metabolism by tetO was superior to that of tetX in the presence of doxycycline, resulting in a much lower competitiveness of tetX-carrying E. coli than tetO-carrying E. coli. The results of RNA-seq showed that the increase in outer membrane proteins (ompC, ompF and ompT) of tetX-carrying E. coli resulted in increased membrane permeability and biofilm formation, which is an important reason for fitness costs. Overall, the increased membrane permeability and metabolic burden of E. coli is the mechanistic basis for the high fitness cost of tetX, and the spread of tetO may limit the spread of tetX. This study provides new insights into the rational use of tetracycline antibiotics to control the spread of tetX.

Risk factors of post-polypectomy bleeding and recurrence in children with colorectal polyps after endoscopic mucosal resection: a retrospective cohort study.

Background: The incidence rate of colorectal polyps in children has gradually increased in recent years. It is still unclear whether endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) can be performed in children with colorectal polyps as well as their incidences of post-polypectomy bleeding and recurrence. This retrospective study was performed to explore the feasible of EMR in children with colorectal polyps and analyze the risk factors of post-polypectomy bleeding and recurrence. Methods: Patients aged younger than 18 years diagnosed with colorectal polyps and received EMR for polypectomy between January 2017 and December 2021 were included in this study. The baseline data of included patients were retrospectively collected. All complications related to polypectomy were recorded during follow up via telephone, internet, or outpatient department, including post-polypectomy bleeding, perforation and polyp recurrence. Patients with and without post-polypectomy complications were divided into 2 groups. The risk factors of post-polypectomy bleeding and polyp recurrence were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models after adjusting potential risk factors using univariable regression models. Results: A total of 589 patients were included in this retrospective study. There were 333 male patients and 256 female patients, and their average age was 4.4±1.9 years old. The average diameter of their polyps was 8.4±2.8 mm, and 542 (92.0%) polyps presented as pedunculated lesions. A total of 540 (91.7%) polyps were diagnosed as juvenile polyps and 509 (86.4%) patients had only 1 polyp. There were a total of 75 cases of post-polypectomy complications (12.7%). The most common complication was early post-polypectomy bleeding (5.3%), followed by polyp recurrence (3.7%). Post-polypectomy bleeding occurred the most on the third and fourth day after EMR polypectomy. Larger polyps (OR =1.742, P<0.001), sessile lesions (OR =3.150, P=0.019), and multiple polyps (OR =4.372, P=0.003) were identified to be related to the incidence of post-polypectomy bleeding. Besides, sessile lesions (OR =3.887, P=0.026) were identified as the main risk factor and older patients (OR =0.606, P=0.004) had lower potential for post-polypectomy recurrence. Conclusions: More attention should be paid to large, sessile, and multiple polyps during the procedure of EMR in children. The small number of patients in this study limits further analysis of results and a large sample study should be performed.

96DRA-Urine: A high throughput sample preparation method for urinary proteome analysis.

Mass spectrometry (MS)-based urinary proteomics is increasingly used for clinical research. A critical step in urinary proteomic analysis comprises the implementation of a reliable sample preparation method with high yields of peptides and proteins. In this study, we developed a urinary sample preparation method, DRA-Urine (Direct reduction/alkylation in urine), which urinary proteins were directly reduced/alkylated in urine, and then precipitated by acetone, washed and digestion on an ultrafilter unit. The qualitative and quantitative comparison of different urinary sample preparation methods (in-solution methods and ultrafilter-assisted methods) showed that DRA-Urine could achieve better results. Adapting DRA-Urine protocol to a 96-well format, namely 96DRA-Urine, shortened the time for buffer change and improved sample preparation throughput. The results showed that 96DRA-Urine displayed similar proteomic performance to DRA-Urine. Finally, the 96DRA-Urine method was used in a label-free, small pilot biomarker discovery analysis for differential urinary proteome analysisof bladder cancer urine. The results showed that urinary proteins could differentiate bladder cancer (BCa) patients from healthy controls and distinguish high-grade BCa from low-grade BCa with area under the curve (AUC) values of 0.972 and 0.847, respectively. Consequently, the 96DRA-Urine method might be a high-throughput method for preparing body fluid samples used in clinical research but needs to be further verified.

Comprehensive analysis of tissue proteomics in patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma uncovers the underlying mechanism of lymph node metastasis and its significant sex disparities.

Background: Lymph node metastasis (LNM) in papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) is associated with an increased risk of recurrence and poor prognosis. Sex has been regarded as a critical risk factor for LNM. The present study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying LNM and its significant sex disparities in PTMC development. Methods: A direct data-independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics approach was used to identify differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in PTMC tumorous tissues with or without LNM and from male and female patients with LNM. The functional annotation of DEPs was performed using bioinformatics methods. Furthermore, The Cancer Genome Atlas Thyroid Carcinoma (TCGA-THCA) dataset and immunohistochemistry (IHC) were used to validate selected DEPs. Results: The proteomics profile in PTMC with LNM differed from that of PTMC without LNM. The metastasis-related DEPs were primarily enriched in categories associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and may promote tumor progression by activating oxidative phosphorylation and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways. Comparative analyses of these DEPs revealed downregulated expression of specific proteins with well-established links to tumor metastasis, such as SLC25A15, DIRAS2, PLA2R1, and MTARC1. Additionally, the proteomics profiles of male and female PTMC patients with LNM were dramatically distinguishable. An elevated level of ECM-associated proteins might be related to more LNM in male PTMC than in female PTMC patients. The upregulated expression levels of MMRN2 and NID2 correlated with sex disparities and showed a positive relationship with unfavorable variables, such as LNMs and poor prognosis. Conclusions: The proteomics profiles of PTMC show significant differences associated with LNM and its sex disparities, which further expands our understanding of the functional networks and signaling pathways related to PTMC with LNM.