Changes in genome architecture and transcriptional dynamics progress independently of sensory experience during post-natal brain development.

Both transcription and three-dimensional (3D) architecture of the mammalian genome play critical roles in neurodevelopment and its disorders. However, 3D genome structures of single brain cells have not been solved; little is known about the dynamics of single-cell transcriptome and 3D genome after birth. Here, we generated a transcriptome (3,517 cells) and 3D genome (3,646 cells) atlas of the developing mouse cortex and hippocampus by using our high-resolution multiple annealing and looping-based amplification cycles for digital transcriptomics (MALBAC-DT) and diploid chromatin conformation capture (Dip-C) methods and developing multi-omic analysis pipelines. In adults, 3D genome "structure types" delineate all major cell types, with high correlation between chromatin A/B compartments and gene expression. During development, both transcriptome and 3D genome are extensively transformed in the first post-natal month. In neurons, 3D genome is rewired across scales, correlated with gene expression modules, and independent of sensory experience. Finally, we examine allele-specific structure of imprinted genes, revealing local and chromosome (chr)-wide differences. These findings uncover an unknown dimension of neurodevelopment.

Simultaneous single-cell three-dimensional genome and gene expression profiling uncovers dynamic enhancer connectivity underlying olfactory receptor choice.

The simultaneous measurement of three-dimensional (3D) genome structure and gene expression of individual cells is critical for understanding a genome's structure-function relationship, yet this is challenging for existing methods. Here we present 'Linking mRNA to Chromatin Architecture (LiMCA)', which jointly profiles the 3D genome and transcriptome with exceptional sensitivity and from low-input materials. Combining LiMCA and our high-resolution scATAC-seq assay, METATAC, we successfully characterized chromatin accessibility, as well as paired 3D genome structures and gene expression information, of individual developing olfactory sensory neurons. We expanded the repertoire of known olfactory receptor (OR) enhancers and discovered unexpected rules of their dynamics: OR genes and their enhancers are most accessible during early differentiation. Furthermore, we revealed the dynamic spatial relationship between ORs and enhancers behind stepwise OR expression. These findings offer valuable insights into how 3D connectivity of ORs and enhancers dynamically orchestrate the 'one neuron-one receptor' selection process.

Highly sensitive single-cell chromatin accessibility assay and transcriptome coassay with METATAC.

Recent advances in single-cell assay for transposase accessible chromatin using sequencing (scATAC-seq) and its coassays have transformed the field of single-cell epigenomics and transcriptomics. However, the low detection efficiency of current methods has limited our understanding of the true complexity of chromatin accessibility and its relationship with gene expression in single cells. Here, we report a high-sensitivity scATAC-seq method, termed multiplexed end-tagging amplification of transposase accessible chromatin (METATAC), which detects a large number of accessible sites per cell and is compatible with automation. Our high detectability and statistical framework allowed precise linking of enhancers to promoters without merging single cells. We systematically investigated allele-specific accessibility in the mouse cerebral cortex, revealing allele-specific accessibility of promotors of certain imprinted genes but biallelic accessibility of their enhancers. Finally, we combined METATAC with our high-sensitivity single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) method, multiple annealing and looping based amplification cycles for digital transcriptomics (MALBAC-DT), to develop a joint ATAC-RNA assay, termed METATAC and MALBAC-DT coassay by sequencing (M2C-seq). M2C-seq achieved significant improvements for both ATAC and RNA compared with previous methods, with consistent performance across cell lines and early mouse embryos.

scCircle-seq unveils the diversity and complexity of extrachromosomal circular DNAs in single cells.

Extrachromosomal circular DNAs (eccDNAs) have emerged as important intra-cellular mobile genetic elements that affect gene copy number and exert in trans regulatory roles within the cell nucleus. Here, we describe scCircle-seq, a method for profiling eccDNAs and unraveling their diversity and complexity in single cells. We implement and validate scCircle-seq in normal and cancer cell lines, demonstrating that most eccDNAs vary largely between cells and are stochastically inherited during cell division, although their genomic landscape is cell type-specific and can be used to accurately cluster cells of the same origin. eccDNAs are preferentially produced from chromatin regions enriched in H3K9me3 and H3K27me3 histone marks and are induced during replication stress conditions. Concomitant sequencing of eccDNAs and RNA from the same cell uncovers the absence of correlation between eccDNA copy number and gene expression levels, except for a few oncogenes, including MYC, contained within a large eccDNA in colorectal cancer cells. Lastly, we apply scCircle-seq to one prostate cancer and two breast cancer specimens, revealing cancer-specific eccDNA landscapes and a higher propensity of eccDNAs to form in amplified genomic regions. scCircle-seq is a scalable tool that can be used to dissect the complexity of eccDNAs across different cell and tissue types, and further expands the potential of eccDNAs for cancer diagnostics.

Conjugation of cell-penetrating peptides leads to identification of anti-HIV peptides from matrix proteins.

Compounds which inhibit the HIV-1 replication cycle have been found amongst fragment peptides derived from an HIV-1 matrix (MA) protein. Overlapping peptide libraries covering the whole sequence of MA were designed and constructed with the addition of an octa-arginyl group to increase their cell membrane permeability. Imaging experiments with fluorescent-labeled peptides demonstrated these peptides with an octa-arginyl group can penetrate cell membranes. The fusion of an octa-arginyl group was proven to be an efficient way to find active peptides in cells such as HIV-inhibitory peptides.

Structural modulation study of inhibitory compounds for ribonuclease H activity of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 reverse transcriptase.

Reverse transcriptase of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) has two enzymatic functions. One of the functions is ribonuclease (RNase) H activity concerning the digestion of only RNA of RNA/DNA hybrid. The RNase H activity is an attractive target for a new class of anti-HIV drugs because no approved inhibitor is available now. In our previous studies, an agent bearing 5-nitro-furan-2-carboxylic acid ester core was found from chemical screening and dozens of the derivatives were synthesized to improve compound potency. In this work, some parts of the chemical structure were modulated to deepen our understanding of the structure-activity relationship of the analogous compounds. Several derivatives having nitro-furan-phenyl-ester skeleton were shown to be potent RNase H inhibitors. Attaching methoxy-carbonyl and methoxy groups to the phenyl ring increased the inhibitory potency. No significant cytotoxicity was observed for these active derivatives. In contrast, the derivatives having nitro-furan-benzyl-ester skeleton showed modest inhibitory activities regardless of attaching diverse kinds of functional groups to the benzyl ring. Both the modulation of the 5-nitro-furan-2-carboxylic moiety and the conversion of the ester linkage resulted in a drastic decrease in inhibitory potency. These findings are informative for designing potent inhibitors of RNase H enzymatic activity of HIV-1.

Wingless modulates activator protein-1-mediated tumor invasion.

Metastasis begins with a subset of local tumor cells acquiring the potential to invade into surrounding tissues, and remains to be a major obstacle for cancer treatments. More than 90% of cancer patients died from tumor metastasis, instead of primary tumor growth. The canonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway plays essential roles in promoting tumor formation, yet its function in regulating tumor metastasis and the underlying mechanisms remain controversial. Here we employed well-established Drosophila tumor models to investigate the regulating mechanism of Wingless (Wg) pathway in tumor invasion. Our results showed that Wg signaling is necessary and sufficient for cell polarity disruption-induced cell migration and molecular changes reminiscent of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). Moreover, reducing Wg signaling suppressed lgl-/-/RasV12-induced tumor invasion, and cooperation between Arm and RasV12 is sufficient to induce tumor invasion. Mechanistically, we found that cell polarity disruption activates JNK signaling, which in turn upregulate wg expression through transcription factor activator protein-1 (AP-1). We identified a consensus AP-1 binding site located in the 2nd intron of wg, and confirmed that it is essential for AP-1 induced wg transcription both in vitro and in vivo. Lastly, we confirmed that the transcriptional activation of WNT by AP-1 is conserved in human cancer cells. These evidences reveal a positive role of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway in tumor invasion, and provide a conserved mechanism that connects JNK and Wnt signaling in regulating tumor progression.