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In the cross-plane single-molecule junctions, the correlation between molecular aromaticity and conductance remained puzzling. Cross-plane break junction (XPBJ) provides new insight into understanding the role of aromaticity and conjugation to molecules on charge transport through the planar molecules. In this work, we investigated the modulation of cross-plane charge transport in pyrene derivatives by hydrogenation and substituents based on the XPBJ method that differs from those used in-plane transport. We measured the electrical conductance of the hydrogenated derivatives of the pyrenes and found that hydrogenation reduces conductance, and the fully hydrogenated molecule has the lowest conductance. Conductance of pyrene derivatives increased after substitution by both electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups. By calculating, the trend in decreased conductance of hydrogenated pyrene was found to be consistent with the change in aromaticity. Electron-withdrawing substituents reduce the aromaticity of the molecule and narrow the HOMO-LUMO gap, while electron-donating groups increase the aromaticity but also narrow the gap. Our work reveals the potential of fine-tuning the structure of the pyrene molecule to control the cross-plane charge transport through the single-molecule junctions.
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BACKGROUND: The causal impact of lipid-lowering drugs on ovarian cancer (OC) and cervical cancer (CC) has received considerable attention, but its causal relationship is still a subject of debate. Hence, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of lipid-lowering medications on the occurrence risk of OC and CC through Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis of drug targets. METHODS: This investigation concentrated on the primary targets of lipid-lowering medications, specifically, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) and proprotein convertase kexin 9 (PCSK9). Genetic variations associated with HMGCR and PCSK9 were derived from published genome-wide association study (GWAS) findings to serve as substitutes for HMGCR and PCSK9 inhibitors. Employing a MR approach, an analysis was conducted to scrutinize the impact of inhibitors targeting HMGCR and PCSK9 on the occurrence of OC and CC. Coronary heart disease (CHD) risk was utilized as a positive control, and the primary outcomes encompassed OC and CC. RESULTS: The findings of the study suggest a notable elevation in the risk of OC among patients treated with HMGCR inhibitors (OR [95%CI] = 1.815 [1.316, 2.315], p = 0.019). In contrast, no significant correlation was observed between PCSK9 inhibitors and the occurrence of OC. Additionally, the analysis did not reveal any noteworthy connection between HMGCR inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors, and CC. CONCLUSION: HMGCR inhibitors significantly elevate the risk of OC in patients, but their mechanism needs further investigation, and no influence of PCSK9 inhibitors on OC has been observed. There is no significant relationship between HMGCR inhibitors, PCSK9 inhibitors, and CC.
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Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases , Análise da Randomização Mendeliana , Neoplasias Ovarianas , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9 , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero , Humanos , Feminino , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/genética , Neoplasias do Colo do Útero/tratamento farmacológico , Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/genética , Neoplasias Ovarianas/tratamento farmacológico , Pró-Proteína Convertase 9/genética , Hipolipemiantes/uso terapêutico , Hipolipemiantes/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/efeitos adversos , Inibidores de Hidroximetilglutaril-CoA Redutases/uso terapêutico , Polimorfismo de Nucleotídeo ÚnicoRESUMO
Single-molecule electronics can fabricate single-molecule devices via the construction of molecule-electrode interfaces and also provide a unique tool to investigate single-molecule scale physicochemical processes at these interfaces. To investigate single-molecule electronic devices with desired functionalities, an understanding of the interface evolution processes in single-molecule devices is essential. In this review, we focus on the evolution of molecule-electrode interface properties, including the background of interface evolution in single-molecule electronics, the construction of different types of single-molecule interfaces, and the regulation methods. Finally, we discuss the perspective of future characterization techniques and applications for single-molecule electronic interfaces.
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BACKGROUND: Phalangeal fractures are amongst the most challenging injuries that hand surgeons and hand therapists treat. Traditionally, these have been managed operatively, but are often fraught with potential problems including contractures, deformities and loss of motion. PURPOSE: To provide evidence supporting the use of non-invasive skin traction orthosis as an effective treatment option. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort. METHODS: We performed a retrospective review of outpatients with phalangeal fractures treated with non-invasive skin traction orthoses in our institution from January 2021 till June 2022. Demographic information, injury specifics and radiological findings were extracted from medical records. Outcome measures included total arc of motion (TAM) and dorsal angulation angles. RESULTS: Fourteen patients (17 fractures) with a mean age of 48 years (SD21.3) were included. Ten patients had single digit injuries, while four patients had two digits in traction within the same splint. 70.6% were proximal phalangeal fractures. 76.5% of the fractures were extra-articular and 58.8% non-comminuted. Median duration of orthosis use was 18 days (IQR 8-21). Patients with forearm-based orthoses had significantly longer traction time. There was a significant improvement (p = 0.001) from median baseline TAM (124°) to final TAM readings (245°). Younger patients with ulnar digit fractures or extra-articular fractures had a shorter rehabilitation period. There is no significant difference in clinical outcomes between the use of forearm-based or hand-based orthoses. CONCLUSION: We recommend the use of the hand-based non-invasive skin traction orthosis as an option in managing phalangeal fractures as it is a simple, inexpensive and non-invasive procedure with promising results. Care must be taken to ensure frequent change of traction tapes to maintain good skin integrity, and to avoid loss of tension. Radiological imaging should be performed after each traction tape change to ensure good alignment is maintained.
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BACKGROUND: Decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) provides a suitable microenvironment for adipose stem cells (ADSCs) and promotes their adipogenic differentiation. Recent studies have focused on allogeneic DAT; however, insufficient adipose sources limit its wider application of allogeneic DAT. In this study, we compared the ability of allogeneic and xenogeneic DATs to induce adipose regeneration to explore the feasibility of xenogeneic DAT as an adjunctive material for tissue repair. METHODS: Decellularized adipose tissue from humans and rabbits was prepared using the Flynn's method. The proliferation, migration, and adipogenic functions of the allogeneic and the xenogeneic groups were compared. Rabbits were used to construct transplantation models: allogeneic (transplanted r-DAT) and xenogeneic groups (transplanted h-DAT). Comparison of DAT transplantation outcomes between the two groups. RESULTS: Xenogeneic DAT supports adipose regeneration. In vitro, adipose-derived stem cells cultured on xenogeneic DAT developed adipogenesis without media cues and were not statistically different from the effects of allogeneic DAT on cell migration, proliferation, and adipogenic capacity. In vivo, the animal model showed angiogenesis and adipogenesis, and the adipogenic ability of xenogeneic DAT was not statistically different from that of allogeneic DAT. CONCLUSION: Xenogeneic DATs can induce adipose regeneration, and its adipogenic ability has no statistical difference, compared with allogeneic DATs. Xenografts are expected to be useful for soft tissue repair.
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Tecido Adiposo , Alicerces Teciduais , Humanos , Animais , Coelhos , Xenoenxertos , Adipócitos , Adipogenia , Diferenciação Celular , Engenharia Tecidual/métodos , Células CultivadasRESUMO
2H-Indazoles are one class of the most important nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds. The 2H-indazole motif is widely present in bioactive natural products and drug molecules that exhibit distinctive bioactivities. Therefore, much attention has been paid to access diverse 2H-indazole derivatives. Among them, the late-stage functionalization of 2H-indazoles via C-H activation is recognized as an efficient approach for increasing the complexity and diversity of 2H-indazole derivatives. In this review, we summarized recent achievements in the late-stage functionalization of 2H-indazoles, including the C3-functionalization of 2H-indazoles through transition metal-catalyzed C-H activation or a radical pathway, transition metal-catalyzed ortho C2'-H functionalization of 2H-indazoles and remote C-H functionalization at the benzene ring in 2H-indazoles.
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Produtos Biológicos , Compostos Heterocíclicos , Benzeno , Indazóis/farmacologia , NitrogênioRESUMO
A metal-free polychloromethyl radical-initiated cyclization of unactivated alkenes was developed using CH2Cl2 and CHCl3 as the di- and trichloromethyl radical sources. Variously substituted N-allyl-indoles were successfully transformed into the corresponding C2-(di- and trichloromethyl) pyrrolo[1,2-a]indoles in moderate to good yields. This reaction has a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Dibromomethylated products can also be obtained using CH2Br2 under standard conditions.
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Alcenos , Indóis , Ciclização , Radicais Livres , MetaisRESUMO
An efficient arylsulfonylation/cyclization of 2-aryl-N-methacryloyl indoles with potassium metabisulfite and aryldiazonium tetrafluoroborates was developed. A series of variously substituted arylsulfonyl indolo[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones were formed in moderate to good yields via utilization of the nature abundant inorganic salt potassium metabisulfite as a SO2 surrogate. Additionally, this three-component protocol can also be employed for the synthesis of arylsulfonyl-substituted benzimidazo-[2,1-a]isoquinolin-6(5H)-ones.
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Indóis , CiclizaçãoRESUMO
Arylation is a common behaviour in organic synthesis for the construction of complex structures, especially the biaryls. Among those reported arylation procedures, transition-metal-catalyzed direct C(sp2)-H arylation has been rapidly developed in recent decades and has become a reliable alternative to traditional cross-coupling procedures using organometallic reagents. Great achievements in rhodium-catalyzed C(sp2)-H arylation have been witnessed during the last decade. Aryl halides, simple arenes, aryl boronic acids, arylsilanes, aryl aldehyde, aryl carboxylic acid, diazides, etc. were successfully utilized as arylating reagents under rhodium-catalyzed conditions. In this review, recent achievements in rhodium-catalyzed arylations through C(sp2)-H bond activation were summarized together with the mechanism discussions.
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The direct C-H functionalization of ethyl acetates was developed, delivering a variety of 1-(4-oxochroman-2-yl)ethyl acetate derivatives by reacting with chromones. This reaction has a wide substrate scope with excellent site-selective C-H activation at the inactive α-hydrogen of the alkoxyl group instead of the α-hydrogen of the carbonyl group under radical conditions. Compared with other protocols for the α-alkoxyl C-H functionalization of alkyl esters, a distinguishing feature of this reaction is that no metal catalyst was required, with DTBP as the sole oxidant.
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X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed reaction/desorption have been employed to investigate the adsorption and reaction pathways of CH2=CHCOOH and CH3CHFCOOH on Cu(100) and oxygen-precovered Cu(100) [O/Cu(100)]. In the case of CH2=CHCOOH on O/Cu(100), CH2=CHCOO is the surface intermediate detected between 110 K and 400 K. CH2=CHCOO is adsorbed vertically and can change adsorption sites at a higher temperature. The propenoate (acrylate) decomposes at higher temperatures (>500 K), with formation of >C=C=O (ketenylidene) surface species and gaseous products. On Cu(100), CH2=CHCOOH is adsorbed in dimer form and can dissociate to generate CH2=CHCOO and CH3CHCOO intermediates on the surface. The CH3CHCOO continuously recombines with the H from deprotonation of CH2=CHCOOH, resulting in the formation CH3CH2COO. The co-existing CH2=CHCOO and CH3CH2COO further decompose at â¼550 K to evolve reaction products, but without >C=C=O being detected. On O/Cu(100), CH3CHFCOOH readily deprotonates to form CH3CHFCOO at 120 K. This intermediate reacts on the surface at â¼460 K to evolve gaseous products, also producing CH2=CHCOO. In the case of Cu(100), deprotonation of CH3CHFCOOH occurs at â¼250 K, forming CH3CHFCOO. Without oxygen on the surface, this intermediate decomposes into HF and CH2=CHCOO at â¼455 K.
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BACKGROUND: Patients with distal radius fractures (DRF) often have limited range-of-motion (ROM) in multiple planes of movement. No studies have comprehensively examined the impact of various ROM limitations on physical function. METHODS: We performed a multi-center, longitudinal study of 138 patients with conservatively managed DRF. ROM measures were taken at initial evaluation, and at 4 and 8 weeks later. Self-reported physical function was indexed by the Quick Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (QuickDASH). RESULTS: Wrist extension, active thumb opposition and a full composite grip were amongst the strongest ROM measures associated with functional scores over time. However, wrist radial deviation and forearm pronation were non-significantly associated with functional scores. CONCLUSION: Given that ROM is potentially modifiable, the identification of important ROM measures associated with QuickDASH scores can potentially facilitate patient education and refine interventions to optimize functional recovery. Well-designed randomized intervention studies are however needed to confirm these association findings.
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Antebraço/fisiologia , Fraturas do Rádio/fisiopatologia , Amplitude de Movimento Articular/fisiologia , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Autorrelato , Articulação do Punho/fisiologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Humanos , Estudos Longitudinais , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fraturas do Rádio/diagnóstico , Estudos RetrospectivosRESUMO
The rabbit proximal colon is similar in structure to the human colon. Our objective was to study interactions of different rhythmic motor patterns focusing on haustral boundary contractions, which create the haustra, using spatiotemporal mapping of video recordings. Haustral boundary contractions were seen as highly rhythmic circumferential ring contractions that propagated slowly across the proximal colon, preferentially but not exclusively in the anal direction, at â¼0.5 cycles per minute; they were abolished by nerve conduction blockers. When multiple haustral boundary contractions propagated in the opposite direction, they annihilated each other upon encounter. Ripples, myogenic propagating ring contractions at â¼9 cycles per min, induced folding and unfolding of haustral muscle folds, creating an anarchic appearance of contractile activity, with different patterns in the three intertaenial regions. Two features of ripple activity were prominent: frequent changes in propagation direction and the occurrence of dislocations showing a frequency gradient with the highest intrinsic frequency in the distal colon. The haustral boundary contractions showed an on/off/on/off pattern at the ripple frequency, and the contraction amplitude at any point of the colon showed waxing and waning. The haustral boundary contractions are therefore shaped by interaction of two pacemaker activities hypothesized to occur through phase-amplitude coupling of pacemaker activities from interstitial cells of Cajal of the myenteric plexus and of the submuscular plexus. Video evidence shows the unique role haustral folds play in shaping contractile activity within the haustra. Muscarinic agents not only enhance the force of contraction, they can eliminate one and at the same time induce another neurally dependent motor pattern.
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Colo/fisiologia , Músculo Liso/fisiologia , Animais , Betanecol/farmacologia , Relógios Biológicos/fisiologia , Colo/anatomia & histologia , Colo/citologia , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/fisiologia , Feminino , Motilidade Gastrointestinal/efeitos dos fármacos , Técnicas In Vitro , Masculino , Agonistas Muscarínicos/farmacologia , Contração Muscular/fisiologia , Neostigmina/farmacologia , Coelhos , Tetrodotoxina/farmacologiaRESUMO
Some aporphine alkaloids, such as crebanine, were found to present arrhythmic activity and also higher toxicity. A series of derivatives were synthesized by using three kinds of aporphine alkaloids (crebanine, isocorydine, and stephanine) as lead compounds. Chemical methods, including ring-opening reaction, bromination, methylation, acetylation, quaternization, and dehydrogenation, were adopted. Nineteen target derivatives were evaluated for their antiarrhythmic potential in the mouse model of ventricular fibrillation (VF), induced by CHCl3, and five of the derivatives were investigated further in the rat model of arrhythmia, induced by BaCl2. Meanwhile, preliminary structure-activity/toxicity relationship analyses were carried out. Significantly, N-acetamidesecocrebanine (1d), three bromo-substituted products of crebanine (2a, 2b, 2c), N-methylcrebanine (2d), and dehydrostephanine (4a) displayed antiarrhythmic effects in the CHCl3-induced model. Among them, 7.5 mg/kg of 2b was able to significantly reduce the incidence of VF induced by CHCl3 (p < 0.05), increase the number of rats that resumed sinus rhythm from arrhythmia, induced by BaCl2 (p < 0.01), and the number of rats that maintained sinus rhythm for more than 20 min (p < 0.01). Therefore, 2b showed remarkably higher antiarrhythmic activity and a lower toxicity (LD50 = 59.62 mg/kg, mice), simultaneously, indicating that 2b could be considered as a promising candidate in the treatment of arrhythmia. Structural-activity analysis suggested that variationsin antiarrhythmic efficacy and toxicity of aporphines were related to the C-1,C-2-methylenedioxy group on ring A, restricted ring B structural conformation, N-quaternization of ring B, levoduction of 6a in ring C, and the 8-, 9-, 10-methoxy groups on ring D on the skeleton.
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Alcaloides/farmacologia , Antiarrítmicos/farmacologia , Aporfinas/farmacologia , Fibrilação Ventricular/tratamento farmacológico , Alcaloides/efeitos adversos , Alcaloides/síntese química , Animais , Antiarrítmicos/efeitos adversos , Antiarrítmicos/síntese química , Aporfinas/efeitos adversos , Aporfinas/síntese química , Compostos de Bário/toxicidade , Tetracloreto de Carbono/toxicidade , Cloretos/toxicidade , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Feminino , Masculino , Camundongos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/efeitos adversos , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/síntese química , Tetra-Hidroisoquinolinas/farmacologia , Fibrilação Ventricular/induzido quimicamenteRESUMO
PURPOSE: Depression is a psychiatric disorder and the treatment of depression is an urgent problem that need to be solved. Gastrodin (GAS) is a Traditional Chinese Medicine from an orchid and is used for neurological diseases, including depressive disorders. METHODS: To assess the effect of GAS on gut microbiota of depressive mice, we established a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS)-induced mouse model, and GAS was administered to one group of the mice. Animal behavior experiments were used to detect depressive-like behaviors, and 16â¯S rRNA gene analysis was applied to detect the gut microbiota of each group. All raw sequences were deposited in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive under accession number SRP491061. RESULTS: GAS treatment significantly improved depressive-like behaviors as well as the diversity and abundance of the gut microbiota. The depressive-like behaviors of the CUMS-GAS group were improved in different degrees compared with the CUMS group. The linear discriminant analysis (LDA) of the gut microbiota showed that the makeup of the gut microbiota in mice changed dramatically in the CUMS-GAS group, compared with the CUMS group, Bacteroides (LDA = 3.94, P < 0.05) were enriched in the CUMS-GAS group at the genus level. In comparison to the CUMS group, the CUMS-GAS group had a greater concentration numbers of Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Staphylococcus, Bacteroides, Psychrobacter, and Alistipes. CONCLUSION: Our results suggested that GAS improved depressive-like behaviors in mice and impacted the microbial composition of the gut. Our research indicated that dysbiosis of the gut microbiota may be affected by GAS treatment, which improved depressive-like behaviors in the CUMS-induced mouse model of depression.
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Álcoois Benzílicos , Depressão , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Glucosídeos , Humanos , Camundongos , Animais , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/psicologia , Comportamento Animal , Estresse Psicológico/complicaçõesRESUMO
Due to the Earth's rotation, the natural environment exhibits a light-dark diurnal cycle close to 24 hours. To adapt to this energy intake pattern, organisms have developed a 24-hour rhythmic diurnal cycle over long periods, known as the circadian rhythm, or biological clock. With the gradual advancement of research on the biological clock, it has become increasingly evident that disruptions in the circadian rhythm are closely associated with the occurrence of type 2 diabetes (T2D). To further understand the progress of research on T2D and the biological clock, this paper reviews the correlation between the biological clock and glucose metabolism and analyzes its potential mechanisms. Based on this, we discuss the potential factors contributing to circadian rhythm disruption and their impact on the risk of developing T2D, aiming to explore new possible intervention measures for the prevention and treatment of T2D in the future. Under the light-dark circadian rhythm, in order to adapt to this change, the human body forms an internal biological clock involving a variety of genes, proteins and other molecules. The main mechanism is the transcription-translation feedback loop centered on the CLOCK/BMAL1 heterodimer. The expression of important circadian clock genes that constitute this loop can regulate T2DM-related blood glucose traits such as glucose uptake, fat metabolism, insulin secretion/glucagon secretion and sensitivity in various peripheral tissues and organs. In addition, sleep, light, and dietary factors under circadian rhythms also affect the occurrence of T2DM.
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Ritmo Circadiano , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2 , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Humanos , Ritmo Circadiano/fisiologia , Animais , Relógios Biológicos , Relógios Circadianos/fisiologia , Glicemia/metabolismoRESUMO
Background: Corneal neovascularization (CNV) is a sight-threatening condition that necessitates epigenetic control. The role of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1) in CNV remains unclear, despite its established significance in tumor angiogenesis regulation. Methods: An alkali burn-induced CNV mouse model was used in vivo. The effects of LSD1 inhibitor tranylcypromine hydrochloride (TCP) were examined through slit lamp, histological staining, and immunofluorescence. The expression of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and glutathione (GSH) levels were assessed in corneal tissues. Oxidative stress and ferrous ion expression during CNV were determined using 4-HNE, GPX4, and FerroOrange staining. In vitro, a hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) model was established using human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) to study LSD1 or hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α) knockdown and lentiviral overexpression of HIF-1α. The effects on HUVECs migration, invasion, and angiogenesis were evaluated through cell scratching assay, transwell migration assay and tube formation assay. The role of ferroptosis was investigated using ROS staining, FerroOrange staining, and key ferroptosis proteins. Further, The JAK2/STAT3 pathway's involvement in CNV regulation was explored through in vivo experiments with subconjunctival injection of AG490. Results: The results showed a substantial correlation between corneal damage and LSD1 levels. In addition, HIF-1α expression was also elevated after alkali burns, and subconjunctival injection of TCP reduced corneal inflammation and neovascularization. Corneal alkali burns increased ROS levels and reduced antioxidative stress indicators, accompanied by elevated ferrous ion levels, which were reversed by TCP injection. In vitro, TCP or siRNAs inhibited H/R-induced ferroptosis and angiogenesis in HUVECs by affecting specific protein expressions and MDA, SOD, and GSH levels. HIF-1α levels, associated with ROS production, ferroptosis, and angiogenesis, increased during H/R, but were reversed by TCP or siRNA administration. HIF-1α overexpression counteracted the effects of LSD1 inhibition. Additionally, AG490 injection effectively reduced HIF-1α and VEGFA expression in the CNV model. Discussion: These findings suggest that LSD1 inhibition via the HIF-1α-driven pathway prevents angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and ferroptosis in corneal alkali burn-induced CNV, highlighting LSD1 as a potential therapeutic target.
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KEY MESSAGE : The interaction of MuMADS1 and MuUBA in banana was reported, which will help us to understand the mechanism of the MADS-box gene in regulating banana fruit development and ripening. The ubiquitin-activating enzyme E1 gene fragment MuUBA was obtained from banana (Musa acuminata L.AAA) fruit by the yeast two-hybrid method using the banana MADS-box gene MuMADS1 as bait and 2-day post-harvest banana fruit cDNA library as prey. MuMADS1 interacted with MuUBA. The interaction of MuMADS1 and MuUBA in vivo was further proved by bimolecular fluorescence complementation assay. Real-time quantitative PCR evaluation of MuMADS1 and MuUBA expression patterns in banana showed that they are highly expressed in the ovule 4 stage, but present in low levels in the stem, which suggests a simultaneously differential expression action exists for both MuMADS1 and MuUBA in different tissues and developmental fruits. MuMADS1 and MuUBA expression was highly stimulated by exogenous ethylene and suppressed by 1-methylcyclopropene. These results indicated that MuMADS1 and MuUBA were co-regulated by ethylene and might play an important role in post-harvest banana fruit ripening.
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Frutas/enzimologia , Frutas/genética , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/metabolismo , Musa/enzimologia , Musa/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Enzimas Ativadoras de Ubiquitina/metabolismo , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Ciclopropanos/farmacologia , Etilenos/farmacologia , Frutas/efeitos dos fármacos , Frutas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Regulação da Expressão Gênica no Desenvolvimento/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas/efeitos dos fármacos , Proteínas de Domínio MADS/genética , Dados de Sequência Molecular , Musa/efeitos dos fármacos , Musa/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/química , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Ligação Proteica/efeitos dos fármacos , Ligação Proteica/genética , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/metabolismo , Técnicas do Sistema de Duplo-Híbrido , Enzimas Ativadoras de Ubiquitina/química , Enzimas Ativadoras de Ubiquitina/genéticaRESUMO
A visible-light-induced hydrocyclization of unactivated alkenes was developed using 3CzClIPN as the photocatalyst to generate substituted α-methyldeoxyvasicinones and α-methylmackinazolinones in moderate to good yields. An intermolecular hydrogen atom transfer with THF as the hydrogen source was involved. Mechanism studies indicated that the intramolecular addition of the in situ formed aminal radical to the unactivated alkene generated the polycyclic quinazolinone.