Dual quantum spin Hall insulator by density-tuned correlations in TaIrTe4.

The convergence of topology and correlations represents a highly coveted realm in the pursuit of new quantum states of matter1. Introducing electron correlations to a quantum spin Hall (QSH) insulator can lead to the emergence of a fractional topological insulator and other exotic time-reversal-symmetric topological order2-8, not possible in quantum Hall and Chern insulator systems. Here we report a new dual QSH insulator within the intrinsic monolayer crystal of TaIrTe4, arising from the interplay of its single-particle topology and density-tuned electron correlations. At charge neutrality, monolayer TaIrTe4 demonstrates the QSH insulator, manifesting enhanced nonlocal transport and quantized helical edge conductance. After introducing electrons from charge neutrality, TaIrTe4 shows metallic behaviour in only a small range of charge densities but quickly goes into a new insulating state, entirely unexpected on the basis of the single-particle band structure of TaIrTe4. This insulating state could arise from a strong electronic instability near the van Hove singularities, probably leading to a charge density wave (CDW). Remarkably, within this correlated insulating gap, we observe a resurgence of the QSH state. The observation of helical edge conduction in a CDW gap could bridge spin physics and charge orders. The discovery of a dual QSH insulator introduces a new method for creating topological flat minibands through CDW superlattices, which offer a promising platform for exploring time-reversal-symmetric fractional phases and electromagnetism2-4,9,10.

Homogenizing out-of-plane cation composition in perovskite solar cells.

Perovskite solar cells with the formula FA1-xCsxPbI3, where FA is formamidinium, provide an attractive option for integrating high efficiency, durable stability and compatibility with scaled-up fabrication. Despite the incorporation of Cs cations, which could potentially enable a perfect perovskite lattice1,2, the compositional inhomogeneity caused by A-site cation segregation is likely to be detrimental to the photovoltaic performance of the solar cells3,4. Here we visualized the out-of-plane compositional inhomogeneity along the vertical direction across perovskite films and identified the underlying reasons for the inhomogeneity and its potential impact for devices. We devised a strategy using 1-(phenylsulfonyl)pyrrole to homogenize the distribution of cation composition in perovskite films. The resultant p-i-n devices yielded a certified steady-state photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of 25.2% and durable stability.

Single-cell analysis of chromatin accessibility in the adult mouse brain.

Recent advances in single-cell technologies have led to the discovery of thousands of brain cell types; however, our understanding of the gene regulatory programs in these cell types is far from complete1-4. Here we report a comprehensive atlas of candidate cis-regulatory DNA elements (cCREs) in the adult mouse brain, generated by analysing chromatin accessibility in 2.3 million individual brain cells from 117 anatomical dissections. The atlas includes approximately 1 million cCREs and their chromatin accessibility across 1,482 distinct brain cell populations, adding over 446,000 cCREs to the most recent such annotation in the mouse genome. The mouse brain cCREs are moderately conserved in the human brain. The mouse-specific cCREs-specifically, those identified from a subset of cortical excitatory neurons-are strongly enriched for transposable elements, suggesting a potential role for transposable elements in the emergence of new regulatory programs and neuronal diversity. Finally, we infer the gene regulatory networks in over 260 subclasses of mouse brain cells and develop deep-learning models to predict the activities of gene regulatory elements in different brain cell types from the DNA sequence alone. Our results provide a resource for the analysis of cell-type-specific gene regulation programs in both mouse and human brains.

Molecular mechanism of the metal-independent production of hydroxyl radicals by thiourea dioxide and H2O2.

It is well-known that highly reactive hydroxyl radicals (HO•) can be produced by the classic Fenton system and our recently discovered haloquinone/H2O2 system, but rarely from thiol-derivatives. Here, we found, unexpectedly, that HO• can be generated from H2O2 and thiourea dioxide (TUO2), a widely used and environmentally friendly bleaching agent. A carbon-centered radical and sulfite were detected and identified as the transient intermediates, and urea and sulfate as the final products, with the complementary application of electron spin-trapping, oxygen-18 isotope labeling coupled with HPLC/MS analysis. Density functional theory calculations were conducted to further elucidate the detailed pathways for HO• production. Taken together, we proposed that the molecular mechanism for HO• generation by TUO2/H2O2: TUO2 tautomerizes from sulfinic acid into ketone isomer (TUO2-K) through proton transfer, then a nucleophilic addition of H2O2 on the S atom of TUO2-K, forming a S-hydroperoxide intermediate TUO2-OOH, which dissociates homolytically to produce HO•. Our findings represent the first experimental and computational study on an unprecedented new molecular mechanism of HO• production from simple thiol-derived sulfinic acids, which may have broad chemical, environmental, and biomedical significance for future research on the application of the well-known bleaching agent and its analogs.

Allele-specific RNA N 6-methyladenosine modifications reveal functional genetic variants in human tissues.

An intricate network of cis- and trans-elements acts on RNA N 6-methyladenosine (m6A), which in turn may affect gene expression and, ultimately, human health. A complete understanding of this network requires new approaches to accurately measure the subtle m6A differences arising from genetic variants, many of which have been associated with common diseases. To address this gap, we developed a method to accurately and sensitively detect transcriptome-wide allele-specific m6A (ASm6A) from MeRIP-seq data and applied it to uncover 12,056 high-confidence ASm6A modifications from 25 human tissues. We also identified 1184 putative functional variants for ASm6A regulation, a subset of which we experimentally validated. Importantly, we found that many of these ASm6A-associated genetic variants were enriched for common disease-associated and complex trait-associated risk loci, and verified that two disease risk variants can change m6A modification status. Together, this work provides a tool to detangle the dynamic network of RNA modifications at the allelic level and highlights the interplay of m6A and genetics in human health and disease.

MMP3C: an in-silico framework to depict cancer metabolic plasticity using gene expression profiles.

Metabolic plasticity enables cancer cells to meet divergent demands for tumorigenesis, metastasis and drug resistance. Landscape analysis of tumor metabolic plasticity spanning different cancer types, in particular, metabolic crosstalk within cell subpopulations, remains scarce. Therefore, we proposed a new in-silico framework, termed as MMP3C (Modeling Metabolic Plasticity by Pathway Pairwise Comparison), to depict tumor metabolic plasticity based on transcriptome data. Next, we performed an extensive metabo-plastic analysis of over 6000 tumors comprising 13 cancer types. The metabolic plasticity within distinct cell subpopulations, particularly interplay with tumor microenvironment, were explored at single-cell resolution. Ultimately, the metabo-plastic events were screened out for multiple clinical applications via machine learning methods. The pilot research indicated that 6 out of 13 cancer types exhibited signs of the Warburg effect, implying its high reliability and robustness. Across 13 cancer types, high metabolic organized heterogeneity was found, and four metabo-plastic subtypes were determined, which link to distinct immune and metabolism patterns impacting prognosis. Moreover, MMP3C analysis of approximately 60 000 single cells of eight breast cancer patients unveiled several metabo-plastic events correlated to tumorigenesis, metastasis and immunosuppression. Notably, the metabolic features screened out by MMP3C are potential biomarkers for diagnosis, tumor classification and prognosis. MMP3C is a practical cross-platform tool to capture tumor metabolic plasticity, and our study unveiled a core set of metabo-plastic pairs among diverse cancer types, which provides bases toward improving response and overcoming resistance in cancer therapy.

One-Dimensional MoS2 Nanoscrolls as Miniaturized Memories.

Dimensionality of materials is closely related to their physical properties. For two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors such as monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS2), converting them from 2D nanosheets to one-dimensional (1D) nanoscrolls could contribute to remarkable electronic and optoelectronic properties, yet the rolling-up process still lacks sufficient controllability, which limits the development of their device applications. Herein we report a modified solvent evaporation-induced rolling process that halts at intermediate states and achieve MoS2 nanoscrolls with high yield and decent axial uniformity. The accordingly fabricated nanoscroll memories exhibit an on/off ratio of ∼104 and a retention time exceeding 103 s and can realize multilevel storage with pulsed gate voltages. Such open-end, high-curvature, and hollow 1D nanostructures provide new possibilities to manipulate the hysteresis windows and, consequently, the charge storage characteristics of nanoscale field-effect transistors, thereby holding great promise for the development of miniaturized memories.

Alleviating OH Blockage on the Catalyst Surface by the Puncture Effect of Single-Atom Sites to Boost Alkaline Water Electrolysis.

Nonprecious transition metal catalysts have emerged as the preferred choice for industrial alkaline water electrolysis due to their cost-effectiveness. However, their overstrong binding energy to adsorbed OH often results in the blockage of active sites, particularly in the cathodic hydrogen evolution reaction. Herein, we found that single-atom sites exhibit a puncture effect to effectively alleviate OH blockades, thereby significantly enhancing the alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance. Typically, after anchoring single Ru atoms onto tungsten carbides, the overpotential at 10 mA·cm-2 is reduced by more than 130 mV (159 vs 21 mV). Also, the mass activity is increased 16-fold over commercial Pt/C (MA100 = 17.3 A·mgRu-1 vs 1.1 A·mgPt-1, Pt/C). More importantly, such electrocatalyst-based alkaline anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzers can exhibit an ultralow potential (1.79 Vcell) and high stability at an industrial current density of 1.0 A·cm-2. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the isolated Ru sites could weaken the surrounding local OH binding energy, thus puncturing OH blockage and constructing bifunctional interfaces between Ru atoms and the support to accelerate water dissociation. Our findings exhibit generality to other transition metal catalysts (such as Mo) and contribute to the advancement of industrial-scale alkaline water electrolysis.

Advancing Natural Product Discovery: A Structure-Oriented Fractions Screening Platform for Compound Annotation and Isolation.

Natural product discovery is hindered by the lack of tools that integrate untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry data on a library scale. This article describes the first application of the innovative NMR/MS-based machine learning tool, the "Structure-Oriented Fractions Screening Platform (SFSP)", enabling functional-group-guided fractionation and accelerating the discovery and characterization of undescribed natural products. The concept was applied to the extract of a marine fungus known to be a prolific producer of diverse natural products. With the assistance of SFSP, we isolated 24 flavipidin derivatives and five phenalenone analogues from Aspergillus sp. GE2-6, revealing 27 undescribed compounds. Compounds 7-22 were proposed as isomeric derivatives featuring a 5/6-ring fusion, formed by the dimerization of flavipidin E (5). Compounds 23 and 24 were envisaged as isomeric derivatives with a 6/5/6-ring fusion, generated through the degradation of two flavipidin E molecules. Furthermore, flavipidin A (1) and asperphenalenone E (28) exhibited potent anti-influenza (PR8) activities, with IC50 values of 21.9 ± 0.2 and 12.9 ± 0.1 µM, respectively. Meanwhile, asperphenalenone (26) and asperphenalenone P (27) treatments exhibited significant inhibition of HIV pseudovirus infection in 293FT cells, boasting IC50 values of 6.1 ± 0.9 and 4.6 ± 1.1 µM, respectively. Overall, SFSP streamlines natural product isolation through NMR and MS data integration, as showcased by the discovery of numerous undescribed flavipidins and phenalenones based on NMR olefinic signals and low-field hydroxy signals.

Rb-Doped Perovskite Oxides: Surface Enrichment and Structural Reconstruction During the Oxygen Evolution Reaction.

Alkali-metal doped perovskite oxides have emerged as promising materials due to their unique properties and broad applications in various fields, including photovoltaics and catalysis. Understanding the complex interplay between alkali metal doping, structural modifications, and their impact on performance remains a crucial challenge. In this study, this challenge is addressed by investigating the synthesis and properties of Rb-doped perovskite oxides. These results reveal that the doping of Rb into perovskite oxides function as a structural modifier in the as-synthesized samples and during the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) as well. Electron microscopy and first-principles calculations confirm the enrichment of Rb on the surface of the as-synthesized sample. Further investigations into the electrocatalytic reaction revealed that the Rb-doped perovskite underwent drastic restructuring with Rb leaching and formation of strontium oxide.

Mitochondrial GCN5L1 acts as a novel regulator for iron homeostasis to promote sorafenib sensitivity in hepatocellular carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Sorafenib resistance is becoming increasingly common and disadvantageous for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment. Ferroptosis is an iron dependent programmed cell death underlying the mechanism of sorafenib. Iron is crucial for synthesis of cofactors essential to mitochondrial enzymes and necessary for HCC proliferation, while mitochondrial iron overload and oxidative stress are associated with sorafenib induced ferroptosis. However, the crosstalk among iron homeostasis and sorafenib resistance is unclear. METHODS: We conducted bioinformatics analysis of sorafenib treated HCC datasets to analyze GCN5L1 and iron related gene expression with sorafenib resistance. GCN5L1 deleted HCC cell lines were generated by CRISPR technology. Sorafenib resistant HCC cell line was established to validate dataset analysis and evaluate the effect of potential target. RESULTS: We identified GCN5L1, a regulator of mitochondrial acetylation, as a modulator in sorafenib-induced ferroptosis via affecting mitochondrial iron homeostasis. GCN5L1 deficiency significantly increased sorafenib sensitivity in HCC cells by down-regulating mitochondrial iron transporters CISD1 expression to induce iron accumulation. Mitochondrial iron accumulation leads to an acceleration in cellular and lipid ROS. Sorafenib resistance is related to CISD1 overexpression to release mitochondrial iron and maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis. We combined CISD1 inhibitor NL-1 with sorafenib, which significantly enhanced sorafenib-induced ferroptosis by promoting mitochondrial iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. The combination of NL-1 with sorafenib enhanced sorafenib efficacy in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings demonstrate that GCN5L1/CISD1 axis is crucial for sorafenib resistance and would be a potential therapeutic strategy for sorafenib resistant HCC.

Simultaneous perfusion, diffusion, T2 *, and T1 mapping with MR fingerprinting.

PURPOSE: Quantitative mapping of brain perfusion, diffusion, T2 *, and T1 has important applications in cerebrovascular diseases. At present, these sequences are performed separately. This study aims to develop a novel MRI technique to simultaneously estimate these parameters. METHODS: This sequence to measure perfusion, diffusion, T2 *, and T1 mapping with magnetic resonance fingerprinting (MRF) was based on a previously reported MRF-arterial spin labeling (ASL) sequence, but the acquisition module was modified to include different TEs and presence/absence of bipolar diffusion-weighting gradients. We compared parameters derived from the proposed method to those derived from reference methods (i.e., separate sequences of MRF-ASL, conventional spin-echo DWI, and T2 * mapping). Test-retest repeatability and initial clinical application in two patients with stroke were evaluated. RESULTS: The scan time of our proposed method was 24% shorter than the sum of the reference methods. Parametric maps obtained from the proposed method revealed excellent image quality. Their quantitative values were strongly correlated with those from reference methods and were generally in agreement with values reported in the literature. Repeatability assessment revealed that ADC, T2 *, T1 , and B1 + estimation was highly reliable, with voxelwise coefficient of variation (CoV) <5%. The CoV for arterial transit time and cerebral blood flow was 16% ± 3% and 25% ± 9%, respectively. The results from the two patients with stroke demonstrated that parametric maps derived from the proposed method can detect both ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke. CONCLUSION: The proposed method is a promising technique for multi-parametric mapping and has potential use in patients with stroke.

PPARG-mediated autophagy activation alleviates inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

INTRODUCTION: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic inflammatory autoimmune disease characterized by joint inflammation and bone damage, that not only restricts patient activity but also tends to be accompanied by a series of complications, seriously affecting patient prognosis. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), a receptor that controls cellular metabolism, regulates the function of immune cells and stromal cells. Previous studies have shown that PPARG is closely related to the regulation of inflammation. However, the role of PPARG in regulating the pathological processes of RA is poorly understood. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PPARG expression was examined in the synovial tissues and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from RA patients and the paw of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model rats. Molecular biology experiments were designed to examine the effect of PPARG and cannabidiol (CBD) on RAW264.7 cells and CIA rats. RESULTS: The results reveal that PPARG accelerates reactive oxygen species (ROS) clearance by promoting autophagy, thereby inhibiting ROS-mediated macrophage polarization and NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Notably, CBD may be a promising candidate for understanding the mechanism by which PPARG regulates autophagy-mediated inflammation. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these findings indicate that PPARG may have a role for distinguishing between RA patients and healthy control, and for distinguishing RA activity; moreover, PPARG could be a novel pharmacological target for alleviating RA through the mediation of autophagy. CBD can act as a PPARG agonist that alleviates the inflammatory progression of RA.

Evaluation and comparison of efficacy and safety of tirzepatide and semaglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: As new antidiabetic drugs, tirzepatide (Tir) and semaglutide (Sem) are progressively applied in clinical practice. However, their efficacy and safety profiles have not been comprehensively assessed. Therefore, a Bayesian network meta-analysis was used to evaluate and compare the efficacy and safety of Tir and Sem in treating type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS: PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and ClinicalTrials.gov were systematically searched from inception to April 3rd, 2023. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) comparing the efficacy and safety of Tir and Sem with placebo or the other antidiabetic drugs in treating T2DM were included. The efficacy outcomes included changes in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight (BW), body mass index (BMI), and the proportion of participants with HbA1c< 7 %. The safety outcome was the proportion of participants experiencing gastrointestinal adverse events (GIAEs). RESULTS: A total of 38 studies involving 34,166 participants were included. Compared to 1 mg of subcutaneous Sem (Sem SC), 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg of Tir demonstrated superior efficacy in reducing HbA1c (mean difference (MD), [95 % CI], -0.22 [-0.40, -0.03] %, -0.42 [-0.60, -0.24] % and -0.53 [-0.71, -0.35] %, respectively) and BW (MD [95 % CI], -1.48 [-2.53, -0.43] kg, -4.00 [-5.05, -2.95] kg and -5.71 [-6.73, -4.68] kg, respectively). Conversely, 7 mg and 14 mg of oral Sem (Sem PO) displayed inferior efficacy in reducing HbA1c (MD [95 % CI], 0.47 [0.26, 0.68] % and 0.35 [0.16, 0.54] %, respectively) and BW (MD [95 % CI], 2.36 [1.24, 3.48] kg and 1.11 [0.10, 2.13] kg). However, 20 mg and 40 mg of Sem PO were non-inferior in reducing HbA1c (MD [95 % CI], 0.13 [-0.29, 0.55] % and 0.01 [-0.38, 0.40] %, respectively) and BW (MD [95 % CI], -0.41 [-2.71, 1.90] kg and -1.32 [-3.58, 0.92] kg). In terms of safety, compared to 1 mg of Sem SC, 5 mg, 10 mg and 15 mg of Tir did not significantly increase the incidence of GIAEs (odd ratio (OR) [95 % CI], 0.70 [0.42, 1.10], 0.87 [0.52, 1.36] and 0.99 [0.60, 1.54], respectively), while 7 mg of Sem PO showed a lower incidence of GIAEs (OR [95 % CI], 0.48 [0.25, 0.83]). Compared to insulin, 0.5 mg of Sem SC, 1 mg of Sem SC, 5 mg of Tir, 10 mg of Tir and 15 mg of Tir displayed better efficacy in lowering HbA1c (MD [95 % CI], -0.40 [-0.63, -0.18] %, -0.69 [-0.90, -0.48] %, -0.91 [-1.10, -0.72] %, -1.11 [-1.30, -0.92] % and -1.22 [-1.41, -1.03] %, respectively) and BW (MD [95 % CI], -5.34[-6.60, -4.09] kg, -6.70 [-7.90,-5.51] kg, -8.18 [-9.27, -7.10] kg, -10.70 [-11.79, -9.61] kg and -12.41 [-13.49,-11.33] kg, respectively). According to the surface under the cumulative ranking curve (SUCRA) value, among all the included interventions, 15 mg of Tir exhibited the most potent effect in reducing HbA1c (99.81 %) and BW (99.98 %), followed by 10 mg of Tir (96.83 % and 95.72 %), 5 mg of Tir (92.88 % and 86.04 %), 1 mg of Sem SC (85.85 % and 74.97 %), 40 mg of Sem PO (83.66 % and 84.31 %), 20 mg of Sem PO (76.98 % and 77.12 %), 300 mg of Can (49.93 % and 60.89 %), insulin (36.38 % and 0.22 %) and 100 mg of Sit (12.28 % and 18.51 %) respectively. Meanwhile, 5 mg, 10 mg, and 15 mg of Tir (48.32 %, 30.96 %, and 21.07 %, respectively), 0.5 mg and 1 mg of Sem SC (33.54 % and 24.77 %, respectively) significantly increased the incidence of GIAEs. CONCLUSION: Both Tir and Sem demonstrated favorable antidiabetic effects and were particularly suitable for T2DM patients who were obese or overweight. Despite a high incidence of GIAEs, their safety profile was deemed acceptable. Tir was the best option among all the included interventions.

Tuning the peroxidase activity of artificial P450 peroxygenase by engineering redox-sensitive residues.

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are well recognized as versatile bio-oxidation catalysts. However, the catalytic functions of P450s are highly dependent on NAD(P)H and redox partner proteins. Our group has recently reported the use of a dual-functional small molecule (DFSM) for generating peroxygenase activity of P450BM3, a long-chain fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium. The DFSM-facilitated P450BM3 peroxygenase system exhibited excellent peroxygenation activity and regio-/enantioselectivity for various organic substrates, such as styrenes, thioanisole, small alkanes, and alkylbenzenes. Very recently, we demonstrated that the DFSM-facilitated P450BM3 peroxygenase could be switched to a peroxidase by engineering the redox-sensitive tyrosine residues in P450BM3. Given the great potential of P450 peroxidase for C-H oxyfunctionalization, we herein report scrutiny of the effect of mutating redox-sensitive residues on peroxidase activity by deeply screening all redox-sensitive residues of P450BM3, namely methionines, tryptophans, cysteines, and phenylalanines. As a result, six beneficial mutations at positions M212, F81, M112, F173, M177, and F77 were screened out from 78 constructed mutants, and significantly enhanced the peroxidase activity of P450BM3 in the presence of Im-C6-Phe, a typical DFSM molecule. Further combination of the beneficial mutations resulted in a more than 100-fold improvement in peroxidase activity compared with that of the combined parent enzyme and DFSM, comparable to or better than most natural peroxidases. In addition, mutations of redox-sensitive residues even dramatically increased, by more than 300-fold, the peroxidase activity of the starting F87A enzyme in the absence of the DFSM, despite the far lower apparent catalytic turnover number compared with the DFSM-P450 system. This study provides new insights and a potential strategy for regulating the catalytic promiscuity of P450 enzymes for multiple functional oxidations.

A combined AIMD and DFT study of the low-energy radiation responses of GaN.

Although GaN is a promising candidate for semiconductor devices, degradation of GaN-based device performance may occur when the device is bombarded by high-energy charged particles during its application in aerospace, astronomy, and nuclear-related areas. It is thus of great significance to explore the influence of irradiation on the microstructure and electronic properties of GaN and to reveal the internal relationship between the damage mechanisms and physical characteristics. Using a combined density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) study, we explored the low-energy recoil events in GaN and the effects of point defects on GaN. The threshold displacement energies (Eds) significantly depend on the recoil directions and the primary knock-on atoms. Moreover, the Ed values for nitrogen atoms are smaller than those for gallium atoms, indicating that the displacement of nitrogen dominates under electron irradiation and the created defects are mainly nitrogen vacancies and interstitials. The formation energy of nitrogen vacancies and interstitials is smaller than that for gallium vacancies and interstitials, which is consistent with the AIMD results. Although the created defects improve the elastic compliance of GaN, these radiation damage states deteriorate its ability to resist external compression. Meanwhile, these point defects lead the Debye temperature to decrease and thus increase the thermal expansion coefficients of GaN. As for the electronic properties of defective GaN, the point defects have various effects, i.e., VN (N vacancy), Gaint (Ga interstitial), Nint (N interstitial), and GaN (Ga occupying the N lattice site) defects induce the metallicity, and NGa (N occupying the Ga lattice site) defects decrease the band gap. The presented results provide underlying mechanisms for defect generation in GaN, and advance the fundamental understanding of the radiation resistances of semiconductor materials.

Thromboprophylaxis for outpatients with COVID-19: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

Patients with COVID-19 develop an increased risk of thromboembolism. Thromboprophylaxis is recommended for hospitalized COVID-19 patients, but the role of thromboprophylaxis in outpatients with COVID-19 is less well defined. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the safety and efficacy of thromboprophylaxis among outpatients with COVID-19. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Web of Science, and Scopus from inception to August 2023. The outcomes of interest were venous thromboembolic events including deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, hospitalization, major bleeding events, and non-major bleeding events. We included 6 trials comprising 3352 patients. Patients who received thromboprophylaxis had an approximately 70% reduction in venous thromboembolism (RR, 0.28 [95% CI, 0.08 to 0.93]) compared to patients who did not receive thromboprophylaxis. The risk of mortality (RR, 0.79 [95% CI, 0.35 to 1.77]), cardiovascular events (RR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.30 to 2.73]), and hospitalization (RR, 1.09 [95% CI, 0.81 to 1.47]) were similar between the two groups. Patients who received thromboprophylaxis had a higher risk of non-major bleeding (RR, 3.48 [95% CI, 1.72 to 7.05) compared to patients who did not receive thromboprophylaxis. Thromboprophylaxis reduced the risk of venous thromboembolism but not mortality, cardiovascular events, or hospitalization among outpatients with COVID-19.

The Structure Characteristics and Function of Non B Cell-Derived Immunoglobulin.

According to classical immunology theory, immunoglobulin (Ig) is exclusively produced by differentiated B lymphocytes, which exhibit a typical tetrapeptide chain structure and are predominantly present on the surface of B cells and in bodily fluids. B-Ig is one of the critical effector molecules for humoral immune responses specifically recognising antigens and eliminating them. However, mounting evidence has demonstrated that Ig is widely expressed in non B lineage cells, especially malignant ones (referred to as non B-Ig). Interestingly, non B-Ig mainly resides in the cytoplasm and secretion, but to some extent on the cell surface. Furthermore non B-Ig not only displays a tetrapeptide chain structure but also shows free heavy chains and free light chains (FLCs). Additionally, Ig derived from non B cancer cell typically displays unique glycosylation modifications. Functionally, non B-Ig demonstrated diversity and versatility, showing antibody activity and cellular biological activity, such as promoting cell proliferation and survival, and it is implicated in cancer progression and some immune-related diseases, such as renal diseases.

Inhibition Effects and Mechanisms of Marine Compound Mycophenolic Acid Methyl Ester against Influenza A Virus.

Influenza A virus (IAV) can cause infection and illness in a wide range of animals, including humans, poultry, and swine, and cause annual epidemics, resulting in thousands of deaths and millions of hospitalizations all over the world. Thus, there is an urgent need to develop novel anti-IAV drugs with high efficiency and low toxicity. In this study, the anti-IAV activity of a marine-derived compound mycophenolic acid methyl ester (MAE) was intensively investigated both in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that MAE inhibited the replication of different influenza A virus strains in vitro with low cytotoxicity. MAE can mainly block some steps of IAV infection post adsorption. MAE may also inhibit viral replication through activating the cellular Akt-mTOR-S6K pathway. Importantly, oral treatment of MAE can significantly ameliorate pneumonia symptoms and reduce pulmonary viral titers, as well as improving the survival rate of mice, and this was superior to the effect of oseltamivir. In summary, the marine compound MAE possesses anti-IAV effects both in vitro and in vivo, which merits further studies for its development into a novel anti-IAV drug in the future.

Fluorescent α-Conotoxin [Q1G, ΔR14]LvIB Identifies the Distribution of α7 Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor in the Rat Brain.

α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are mainly distributed in the central nervous system (CNS), including the hippocampus, striatum, and cortex of the brain. The α7 nAChR has high Ca2+ permeability and can be quickly activated and desensitized, and is closely related to Alzheimer's disease (AD), epilepsy, schizophrenia, lung cancer, Parkinson's disease (PD), inflammation, and other diseases. α-conotoxins from marine cone snail venom are typically short, disulfide-rich neuropeptides targeting nAChRs and can distinguish various subtypes, providing vital pharmacological tools for the functional research of nAChRs. [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB is a rat α7 nAChRs selective antagonist, modified from α-conotoxin LvΙB. In this study, we utilized three types of fluorescein after N-Hydroxy succinimide (NHS) activation treatment: 6-TAMRA-SE, Cy3 NHS, and BODIPY-FL NHS, labeling the N-Terminal of [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB under weak alkaline conditions, obtaining three fluorescent analogs: LvIB-R, LvIB-C, and LvIB-B, respectively. The potency of [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB fluorescent analogs was evaluated at rat α7 nAChRs expressed in Xenopus laevis oocytes. Using a two-electrode voltage clamp (TEVC), the half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of LvIB-R, LvIB-C, and LvIB-B were 643.3 nM, 298.0 nM, and 186.9 nM, respectively. The stability of cerebrospinal fluid analysis showed that after incubation for 12 h, the retention rates of the three fluorescent analogs were 52.2%, 22.1%, and 0%, respectively. [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB fluorescent analogs were applied to explore the distribution of α7 nAChRs in the hippocampus and striatum of rat brain tissue and it was found that Cy3- and BODIPY FL-labeled [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB exhibited better imaging characteristics than 6-TAMARA-. It was also found that α7 nAChRs are widely distributed in the cerebral cortex and cerebellar lobules. Taking into account potency, imaging, and stability, [Q1G, ΔR14]LvΙB -BODIPY FL is an ideal pharmacological tool to investigate the tissue distribution and function of α7 nAChRs. Our findings not only provide a foundation for the development of conotoxins as visual pharmacological probes, but also demonstrate the distribution of α7 nAChRs in the rat brain.