The histologic risk model is a useful and inexpensive tool to assess risk of recurrence and death in stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of tongue and floor of mouth.

Surgery is the mainstay of treatment for low-stage (stage I/II, ie, T1N0/T2N0) squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity. However, a significant percentage of low-stage squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity will develop local recurrence and disease-related mortality. In this study, we stratified 64 patients with low-stage of oral tongue and floor of mouth patients into high-, intermediate- and low-risk categories based on existing histologic risk model. The classification of these risk categories was based on presence or absence of perineural invasion and evaluation of tumor-host junction for worst pattern of invasion and lymphocytic host response. We correlated risk category and other variables with recurrence and death. In a univariate model, high-risk category tumors had a significantly higher rate of recurrence and death due to recurrence compared with low/intermediate-risk categories (P=0.000 and P=0.047, respectively). Controlling for margin status and T-stage, high-risk category had a 12.4 odds ratio of later recurrence when compared with low/intermediate-risk categories, with a P-value of 0.001. In conclusion, we found low-stage oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma patients with high-risk category have a significantly higher risk for recurrence when compared with patients in the low- or intermediate-risk category, even when controlling for margin status and T-stage. These patients may be suitable candidates for adjuvant treatment to decrease morbidity and mortality associated with a recurrence. Our results indicate that the histologic risk model is a useful and simple tool to assess risk of recurrence in stage I or II squamous cell carcinoma of oral cavity.

In search of the optimal processing technique for fat grafting.

OBJECTIVE: Unpredictability in graft retention remains a significant drawback of fat grafting. Processing of fat grafts has been the focus of several studies to improve graft survival. The objective of this study was to systematically review the outcomes of different fat graft processing techniques with the goal of (1) deriving clinically oriented insights and (2) identifying gaps in knowledge to stimulate future research. METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Databases were searched to identify studies that compared different fat graft processing techniques. Outcome measures of interest were any subjective or objective measures of fat graft survival or reports of adverse events. RESULTS: A total of 2056 abstracts were generated from the literature searches; 13 studies met the criteria for data extraction and analysis. Processing methods assessed included decantation, washing, gauze filtration, and centrifugation. Each processing method was found to be better than other methods, depending on the outcome measure used to study graft survival. As well, several studies found statistical equipoise in the outcome measures when analyzing the results of the different techniques. Adverse events were rarely reported and did not correlate with any processing method in particular. CONCLUSIONS: No firm concluding recommendation can be made to deem 1 processing technique superior to the others. However, it would seem that techniques, which use a combination of gentle washing and centrifugation, strike the optimal balance of preserving adipocyte viability while removing bulk of the contaminants.

Muscle transposition and free muscle transfer in facial nerve reanimation.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review highlights recent advances in facial reanimation surgery particularly related to muscle transposition and free functional muscle transfer (FFMT). RECENT FINDINGS: FFMT and muscle transposition are mainstays in the treatment of chronic facial paralysis. Recent literature evaluates single versus dual innervated FFMT, reanimation of the periocular region and lower lip depressors, and indications for such methods over gold standard FFMT techniques. New donor sites for muscle transposition and FFMT are also described. SUMMARY: Gracilis FFMT (GFMT) continues to be the gold standard in dynamic facial reanimation for patients with chronic facial paralysis. Muscle transposition should be considered in older patients, those medically unfit for long operative procedures, and individuals who prefer more immediate results. With respect to FFMT, described nerve coaptation patterns, surgical stages, and donor muscle choice vary. Standardization of data reporting and outcome measures is needed in future studies.

Publication rates of research presented at the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Annual Meetings from 2008 to 2018: an 11-year review.

BACKGROUND: Knowledge dissemination is paramount so physicians may practice the most up-to-date, evidence-based medicine to best serve their patients. Medical conferences are a commonly employed method of facilitating this. By determining the publication rate of research presented at a conference, the quality of the conference is indirectly assessed. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the publication rate, along with other conference metrics, of abstracts presented at the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (CSOHNS) meetings from 2008 to 2018. METHODS: All abstracts presented at the CSOHNS Annual Meetings from 2008 to 2018 were reviewed from publicly available records. Presentation year, presentation type (i.e. oral or poster), whether each abstract was presented in the Poliquin Resident Research Competition, and the country in which the lead author's institution was located, were collected. Publication status of each abstract was then determined using a six-tiered search strategy in PubMed and Google Scholar. All data were then analyzed using SPSS Version 27.0. RESULTS: From 2008 to 2018, 1947 abstracts were analyzed, yielding an overall publication rate of 58.7%. There was a significantly increasing trend in publication rate over the 11 years (p = 0.015). The rate of publication differed based on type of presentation (oral 65.1%, poster 50.2%; p = 0.001). Most presentations were presented by a first author associated with a Canadian institution (94.4%). The top journal in which research was published was Journal of Otolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery (37.3%). The mean impact factor of the journals in which presentations were published was 2.92. Finally, the median time to publication was 14 months (IQR: 9.0-25.0). CONCLUSIONS: Research presented at 2008-2018 CSOHNS annual meetings was published in academic journals at higher rates than research at comparable conferences. Oral presentations have a significantly greater publication rate, compared to poster presentations. Additionally, the upward trend in publication rate over the 11 meetings suggests a steady increase in the quality of research being presented.

Five-year survival outcomes in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma following transoral laser microsurgery.

Objective: To determine the 5-year survival outcomes of patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with transoral laser microsurgery at our institution. Methods: A prospective longitudinal cohort study of all cases of oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer or clinically unknown primaries diagnosed at our institution between September 1, 2014, to December 31, 2019, treated with primary transoral laser microsurgery were analyzed. Patients with a previous history of head and neck radiation were excluded from analysis. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate 5-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, local control, and recurrence free survival rates in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Results: Of 142 patients identified, 135 met criteria and were included in the survival analysis. Five-year local control rates in p16 positive and negative disease were 99.2% and 100%, respectively, with one locoregional failure in the p16 positive cohort. Five-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, and recurrence free survival in p16 positive disease were 91%, 95.2%, and 87% respectively (n = 124). Five-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, and recurrence free survival in p16 negative disease were 39.8%, 58.3%, and 60%, respectively (n = 11). The permanent gastrostomy tube rate was 1.5% and zero patients received a tracheostomy at the time of surgery. One patient (0.74%) required a return to the OR for a post-operative pharyngeal bleed. Conclusion: Transoral laser microsurgery is a safe primary treatment option for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma with high 5-year survival outcomes, notably in p16 positive disease. More randomized trials are needed to compare survival outcomes and associated morbidity in transoral laser microsurgery compared to treatment with primary chemoradiation. Level of Evidence: 3.

Management of positive resection margins following transoral laser microsurgery for glottic cancer.

Objectives: The current literature provides limited guidance on the management of positive margins (PMs) following transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Long-term data exploring the treatment of PMs with both initial observation and re-resection are limited. Our objective was to determine the optimal treatment for PM patients following TLM for glottic SCC. Methods: Clinical information on glottic SCC patients with PMs following treatment with TLM was prospectively collected at our institution from 2007 to 2018. We use a laryngeal template during the initial TLM where the area of resection is outlined for future reference. Data were compared with univariate analysis and survival plots were generated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results: A total of 29 patients with PMs were treated with either re-resection (19 patients), close observation (6 patients), or adjuvant radiation alone (4 patients). Re-resection patients had SCC or severe dysplasia on initial margin pathology and 23% with early-stage disease had recurrence (T1-T2). Five (83%) patients who underwent close observation required re-resection based on clinical suspicion of recurrence (confirmed on final pathology), which was significantly different from the re-resection patients (p < .05). Close observation was therefore discontinued as a management of PMs. Four patients (21%) had no residual malignancy on re-resection specimens. Deep margins only accounted for 17% of all PMs. Disease-specific survival for all PM patients at 5 years was 82.4% (SE 9.6%, CI 53.4%-91.6%). Conclusions: Our long-term experience with treating early-stage glottic SCC with TLM supports re-resection as an appropriate management for cases of PMs. Level of Evidence: 4.

Postoperative opioid use following head and neck endocrine surgery: A multi-center prospective study.

Background: Opioid abuse is widespread in North America and the over-prescription of opioids are a contributing factor. The goal of this prospective study was to quantify over-prescription rates, evaluate postoperative experiences of pain, and understand the impact of peri-operative factors such as adequate pain counseling and use of non-opioid analgesia. Methods: Consecutive recruitment of patients undergoing head and neck endocrine surgery was undertaken from January 1st 2020 to December 31st 2021 at four Canadian hospitals in Ontario and Nova Scotia. Postoperative tracking of pain levels and analgesic requirements were employed. Chart review and preoperative and postoperative surveys provided information on counseling, use of local anesthesia, and disposal plans. Results: A total of 125 adult patients were included in the final analysis. Total thyroidectomy was the most common procedure (40.8%). Median use of opioid tablets was 2 (IQR 0-4), with 79.5% of prescribed tablets unused. Patients who reported inadequate counseling (n = 35, 28.0%) were more likely to use opioids (57.2% vs. 37.8%, p < .05) and less likely to use non-opioid analgesia in the early postoperative course (42.9% vs. 63.3%, p < .05). Patients who received local anesthesia peri-operatively (46.4%, n = 58) reported less severe pain on average [2.86 (2.13) vs. 4.86 (2.19), p < .05] and used less analgesia on postoperative day one [0 MME (IQR 0-4) vs. 4 MME (IQR 0-8), p < .05]. Conclusion: Over-prescription of opioid analgesia following head and neck endocrine surgery is common. Patient counseling, use of non-opioid analgesia, and peri-operative local anesthesia were important factors in narcotic use reduction. Level of evidence: Level 3.

Risk for Surgical Team Hearing Loss With Vitrectomy.

Purpose: To assess sound-level exposure during vitrectomy using 3 of the most common commercially available machines. Methods: This noninterventional cross-sectional study examined sound emission from the Constellation, Stellaris, and EVA vitrector systems. For each machine, a noise dosimeter was used to measure the sound-level exposure of the surgeon during 3 surgical cases in which vitrectomy was performed. Sound levels associated with progressively increasing cut rates and vacuum pressures were also measured. Finally, sound measurements were taken during the use of various additional functions of each machine, including diathermy, laser, and extrusion. Sound levels were compared with occupational health guidelines in Canada and the United States. Results: The maximum sound level recorded during vitrectomy surgery was 88.2 dBA. The mean sound level during vitrectomy surgical cases ranged from 58.5 to 66.8 dBA. A strong positive linear correlation was found between the cut rate and sound level (r = 0.88-0.98) and the vacuum pressure and sound level (r = 0.83-0.97). This relationship was consistent across the 3 vitrector systems (P < .001). Conclusions: Noise exposure during vitrectomy procedures was acceptable but may be sufficient for surgical team activity interference, as described by World Health Organization recommendations. A strong correlation was found between the cut rate and noise exposure. If cut rates continue to increase, attention should be given to ensure that the resulting noise exposure does not threaten the hearing of vitreoretinal surgeons and the operating room staff.

Frequency and accuracy of intraoperative bone margin sampling for T4a cancers of the head and neck at the QEII Health Sciences Centre: a retrospective chart review.

BACKGROUND: Stage T4a cancers are associated with a 5-year survival of 21.6-59.0%. Adequate resection of these tumors is a critical factor in maximizing survival. Tumors invading bone pose a unique challenge to intraoperative bone margin assessment. Due to processing limitations, there had been no formal standardized protocol for intraoperative bone sampling at the QEII Health Sciences Centre. These resections often involve extensive reconstruction, making salvage surgery difficult if positive margins are detected post-surgically. The purpose of this study was to assess the accuracy and frequency of intraoperative bone margin assessment during the study period and to determine survival and recurrence rates associated with positive final bone margins. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was conducted including patients with stage T4a head and neck cancer involving bone that underwent primary surgical resection in Nova Scotia between 2009 and 2019. Eligible patients were identified through the Cancer Care Nova Scotia registry. Exclusion criteria included patients with stage T4a tumors involving bone that did not receive primary surgical treatment with curative intent and patients with stage T4a tumors that did not invade bone. RESULTS: Of 67 patients included, 50 were amenable to intraoperative bone margin sampling while 18 had intraoperative sampling. Four patients had positive intraoperative margins and one had final positive bone margins. The incidence of final bone margin positivity was 7.5%. Median survival following surgery was 4.56 years for patients with final negative bone margins (n = 62) and 3.98 years for patients with positive final bone margins (n = 5). All patients with final positive bone margins received adjuvant radiation therapy. Of patients with negative final bone margins, 16.1% received no adjuvant therapy, 61.3% received adjuvant radiation therapy and 21.0% received adjuvant chemoradiation therapy. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative bone margin sampling occurred in 26.8% of all cases and 36.0% of amenable cases. Median survival of patients with positive final bone margins was 0.58 years lower than those with negative final bone margins, although this difference did not reach statistical significance. This will provide baseline data for comparison of the standardized intraoperative bone margin sampling protocol implemented at the QEII Health Sciences Centre.

Supercharging the Smile: A Novel Dual Nerve Transfer for Facial Reanimation.

Facial paralysis has profound effects on the functional and psychosocial well-being of patients. Various surgical facial reanimation techniques have been described to address this devastating condition. While traditional surgical approaches have proved successful in restoring either facial tone or facial movement, newer combination nerve transfer techniques are addressing the limitations of the traditional single nerve transfer approaches. METHODS: This study aimed to describe a promising new surgical approach to facial reanimation utilizing a dual nerve transfer to maximize both resting and active symmetry while minimizing postoperative synkinesis. Here, we use the masseteric nerve to selectively innervate the midface in combination with a hypoglossal facial nerve graft to reanimate the remaining facial regions. RESULTS: To date, we have performed this operation on four patients, all of whom tolerated the procedure well. Our patients are showing significant improvements in both resting facial tone and facial movement with no signs of synkinesis at 9 months postoperative. CONCLUSIONS: We believe this dual nerve transfer to be superior in restoring the combination of tone, symmetry, and movement to the paralyzed face when compared with traditional single nerve transfer approaches.

Oncological and functional outcomes following treatment of T1a glottic squamous cell carcinoma with transoral laser microsurgery.

BACKGROUND: Laryngeal cancers of glottic origin comprise a large proportion of head and neck malignancies. Transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) and radiation therapy are mainstays in the treatment of early stage glottic cancer, but debate persists as to which modality is functionally superior. Furthermore, there is a paucity of North American data related to functional and oncological outcomes in T1a glottic cancer. Here, we assessed oncological and functional outcomes of T1a glottic squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with TLM to supplement evidence from jurisdictions outside North America. METHODS: This study is a retrospective cohort study performed from a prospectively collected tertiary center institutional TLM database. Patients who were diagnosed with T1a glottic SCC and underwent TLM as their primary treatment were included. Functional outcomes were analyzed using the Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) questionnaire. Ultimate control with TLM only was considered to be those patients with locoregional control with repeat TLM procedures, but without addition of other modalities. Student's t-test was used to test significance and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was used to assess oncological outcomes. RESULTS: 48 patients met study criteria. The mean follow-up time was 74 months. The 5-year locoregional, ultimate control with TLM only and laryngeal preservation rates were 83.2%, 90.4% and 100%, respectively. The overall survival and disease-specific survival were 87.2% and 100%, respectively. VHI-10 scores were available for 13/48 patients and mean scores improved non-significantly from pre-op (mean: 11.23; range: 2 to 30; median: 10) and post op (mean: 7.92; range: 0 to 18; median: 8) scoring (p-value = 0.15). Sub-stratification of voice data revealed a significant improvement between pre and post-operative scores (mean difference - 10.6, 95% CI: - 0.99 to - 20.21, p-value = 0.035) for patients with abnormal pre-operative scores (VHI > 11). CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, the current work represents one of the first North American studies to report both functional and oncologic outcomes for TLM treatment of T1a glottic SCC. The oncologic and functional outcomes presented here add to existing evidence in favor of TLM as a safe and effective primary treatment option for early staged T1a glottic cancer.

Volume-outcome relationships in laryngeal trauma processes of care: a retrospective cohort study.

PURPOSE: The extent to which patients with laryngeal trauma undergo investigation and intervention is largely unknown. The objective of this study was to therefore determine the association between hospital volume and processes of care in patients sustaining laryngeal trauma. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study used the American College of Surgeons Trauma Quality Improvement Program database. Adult patients (≥ 18) who sustained traumatic laryngeal injuries between 2012 and 2016 were eligible. The exposure of interest was average annual laryngeal trauma volume categorized into quartiles. The primary and secondary outcomes of interest were the performances of diagnostic and therapeutic laryngeal procedures respectively. Multivariable logistic regression under a generalized estimating equations approach was utilized. RESULTS: In total, 1164 patients were included. The average number of laryngeal trauma cases per hospital ranged from 0.2 to 7.2 per year. Diagnostic procedures were performed in 31% of patients and therapeutic in 19%. In patients with severe laryngeal injuries, diagnostic procedures were performed on a higher proportion of patients at high volume centers than low volume centers (46% vs 25%). In adjusted analysis, volume was not associated with the performance of diagnostic procedures. Patients treated at centers in the second (OR 1.94 [95% CI 1.29-2.90]) and third (OR 1.67 [95% CI 1.08-2.57]) volume quartiles had higher odds of undergoing a therapeutic procedure compared to the lowest volume quartile. CONCLUSION: Hospital volume may be associated with processes of care in laryngeal trauma. Additional research is required to investigate how these findings relate to patient and health system outcomes.

Margin Sampling and Survival Outcomes in Oral Cavity and p16-Positive Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

Objective: To compare the association of margin sampling technique on survival outcomes in surgically treated cT1-2 oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Study Design: A prospective longitudinal cohort study. Setting: Tertiary care academic teaching hospital in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Methods: All cases of surgically treated cT1-2 oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer undergoing specimen-oriented margin analysis between January 1, 2017, and December 31, 2018 were analyzed. The specimen-oriented cohort was compared with a cohort of patients from January 1, 2009, to December 31, 2014, where a defect-oriented margin sampling protocol was used. Kaplan-Meier survival curves were used to estimate 2-year overall survival, disease-specific survival, local control, and recurrence-free survival rates in oral cavity and p16-positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess the effect of margin sampling method on disease-specific survival and local control. Results: There was no significant association between margin sampling technique and 2-year survival outcomes for surgically treated cT1-2 oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, the hazard ratio (HR) of specimen-oriented sampling was not significantly different for disease-specific survival (HR, 1.32; 95% CI, 0.3032-5.727; P = .713) or local control (HR, 0.4087; 95% CI, 0.0795-2.099; P = .284). Conclusion: Intraoperative margin sampling method was not associated with a significant change in 2-year survival outcomes. Despite no effect on survival outcomes, implementation of a specimen-oriented sampling method has potential for cost avoidance by decreasing the number of re-resections for positive or close margins.

Injection laryngoplasty during transoral laser microsurgery for early glottic cancer: a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Transoral laser microsurgery is widely used for treating T1/T2 glottic cancers. Hyaluronic acid (HA) is commonly used in vocal cord augmentation. We investigated the impact of intra-operative injection laryngoplasty on voice outcomes in early glottic cancer. METHODS: Twenty patients were randomized to the treatment group receiving HA injection to the vocal cord contralateral to the lesion; or the control group, receiving no injection. Patients had a Voice Handicap Index-10 (VHI-10) questionnaire and a Maximum Phonation Time (MPT) measurement preoperatively and at 3, 12 and 24 months post-operatively. Mean change in VHI-10 and MPT, compared to baseline and between time points, were compared. Survival estimates were calculated. RESULTS: Mean VHI-10 scores improved over time amongst all patients. There were no changes in mean VHI-10 from pre-operative values to 3, 12 or 24 months post-operatively. There were no significant differences when comparing various timepoints between groups. There were no significant changes in MPT amongst the groups, or the time-points compared. Two-year overall survival was 91.7%; disease free survival was 80.9%; no difference in recurrence free survival was seen between the groups. CONCLUSION: Subjective voice scores improved over time in both groups; there were no improvements in VHI-10 or MPT scores in the injection group, over control, at any time points. We saw no significant impact for intra-operative HA injection laryngoplasty on subjective or objective voice outcomes following surgery for early glottic cancers.

A novel approach to earlobe reconstruction using the V to Y advancement flap.

BACKGROUND: The V to Y advancement flap offers an excellent option for reconstructing defects of the lobule and adjacent structures of the external ear. We demonstrate its utility for small defects of the earlobe including those extending to the antitragal and conchal bowl regions. To our knowledge use of this technique for earlobe reconstruction has not been reported. METHODS: A review of the literature was performed on the use of the V to Y flap for earlobe reconstruction. We then described its use in reconstructing lobular defects in 6 patients. All patients had a non-melanoma skin cancer involving the earlobe. All surgeries were performed under local anesthetic at a tertiary care centre in Halifax, Canada. Defects ranged in size from 1.0 to 1.4 cm. All defects were reconstructed with only a V to Y advancement flap. Patient photographs were taken intra-operatively and post-operatively. For all patients, satisfaction of the final aesthetic result was assessed on a 10 point scale in follow-up at 6 months. RESULTS: A review of the literature did not reveal any reports of the V to Y flap used in isolation for lobular reconstruction. At our centre from 2018 to 2020, this method was well tolerated under local anesthetic in 6 patients with non-melanoma skin cancers of the earlobe. All patients reported an aesthetically satisfying result at 6 months with scores ranging between 8 and 10. Scarring in all cases was minimal. CONCLUSION: The V to Y advancement flap is a simple technique for reconstructing small defects of the lobule. This method is technically straight-forward, poses minimal risk to the patient, and in our experience, yields a favourable cosmetic outcome.

Functional and Oncologic Outcomes of Octogenarians Undergoing Transoral Laser Microsurgery for Laryngeal Cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the oncologic and functional outcomes of transoral laser microsurgery (TLM) for glottic cancers in patients ≥80 years. STUDY DESIGN: Prospectively collected case series. SETTING: QEII Health Sciences Centre, Halifax, Canada. METHODS: This case series used a prospectively collected glottic cancer database to examine consecutive elderly patients (≥80 years old) undergoing TLM. Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to evaluate rates of disease-free, disease-specific, and overall survival as the primary end points of oncologic control. Secondary functional outcomes included voice function, length of hospital stay, and time to readmission. RESULTS: From 2005 to 2017, 17 octogenarian patients underwent TLM for glottic cancer. Median follow-up was 4.19 years (interquartile range, 0.71-6.95). Kaplan-Meier estimates of 5-year survival were 78.4% (disease free), 92.9% (disease specific), and 81.9% (overall). The median length of hospital stay was 1 day (range, 0-8). There was only 1 readmission within 30 days of surgery. No patients in this study developed significant surgical or postoperative complications requiring unplanned readmissions. Patient-perceived voice function improved to normal after treatment in 62.5% of patients. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that TLM is a safe and effective treatment modality for glottic cancer in patients aged ≥80 years, providing good oncologic control and satisfactory functional outcomes.

Advance care planning in adults with oral cancer: Multi-institutional cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Patients undergoing head and neck surgery are often elderly and frail with significant comorbidities. Discussion and documentation of what patients would desire for end-of-life care and decision-making is, therefore, essential for delivering patient-centered care. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective, cross-sectional study of patients undergoing surgery for head and neck cancer at two large, academic, tertiary care centers in Canada. Advance care planning was defined as any documentation of advance directives, resuscitation orders, or end-of-life care preferences. RESULTS: Among 301 patients, advance care planning was documented for 31 (10.3%). Patients with locally advanced disease (T3+) were twice as likely to have advance care planning documentation compared to those with early disease (RR 1.97, 95%CI [0.98, 3.97]). CONCLUSIONS: In this multi-institutional cross-sectional study of two large academic centers, we have demonstrated that advance care planning and documentation is overall poor in patients undergoing surgery for oral cancer. These findings may have health policy implications, as advance care planning is associated with increased patient and provider satisfaction and improved alignment of patient goals and care delivered. Future work will investigate barriers and facilitators to advance care-planning documentation in this setting.

Treatment Choices in Managing Bethesda III and IV Thyroid Nodules: A Canadian Multi-institutional Study.

OBJECTIVE: Patient-centered decision making is increasingly identified as a desirable component of medical care. To manage indeterminate thyroid nodules, patients are offered the options of surveillance, diagnostic hemithyroidectomy, or molecular testing. Our objective was to identify factors associated with decision making in this population. STUDY DESIGN: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with Bethesda III and IV thyroid nodules. SETTING: Multi-institutional. METHODS: Factors of interest included age, sex, socioeconomic status (SES), nodule size, institution, attending surgeon, surgeon payment model, and hospital type. Our outcome of interest was the initial management decision made by patients. RESULTS: A total of 956 patients were included. The majority of patients had Bethesda III nodules (n = 738, 77%). A total of 538 (56%) patients chose surgery, 413 (43%) chose surveillance, and 5 (1%) chose molecular testing. There was a significant variation in management decision based on attending surgeon (proportion of patients choosing surgery: 15%-83%; P≤.0001). Fee-for-service surgeon payment models (odds ratio [OR], 1.657; 95% CI, 1.263-2.175; P < .001) and community hospital settings (OR, 1.529; 95% CI, 1.145-2.042; P < .001) were associated with the decision for surgery. Larger nodule size, younger patients, and Bethesda IV nodules were also associated with surgery. CONCLUSION: While it seems appropriate that larger nodules, younger age, and higher Bethesda class were associated with decision for surgery, we also identified attending surgeon, surgeon payment model, and hospital type as important factors. Given this, standardizing management discussions may improve patient-centered shared decision making.

Management of Peritonsillar Abscesses in Adults: Survey of Otolaryngologists in Canada and the United States.

OBJECTIVE: The management of peritonsillar abscess (PTA) has evolved over time. We sought to define contemporary practice patterns for the diagnosis and treatment of PTA. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey. SETTING: The 15-question survey was distributed to members of the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (CSO) and the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery (AAO-HNS). METHODS: An iterative, consensus-based process was used for survey development. Primary outcomes were to determine methods of diagnosis and first-line treatments for PTA. Exploratory, secondary outcomes were analyzed using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: The survey response rate was 12.6% (n = 1176). Most participants were attending staff (86%) in a community hospital setting (60%) and had been in practice for more than 20 years (38%). Most respondents (78%) indicated that at least half of the time, cross-sectional imaging had already been performed before they were consulted. Half of respondents (49%) indicated that they perform incision and drainage of the abscess as first-line treatment, while few (16%) provide medical management alone. In exploratory analysis, participants from the AAO-HNS had higher odds of imaging already being performed before consultation (odds ratio [OR], 11.7; 95% CI, 4.6-29.4) and increased odds of using medical management alone as a first-line treatment (OR, 2.4; 95% CI, 1.3-4.2) compared to respondents from the CSO. CONCLUSION: There is wide practice variation in the diagnosis and management of acute, uncomplicated PTA among otolaryngologists in Canada and the United States. The use of cross-sectional imaging and medical management alone may differ between countries of practice.