Pollution patterns and underlying relationships of benzophenone-type UV-filters in wastewater treatment plants and their receiving surface water.

The environmental behaviors of emerging pollutants, benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters) and their derivatives were investigated in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), and their receiving surface waters in Shanghai. The concentration level of selected BP-UV filters in the WWTPs was detected from ngL-1 to µgL-1. BP (621-951ngL-1) and BP-3 (841-1.32 × 103ngL-1) were the most abundant and highest detection frequency individuals among the target BP-UV filters in influents, whereas BP (198-400ngL-1), BP-4 (93.3-288ngL-1) and BP-3 (146-258ngL-1) were predominant in effluents. BP-UV filters cannot be completely removed and the total removal efficiency varied widely (-456% to 100%) during the treatment process. It can be inferred that the usage of BP and BP-3 are higher than other BP-UV filters in the study area. The lowest and highest levels were BP-2 (ND-7.66ngL-1) and BP-3 (68.5-5.01 × 103ng L-1) in the receiving surface water, respectively. Interestingly, the seasonal variation of BP-3 is larger than those of other BP-UV filters in surface water from Shanghai. There is no obvious pollution pattern of BP-UV filters in the surface water from the cosmetic factory area. The correlation analysis of BP-UV filters between WWTPs effluents and nearby downstream water samples suggested that BP-UV filters emitted from some WWTPs might be the main source of receiving surface water. Preliminary risk assessment indicated that the levels of BP-UV filters detected by the effluent posed medium to high risk to fish as well as other aquatic organisms.

Benzophenone-type UV filters in surface waters: An assessment of profiles and ecological risks in Shanghai, China.

Benzophenone-type UV filters (BP-UV filters) are frequently introduced into aquatic environment from several sources. The occurrence and fate of select BP-UV filters and their metabolites were investigated in this study. All target compounds were detected in water samples, except for 2, 3, 4-trihydroxybenzophenone (2, 3, 4-OH-BP). The concentration reached up 131ngL-1 for 5-benzoyl-4-hydroxy-2-ethoxybenzenesulfonic acid (BP-4), 30.0ngL-1 for 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone (BP-3), and mean value of 158ngL-1 for benzophenone (BP). Concentrations of BP-UV filters were not related to recreational waters but with high population frequencies. In addition, five BP-UV filters, namely 2,2',4,4'-tetrahydroxybenzophenone (BP-2), 2,3,4-OH-BP, 2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone (BP-1), 4-hydroxybenzophenone (4-OH-BP) and BP were investigated for probable sources, and found that they originate from BP-3 metabolism. There is a similar source for BP-3, BP-4, BP-1, 4-OH-BP and BP. Environmental risk assessment (ERA) showed that risk quotients (RQs) of BP-4, BP-3 and BP were 2.7, 0.8 and 0.5, respectively.

Occurrence and profiles of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in riverine sediments of Shanghai: a combinative study with human serum from the locals.

Herein, we studied the occurrence and profiles of thirteen PBDE congeners in 30 river sediment samples from Shanghai, China. The concentrations of Σ13PBDEs ranged from 110 to 13,071 pg g -1 dw, with an average value of 2,841 pg g -1 dw. BDE-209 was the predominant congener accounting for more than 65 % of total PBDEs, demonstrating that the major source of PBDEs in sediment samples was associated with the prevalent use of technical deca-BDE products. Moreover, low brominated BDEs in sediments also came from the degradation of higher brominated BDEs. In addition, taking into consideration of dietary exposure, PBDEs in serum samples collected from the locals were also detected with range of 419-26,744 pg g-1 (average 5,561 pg g -1), which suggested a relatively low burden of PBDEs contamination to human body compared with the condition in other place. And in serum, low brominated compounds constituted the majority of total PBDE congeners.

Occurrence, fate and interrelation of selected antibiotics in sewage treatment plants and their receiving surface water.

The occurrence and fate of 12 commonly used antibiotics, two fluoroquinolones (FQs), three sulfonamides (SAs), three macrolides (MLs), two ß-lactams and two tetracyclines (TCs), were studied in four sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their receiving water, the Huangpu River, Shanghai. The levels of selected antibiotics in the STPs ranged from ngL(-1) to µgL(-1), while ofloxacin (OFL) was predominant (reach up to 2936.94ngL(-1)). The highest and lowest proportions were of FQs (STP 1, STP 2 and STP 3) and TCs (in four STPs) respectively in both influents and effluents. And the second-highest proportion was of FQs in STP 4 (only 2% lower than the highest). What could be inferred was that the usage of TCs were extremely low while the usage of FQs were larger than other antibiotics in our study area. The elimination of antibiotics through these STPs was incomplete and a wide range of removal efficiencies (-442.8% to 100%) during the treatment was observed. Based on the mass loadings as well as the per-capita mass loadings of target antibiotics in four STPs, OFL was considered the primary contaminant herein. In the Huangpu River, 3 antibiotics were not detected in any water samples, while the detection frequencies of 4 antibiotics were 100%. The highest concentration detected in the river was 53.91ngL(-1) of sulfapyridine (SD). The Spearman correlation analysis of antibiotics in STPs and the nearby water samples suggests that the antibiotics discharged from some STPs might influence the receiving water to some extent. Moreover, most of the hazard quotient (HQ) values in STP effluents were one order magnitude higher than those in their receiving water. However, there is no imminent significant ecotoxicological risk caused by any single compound in the effluents and receiving waters.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in human hair from the college environment: comparison with indoor dust.

Eight Polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) congeners (BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, 183 and 209) were determined to examine the hair burden at low concentrations, and the relationship between PBDE concentrations in human hair and indoor dust from a college environment (Shanghai University campus). Chemical analyses showed that the total concentrations of PBDEs in hair ranged from 4.04 to 99 ng/g dw, and were found to be fourfold higher in females than in males (p < 0.05). The total PBDEs concentrations in indoor dust samples ranged from 170 to 1,360 ng/g dw. Significantly positive correlations were observed between human hair and indoor dust for BDE 47 (r = 0.44, p = 0.048) and BDE 99 (r = 0.68, p = 0.025). However, no significant association was noted between other PBDE congeners in human hair and indoor dust in the present study.

DNA damage induced by three major metabolites of 1,3-butadiene in human hepatocyte L02 cells.

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is a carcinogenic air pollutant. Its bioactivation produces four major metabolites, i.e., 3,4-epoxy-1-butene (EB), 3,4-epoxy-1,2-butanediol (EBD), 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB), and 3-butene-1,2-diol (BDD). Studies have been mostly focused on DEB due to its strong mutagenicity/carcinogenicity. In contrast, studies of genotoxicity of EB, EBD, and BDD have been limited. In particular, genotoxicity of EBD and BDD using strand breaks as the endpoint has not been investigated. To obtain a more complete understanding of BD toxicity, in the present study, we used comet assay to investigate DNA damage induced by EB, EBD, and BDD in human hepatocyte L02 cells, with the aim to determine their relative potencies, the types of DNA damage, and the possible pathway to form strand breaks. Using alkaline comet assay (pH>13), it was observed that EB and EBD caused similar concentration-dependent increases in DNA migration from 50 to 1000µM. However, BDD induced a statistically significant increase only at 1000µM, and the increase itself was very small. EBD was as potent as EB at lower concentrations (≤200µM), and was slightly less potent than EB at higher concentrations. The results indicated that these metabolites could generate strand breaks in cells with the rank order of the potencies being EB>≈EBD≫BDD. All three compounds failed to cause statistically significant increases in DNA migration in pre-lysed cells, suggesting that they did not produce strand breaks through chemical pathways under our experimental conditions. By using comet assays at pH 11.9 and pH 9, it was demonstrated that EB and EBD generated both single-strand breaks (SSB) and alkali-labile sites, but BDD produced only SSB. To our knowledge, this is the first report to investigate EBD- and BDD-induced strand breaks in cells. The results implied that EBD could play an important role in toxicity of BD.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorine pesticides in fish from Taihu Lake: their levels, sources, and biomagnification.

The investigation of biomagnification of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and endosulfan, an organochlorine pesticide (OCP) and a new persistent organic pollutant, has been limited in freshwater food chains. The objective of the present study was to investigate the levels with focus on the sources and biomagnification of PAHs and OCPs in fish from Taihu Lake, China. In 193 samples of 24 species investigated, the concentrations ranged from 289 to 9 500 ng/g lipid weight (lw) for PAHs, and from 121 to 904 ng/g lw for OCPs, indicating that the fish in the lake was moderately contaminated. The PAHs mainly originated from both unburned petroleum and combustion of fossil fuels, and the OCPs from aged residues. It was unlikely that most of the PAHs and OCPs were biodiluted through the food chain because their trophic magnification factors were higher than one nevertheless the P-values >0.05. Aldrin, dieldrin, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDD, and endosulfan sulfate were significantly biomagnified through the food chain.

Diepoxybutane induces the formation of DNA-DNA rather than DNA-protein cross-links, and single-strand breaks and alkali-labile sites in human hepatocyte L02 cells.

1,3-Butadiene (BD) is an air pollutant and a known carcinogen. 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane (DEB), one of the major in vivo metabolites of BD, is considered the ultimate culprit of BD mutagenicity/carcinogenicity. DEB is a bifunctional alkylating agent, being capable of inducing the formation of monoalkylated DNA adducts and DNA cross-links, including DNA-DNA and DNA-protein cross-links (DPC). In the present study, we investigated DEB-caused DNA cross-links and breaks in human hepatocyte L02 cells using comet assay. With alkaline comet assay, it was observed that DNA migration increased with the increase of DEB concentration at lower concentrations (10-200µM); however, at higher concentrations (200-1000µM), DNA migration decreased with the increase of DEB concentration. This result indicated the presence of cross-links at >200µM, which was confirmed by the co-treatment experiments using the second genotoxic agents, tert-butyl hydroperoxide and methyl methanesulfonate. At 200µM, which appeared as a threshold, the DNA migration-retarding effect of cross-links was just observable by the co-treatment experiments. At <200µM, the effect of cross-links was too weak to be detected. The DEB-induced cross-links were determined to be DNA-DNA ones rather than DPC through incubating the liberated DNA with proteinase K prior to unwinding and electrophoresis. However, at the highest DEB concentration tested (1000µM), a small proportion of DPC could be formed. In addition, the experiments using neutral and weakly alkaline comet assays showed that DEB did not cause double-strand breaks, but did induce single-strand breaks (SSB) and alkali-labile sites (ALS). Since SSB and ALS are repaired more rapidly than cross-links, the results suggested that DNA-DNA cross-links, rather than DPC, were probably responsible for mutagenicity/carcinogenicity of DEB.

Pollution characteristics and underlying ecological risks of primary semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in urban watersheds of Shanghai, China.

We investigated the pollution characteristics of ninety semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the rivers and lakes of Shanghai. Total concentrations of Σ90SVOCs in water and sediment samples from 30 sites ranged from 1.47 to 19.5 µg/L and 2.38 to 9.48 mg/kg, respectively. PAEs and PAHs were the major contaminant compounds found in all samples. OCPs accounted for less than 3% of the total concentrations of Σ90SVOCs and other SVOCs were either not detected or only detected in trace amounts. Our results indicated that domestic swage, industrial wastewater, petroleum products, and other human activities were the pollutant sources to the water and sediment. It is noteworthy that products that contain the banned chemicals HCH and DDT are still under use within the studied areas. Ecological and health risk assessment results showed that dieldrin and BBP have the potential to cause adverse effects on the environment, while B(a)p and DBP have high carcinogenic risks to humans.

Controllable reduction of graphene oxide by electron-beam irradiation.

The oxygen content of graphene oxide (GO) is directly related to its physical and chemical properties, such as hydrophilicity, suspension stability, adsorption, and ion-sieving ability of GO membranes. Here, a series of reduced GO (rGO) with C/O atomic ratios from 1.6 to 4.8 were prepared conveniently by electron-beam irradiation (EBI) with irradiation-dose control. Moreover, a single oxygen-containing group, i.e., epoxy or carbonyl, could be retained mainly in the rGO. The interlayer spacing of rGO could be changed from 9.6 Å to 7.4 Å through control of the oxygen content. The prepared rGO exhibited an excellent adsorption effect on Pb(ii) ions, and the max adsorption capacity reached 194.76 mg g-1 for rGO with a low irradiation dose (5 kGy), which showed that the ratio of oxygen-containing groups is important for improving the adsorption of rGO in aqueous solution. These results indicated that highly efficient, environmentally friendly, and advanced EBI technology has good potential prospects for use in the large-scale production of rGO with precise control of the oxygen content.

Synergistic effects between hydroxyl radicals and hydrated electrons on strengthening decomposition of an s-triazine compound: A combined experimental and theoretical study.

The decomposition of an environmentally recalcitrant s-triazine compound, prometry (PMT), was carried out by experimental and theoretical approaches to study the combined effects of hydroxyl radicals (OH) and hydrated electrons (eaq-). With the participation of strongly oxidative radicals OH and reductive radicals eaq- induced by electron beam (EB), PMT obtained a good decomposition performance, which was obviously better than those methods simply using OH as the single active species. The evolution of cyanuric acid (CA) during the EB and UV irradiation processes elucidate that former method could efficiently decompose such chemically stable intermediate. The experiments of radical scavengers further suggest that OH was the predominant radical during PMT degradation, while eaq- was beneficial to further decomposition and mineralization. Combined with the results of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the strengthened synergistic effects between OH and eaq- were proven. The calculations illustrated OH could attack the carbon-branch-chains of s-trazine ring and form OH-adducts rather than nitrogen oxides. Moreover, the presence of eaq- could not only greatly change the geometry of the s-triazine ring, but also help cleaving alkyl chain on ring, thus facilitate the complete mineralization.

Electron beam irradiation induced degradation of antidepressant drug fluoxetine in water matrices.

With the development of psychiatric disorder in the current society, abuse of antidepressant drug fluoxetine (FLX) has made such compound an emerging contaminant in natural waters, and causes endocrine systems disturbance on some aquatic species. Herein, an efficient advanced oxidation process (AOP), electron beam irradiation was carried out to investigate the decomposition characteristics of such novel environmental pollutant, including the effects of initial concentration, pH, radical scavengers and anions. The results showed that FLX degradation followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The degradation rate and dose constant decreased with increasing initial FLX concentration; and G-values elevated with the increase of initial concentration but reduced with increase of absorbed dose. Acidic condition was more conducive to FLX destruction than neutral and alkaline. The radical scavenger experiments indicated OH was the main reactive species for the decomposition of FLX, while the reductive species e-aq and H played an adjuvant role. The presence of anions slightly decreased or even no impact on FLX degradation rate. Various water matrices influenced degradation processes of FLX. Experimental results suggested radiolytic degradation showed the best performance in pure water rather than natural water no matter with filtration or not. Moreover, with the occurrence of defluorination and dealkylation during degradation process, some organic and inorganic intermediates were detected, and the possible degradation mechanisms and pathways of FLX were proposed.

[Concentrations and pollution assessment of mercury in farmland soil of Xinqiao Mining Area of Tongling, Anhui, China.] / é“œé™µæ–°æ¡¥çŸ¿åŒºå‘¨è¾¹å†œç”°åœŸå£¤æ±žå«é‡åˆ†å¸ƒç‰¹å¾åŠå ¶æ±¡æŸ“è¯„ä»·.

To investigate the effects of mining activities on mercury (Hg) enrichment in farmland soil, soil samples were collected from four villages (Xinjian Village, Yehu Village, Xinhu Village and Hucheng Village) in the vicinity of Xinqiao Mining Area, Tongling. Hg concentration was measured by atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer. The geo-accumulation index was used to evaluate the Hg pollution level of the soils. The results showed that average concentration of total Hg in farmland soil was (0.137±0.078) mg·kg-1, which exceeded the background value of soil Hg in Tongling area. The average concentration of Hg in four villages followed the order of Xinjian Village (0.221 mg·kg-1)>Xinhu Village (0.118 mg·kg-1)>Yehu Village(0.115 mg·kg-1)>Hucheng Village (0.096 mg·kg-1). Moreover, the average Hg concentration of different forms in Xinjian Village followed the order of residue (0.036 mg·kg-1) > alkali soluble (0.031 mg·kg-1) > hydrogen peroxide soluble (0.022 mg·kg-1)> acid soluble (0.020 mg·kg-1)> water soluble (0.012 mg·kg-1). The distance from the mining area was the main factor affecting the distribution of soil Hg concentration in farmlands. The contaminated Xinqiao River, to some degree, had exa-cerbated soil Hg pollution. Soil organic matter affected the accumulation and transformation of total Hg and hydrogen peroxide Hg in the farmlands. The order of the geo-accumulation index followed as Xinjian Village(1.559) >Xinhu Village(0.654) >Yehu Village(0.616) >Hucheng Village(0.356). The pollution level of farmland soil in Xinjian Village belonged to middle level of Hg pollution,which deserved more attention.

Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Maowei Sea, Guangxi, China: occurrence, distribution, and source apportionment.

Chlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (ClPAHs) with three to five aromatic rings have been documented to ubiquitously occur in environmental matrices. In this study, residual concentrations and profiles of 20 individual ClPAHs were determined in 35 surface sediment samples from Maowei Sea, a semi-enclosed shallow inland bay located in the northwestern part of South China Sea. The concentrations of ΣClPAHs in sediment ranged from 313 to 9650 pg/g dw with a detection rate of 43-100%. Of the individual ClPAH congeners, 9-ClPhe was the most abundant in Maowei Sea with the concentrations that ranged from 99.9 to 3610 pg/g dw (mean 1120 pg/g dw). High-molecular-weight ClPAH congeners (four to five rings) were predominant in sediments from sampling locations near a petrochemical industrial complex, whereas low-molecular-weight ClPAH congeners (three rings) were predominant in sediments from estuarine and mangrove locations. A positive matrix factorization (PMF) model in combination with dioxin-like toxic equivalency quotient (TEQ) results was used to apportion sources of ClPAHs. Vehicular emission, combustion/chemical industrial processes, and two other unknown sources accounted for 40.1, 25.5, 20.8, and 13.6%, respectively, of ClPAH sources in sediment; their contribution to TEQs in sediments were 24.2, 40.5, 19.3, and 16.0%, respectively. Further investigations are needed to elucidate potential sources and ecological risks of ClPAHs in sediments.

Semivolatile organic compounds in surface microlayer and subsurface water of Dianshan Lake, Shanghai, China: implications for accumulation and interrelationship.

Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in surface microlayer (SML) and subsurface water (SSW) from Dianshan Lake were studied to investigate their occurrence, distributions, as well as enrichment and potential sources. A sample was concentrated by solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME). Identification and quantification were carried out by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Total SVOCs concentrations ranged from 25.93 to 47.49 µg/L in SSW and 38.19 to 77.23 µg/L in SML. The phthalic acid esters (PAE) concentrations in both SSW and SML are the highest of the total SVOC. The enrichment factors (EFs) of total SVOCs ranged from 0.80 to 2.98, while the highest EF was found in benzyl phthalate and dibutyl phthalate, compounds of PAEs (4.06). The EFs values calculated in this study were consistent with the EFs reported for other water ecosystems. Compared with other place, the EF of PAHs were in the normal level (0.88-2.37). The results of correlation analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) suggested that at least three sources, i.e., agricultural residual pesticides, industrial sewage and miscellaneous sources, were responsible for the presence of SVOCs in Dianshan Lake examined, accounting for 94.16% of the total variance in the dataset. Environmental risk assessment revealed that a majority of SVOCs posed relatively low risks (the values of risk quotient were less than 0.1), while naphthalene, acenaphthene, 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and dibutyl phthalat exhibited moderate risks (values of risk quotient were more than 0.1 but less than 1fore) to aquatic organisms.

Hexabromocyclododecane and tetrabromobisphenol A in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai, China: levels and spatial distributions.

The concentrations and spatial distributions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) were measured in tree bark from different functional areas of Shanghai. ΣHBCDD (sum of α-, ß-, and γ-HBCDD) concentrations ranged from 1.2 × 102 to 6.6 × 103 ng g-1 lw (median 5.7 × 102 ng g-1 lw) and TBBPA concentrations ranged from 48 to 7.2 × 104 ng g-1 lw (median 2.8 × 102 ng g-1 lw). The concentrations of ΣHBCDD and TBBPA all followed the order of industrial areas > commercial areas > residential areas. The mean percentage of α-HBCDD in bark samples (44%) from Shanghai was higher than that in technical HBCDD products, but comparable with that in air. The concentrations of TBBPA and individual HBCDD diastereoisomers between industrial areas and commercial areas were correlated. Based on the concentrations of HBCDD in the bark, the corresponding atmospheric HBCDD concentrations were estimated. Compared with the published data for HBCDD in urban air, the estimated atmospheric HBCDD concentrations in Shanghai had a relatively high level, and more attention should be paid to the pollution status of HBCDD in Shanghai.

Mineralogical characterization of airborne individual particulates in Beijing PM10.

This work mainly focuses on the mineralogical study of particulate matter (PM10) in Beijing. Samples were collected on polycarbonate filter from April, 2002 to March, 2003 in Beijing urban area. Scanning electronic microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray (SEM/EDX) was used to investigate individual mineral particles in Beijing PM10. 1454 individual mineral particulates from 48 samples were analysed by SEM/EDX. The results revealed that mineral particulates were complex and heterogeneous. 38 kinds of minerals in PM10 were identified. The clay minerals, of annual average percentage of 30.1%, were the main composition among the identified minerals, and illite/smectite was the main composition in clay minerals, reaching up to 35%. Annual average percentage of quartz, calcite, compound particulates, carbonates were 13.5%, 10.9%, 11.95%, 10.31%, respectively. Annual average percentage less than 10% were gypsum, feldspar, dolomite, and so on. Fluorite, apatite, halite, barite and chloridize zinc (ZnCl2) were firstly identified in Beijing PM10. Sulfurization was found on surface of mineral particles, suggested extensive atmospheric reaction in air during summer.

Occurrence of Hexabromocyclododecane in soil and road dust from mixed-land-use areas of Shanghai, China, and its implications for human exposure.

Herein, the occurrence of three Hexabromocyclododecane (HBCDD) diastereoisomers in soil and road dust from the mixed-land-use areas in Shanghai was investigated. The total concentrations of HBCDDs (∑HBCDDs) in soil ranged from 0.30 to 249ngg(-1)dw, with a median level of 5.14ngg(-1)dw. For the road dust samples, the ΣHBCDD concentrations varied from 4.11 to 508ngg(-1)dw, with a median level of 23.4ngg(-1)dw. The levels of HBCDDs varied in different mixed-land-use areas. In soil, the levels of HBCDDs increased in the following sequence: residential area & agricultural area (R&A)

Atmospheric occurrence, homologue patterns and source apportionment of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins in Shanghai, China: Biomonitoring with Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) needles.

A comprehensive survey was conducted to Masson pine (Pinus massoniana L.) needles widely distributed in Shanghai in order to investigate the levels and homologue group patterns of short- and medium-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs and MCCPs), to identify and quantitatively assess source contributions to the total CPs in pine needle samples. The concentration ranged from not detected (ND) to 13,600ngg(-1) with a geometric mean (GM) value of 63.7ngg(-1) for ΣSCCPs, from 12.4 to 33,500ngg(-1) with a GM value of 677ngg(-1) for ΣMCCPs, and from 14.0 to 45,700ngg(-1) with a GM value of 768ngg(-1) for total CPs. For different sampling units, the pollution levels both for SCCPs and MCCPs in pine needles were in the same orders: Pudong>suburbs>Puxi>Chongming. These significant differences in SCCPs and MCCPs among four sampling units could be associated with difference in industrial activities and to some extent also in population density. All pine needle samples (n=131) were divided into 2 groups by hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) for SCCPs and MCCPs, the most abundant homologue groups in the bulk of pine needle samples were C11Cl5-7 and C13Cl5-7 for SCCPs, and C14Cl7-8 and C15Cl7-8 for MCCPs. Correlation analysis suggested that SCCPs and MCCPs in pine needles in the studied area may be derived from different sources. Four sources for pine needles were identified by the FA-MLR model; their relative contributions to the total CP burden in pine needles were 18.0% for F1 (attributed to commercial SCCP mixture), 42.2% for F2 (attributed to commercial MCCP mixture), 29.3% for F3 (attributed to LRAT), and 10.5% for F4 (unknown source). CP contamination of atmospheric air by point sources and long-range atmospheric transport in Shanghai should receive more attention by local government.

Occurrence, sources and health risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban (Pudong) and suburban soils from Shanghai in China.

A comprehensive investigation was conducted to the urban (Pudong) and suburban soils in Shanghai. A total of 154 soil samples were analyzed for 26 PAHs including highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrenes (DBPs). The total concentrations ranged from 25.8 to 7380 µg kg(-1) for Σ26PAHs and 18.8 to 6320 µg kg(-1) for 16 USEPA priority PAHs (Σ16PAHs), respectively. The BaP toxic equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations were between 6.41 and 2880 µg kg(-1) for Σ24PAHs, 1.11 and 620 µg kg(-1) for Σ16PAHs and 2.72 and 2250 µg kg(-1) for Σ4DBPs. The high PAH contamination in green land soils might originate mainly from local road traffic and industrial activities, and sewage sludge application or waste water irrigation for soil. Seven sources of soil PAHs in Shanghai were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. The mean risk quotient (m-RQ) values indicated that there were medium to high ecological risks in 9.10% of soil samples, pyrene (Pyr), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF) and benz[a]anthracene (BaA) were the major ecological risk drivers under agricultural use. The cancer risk (CR) values were within the acceptable range at 35.7%, 35.1% and 31.2% of sampling sites for children, youths and adults, respectively. The total lifetime carcinogenic risk (TLCR) values at 57.8% of sampling sites were within the acceptable range. Overall, cancer risks of soil PAHs in all sampling sites in the studied area were below the highest acceptable risk, suggesting that soil PAHs are unlikely to pose a significant cancer risk for population based on ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation exposure pathways.