RESUMO
AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Each year in Italy there are approximately 14,000 new cases and 7,000 deaths from cancer of the upper aerodigestive tract, which includes malignant tumors originating from the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx and esophagus. Established etiological factors include tobacco consumption and heavy alcohol drinking. The study of single nucleotide polymorphisms in upper aerodigestive tract cancer etiology may help to identify high-risk subgroups and to better understand the pathways leading to the development of these cancers. METHODS: Italian results on about 500 cases and 500 controls from a large case-control study (ARCAGE) conducted in 10 European countries are presented with the major objectives of updating results on the effects of alcohol and tobacco consumptions in northern Italy, investigating the role of genetic variation with regard to the metabolism of alcohol and carcinogens from tobacco smoke, and evaluating possible interactions of these single nucleotide polymorphisms with these carcinogens. RESULTS: The present study confirmed the importance of tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking as the main risk factors for upper aerodigestive tract cancers, indicating that about 68% of cancers among populations in northern Italy can be attributed to the combination of these risk factors. Significant associations between metabolizing phase I genes (CYP1A1 and CYP2A6), phase II genes (GSTA2) and upper aerodigestive tract cancers were found. A polymorphism of ADH1C has been associated with an increased risk of upper aerodigestive tract cancers, suggesting that the less rapid alcohol metabolizers are more susceptible to upper aerodigestive tract cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the ADH1C allele modifies the carcinogenic dose response for alcohol in the upper aerodigestive tract, giving rise to a gene-environment interaction. The role of genes as possible modifiers of life-style risks seems the most reliable.
Assuntos
Álcool Desidrogenase/genética , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/epidemiologia , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/etiologia , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo Único , Fumar/efeitos adversos , Adulto , Idoso , Hidrocarboneto de Aril Hidroxilases/genética , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A1/genética , Citocromo P-450 CYP2A6 , Neoplasias Esofágicas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Esofágicas/etiologia , Feminino , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Glutationa Transferase/genética , Neoplasias de Cabeça e Pescoço/genética , Humanos , Isoenzimas/genética , Itália/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Laríngeas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Laríngeas/etiologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neoplasias Bucais/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Bucais/etiologia , Razão de Chances , Neoplasias Faríngeas/epidemiologia , Neoplasias Faríngeas/etiologia , Medição de Risco , Fatores de Risco , Índice de Gravidade de DoençaRESUMO
Ample evidence has shown that gender is one of the key determinants of health and illness and that a better understanding of gender-specific determinants can contribute to greater equity and equality in health services, with better health for both women and men. Nonetheless, the androcentric bias prevalent in healthcare makes it difficult to address the needs of either women or men adequately. Strengthening research into gender medicine issues is, therefore, desirable. With the present study, we investigated awareness of gender medicine among practicing primary care physicians and doctors-in-training in primary care and whether sexism affects awareness of gender medicine. Our findings show that there is a need for training programs to enhance gender awareness among both practicing physicians and those in training. Implications for policies are discussed.