RESUMO
Injuries of the hand and wrist are frequently encountered in radiology. Avulsions of the hand and wrist are a heterogeneous group of injuries, but they often have a characteristic imaging appearance that relates to the intricate bone and soft-tissue anatomy and the mechanism of injury. The imaging appearance and this intricate form and function dictate treatment of hand and wrist avulsions. This article reviews frequently and infrequently encountered avulsion injuries and describes abnormalities that may mimic the imaging appearance of avulsions. Specifically discussed entities include the Bennett and reverse Bennett fracture, ulnar collateral ligament avulsion, radial and ulnar styloid process avulsion, triquetral avulsion, mallet and jersey finger, central slip avulsion, and acute and chronic volar plate avulsion injuries. Uncommon avulsion injuries are also described and include avulsions of the scapholunate ligament, extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis tendons, trapeziometacarpal ligament, radial collateral ligament, and flexor digitorum profundus tendon. Emphasis is placed on the relevant anatomy and typical imaging findings for each diagnosis, with pertinent clinical history, pathophysiologic evaluation, and treatment discussed briefly. Understanding the anatomy and expected imaging findings can aid the radiologist in recognizing and characterizing these injuries.©RSNA, 2020.
Assuntos
Traumatismos da Mão/diagnóstico por imagem , Traumatismos do Punho/diagnóstico por imagem , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Mãos/anatomia & histologia , Traumatismos da Mão/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos da Mão/terapia , Humanos , Punho/anatomia & histologia , Traumatismos do Punho/fisiopatologia , Traumatismos do Punho/terapiaAssuntos
Injúria Renal Aguda , Fluordesoxiglucose F18 , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Humanos , Injúria Renal Aguda/diagnóstico por imagem , Injúria Renal Aguda/induzido quimicamente , Injúria Renal Aguda/patologia , Inibidores de Checkpoint Imunológico/efeitos adversos , Masculino , Feminino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , IdosoRESUMO
The knowledge of tumor biology and the biomechanical properties of the urothelium have led to significant advances in the development of intravesical therapy for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). Targeted therapy improves the efficacy and decreases the side effects of antineoplastic agents. Nanoparticles that target antitumor agents to the urothelial cells have allowed for improved delivery of these agents to tumor cells. Gene therapy is another strategy that has allowed for a targeted induction of an antitumor response. Finally, engineering of the bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine aimed to minimize the potential side effects associated with this treatment. These novel approaches hold promise for decreasing the rate of progression and recurrence of NMIBC.