Effect of endplate reduction on endplate healing morphology and intervertebral disc degeneration in patients with thoracolumbar vertebral fracture.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effect of endplate reduction on the final healing morphology and degenerative changes in intervertebral discs. METHODS: Forty-eight patients with single-level thoracolumbar fractures with endplate injury were included. All patients underwent posterior reduction and pedicle screw fixation, and postoperative imaging was used to determine whether endplate reduction was successful. The healing morphology of the endplate was divided into three types: increased endplate curvature, irregular healing and traumatic Schmorl node. MRI was performed at baseline and at the last follow-up evaluation to observe changes in disc degeneration (disc height and nucleus pulposus signal) and Modic changes. RESULTS: The reduction rate in the central area was significantly lower than that in the peripheral area (P = 0.017). In patients with successful reduction, 90.9% (20/22) of the endplates healed with increased curvature. In patients with an unsuccessful endplate reduction, 63.4% (26/41) of the endplates healed irregularly, and 34.1% (14/41) of the endplates formed traumatic Schmorl nodes. Endplate reduction was closely related to the final healing morphology of the endplate (P < 0.001), which had a significant protective effect on the degeneration of the intervertebral disc. At the last follow-up evaluation, there was no statistically significant correlation between different endplate healing morphologies and new Modic changes. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction rate in the central area is significantly lower than that in the peripheral area. Although all of the intervertebral discs corresponding to fractured endplates had degenerated to different degrees, successful endplate fracture reduction can obviously delay the degeneration of intervertebral discs.

Effect of Substituents on Molecular Reactivity during Lignin Oxidation by Chlorine Dioxide: A Density Functional Theory Study.

Lignin is a polymer with a complex structure. It is widely present in lignocellulosic biomass, and it has a variety of functional group substituents and linkage forms. Especially during the oxidation reaction, the positioning effect of the different substituents of the benzene ring leads to differences in lignin reactivity. The position of the benzene ring branched chain with respect to methoxy is important. The study of the effect of benzene substituents on the oxidation reaction's activity is still an unfinished task. In this study, density functional theory (DFT) and the m062x/6-311+g (d) basis set were used. Differences in the processes of phenolic oxygen intermediates formed by phenolic lignin structures (with different substituents) with chlorine dioxide during the chlorine dioxide reaction were investigated. Six phenolic lignin model species with different structures were selected. Bond energies, electrostatic potentials, atomic charges, Fukui functions and double descriptors of lignin model substances and reaction energy barriers are compared. The effects of benzene ring branched chains and methoxy on the mechanism of chlorine dioxide oxidation of lignin were revealed systematically. The results showed that the substituents with shorter branched chains and strong electron-absorbing ability were more stable. Lignin is not easily susceptible to the effects of chlorine dioxide. The substituents with longer branched chains have a significant effect on the flow of electron clouds. The results demonstrate that chlorine dioxide can affect the electron arrangement around the molecule, which directly affects the electrophilic activity of the molecule. The electron-absorbing effect of methoxy leads to a low dissociation energy of the phenolic hydroxyl group. Electrophilic reagents are more likely to attack this reaction site. In addition, the stabilizing effect of methoxy on the molecular structure of lignin was also found.

High-Strength, High-Water-Retention Hemicellulose-Based Hydrogel and Its Application in Urea Slow Release.

The use of fertilizer is closely related to crop growth and environmental protection in agricultural production. It is of great significance to develop environmentally friendly and biodegradable bio-based slow-release fertilizers. In this work, porous hemicellulose-based hydrogels were created, which had excellent mechanical properties, water retention properties (the water retention ratio in soil was 93.8% after 5 d), antioxidant properties (76.76%), and UV resistance (92.2%). This improves the efficiency and potential of its application in soil. In addition, electrostatic interaction and coating with sodium alginate produced a stable core-shell structure. The slow release of urea was realized. The cumulative release ratio of urea after 12 h was 27.42% and 11.38%, and the release kinetic constants were 0.0973 and 0.0288, in aqueous solution and soil, respectively. The sustained release results demonstrated that urea diffusion in aqueous solution followed the Korsmeyer-Peppas model, indicating the Fick diffusion mechanism, whereas diffusion in soil adhered to the Higuchi model. The outcomes show that urea release ratio may be successfully slowed down by hemicellulose hydrogels with high water retention ability. This provides a new method for the application of lignocellulosic biomass in agricultural slow-release fertilizer.

Efficient Separation and Recovery of Petroleum Hydrocarbon from Oily Sludge by a Combination of Adsorption and Demulsification.

The treatment of oily sludge (OS) can not only effectively solve environmental pollution but also contribute to the efficient use of energy. In this study, the separation effect of OS was analyzed through sodium lignosulfonate (SL)-assisted sodium persulfate (S/D) treatment. The effects of SL concentration, pH, temperature, solid-liquid ratio, revolving speed, and time on SL adsorption solubilization were analyzed. The effects of sodium persulfate dosage, demulsification temperature, and demulsification time on sodium persulfate oxidative demulsification were analyzed. The oil removal efficiency was as high as 91.28%. The results showed that the sediment was uniformly and finely distributed in the S/D-treated OS. The contact angle of the sediment surface was 40°, and the initial apparent viscosity of the OS was 56 Pa·s. First, the saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons on the sediment surface were adsorbed by the monolayer adsorption on SL. Stubborn, cohesive oil agglomerates were dissociated. Sulfate radical anion (SO4-·) with a high oxidation potential, was formed from sodium persulfate. The oxidation reaction occurred between SO4-· and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A good three-phase separation effect was attained. The oil recovery reached 89.65%. This provides theoretical support for the efficient clean separation of oily sludge.

Effects of the Preferential Oxidation of Phenolic Lignin Using Chlorine Dioxide on Pulp Bleaching Efficiency.

Chlorine dioxide is widely used for pulp bleaching because of its high delignification selectivity. However, efficient and clean chlorine dioxide bleaching is limited by the complexity of the lignin structure. Herein, the oxidation reactions of phenolic (vanillyl alcohol) and non-phenolic (veratryl alcohol) lignin model species were modulated using chlorine dioxide. The effects of chlorine dioxide concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time on the consumption rate of the model species were also investigated. The optimal consumption rate for the phenolic species was obtained at a chlorine dioxide concentration of 30 mmol·L-1, a reaction temperature of 40 °C, and a reaction time of 10 min, resulting in the consumption of 96.3% of vanillyl alcohol. Its consumption remained essentially unchanged compared with that of traditional chlorine dioxide oxidation. However, the consumption rate of veratryl alcohol was significantly reduced from 78.0% to 17.3%. Additionally, the production of chlorobenzene via the chlorine dioxide oxidation of veratryl alcohol was inhibited. The structural changes in lignin before and after different treatments were analyzed. The overall structure of lignin remained stable during the optimization of the chlorine dioxide oxidation treatment. The signal intensities of several phenolic units were reduced. The effects of the selective oxidation of lignin by chlorine dioxide on the pulp properties were analyzed. Pulp viscosity significantly increased owing to the preferential oxidation of phenolic lignin by chlorine dioxide. The pollution load of bleached effluent was considerably reduced at similar pulp brightness levels. This study provides a new approach to chlorine dioxide bleaching. An efficient and clean bleaching process of the pulp was developed.

High-Efficiency and High-Quality Extraction of Hemicellulose of Bamboo by Freeze-Thaw Assisted Two-Step Alkali Treatment.

Hemicellulose is a major component of the complex biomass recalcitrance structure of fiber cell walls. Even though biomass recalcitrance protects plants, it affects the effective utilization of lignocellulosic biomass resources. Therefore, the separation and extraction of hemicellulose is very important. In this study, an improved two-step alkali pretreatment method was proposed to separate hemicellulose efficiently. Firstly, 16.61% hemicellulose was extracted from bamboo by the weak alkali treatment. Then, the physical freezing and the alkali treatment were carried out by freezing at -20 °C for 12.0 h and thawing at room temperature, heating to 80 °C, and treating with 5.0% sodium hydroxide for 90 min; the extraction yield of hemicellulose reached 73.93%. The total extraction yield of the two steps was 90.54%, and the molecular weight and purity reached 44,865 g·mol-1 and 89.60%, respectively. It provides a new method for breaking the biomass recalcitrance of wood fiber resources and effectively extracting hemicellulose.

Kinetics of Lignin Separation during the Atmospheric Fractionation of Bagasse with p-Toluenesulfonic Acid.

As a green and efficient component separation technology, organic acid pretreatment has been widely studied in biomass refining. In particular, the efficient separation of lignin by p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TsOH) pretreatment has been achieved. In this study, the mechanism of the atmospheric separation of bagasse lignin with p-TsOH was investigated. The separation kinetics of lignin was analyzed. A non-simple linear relationship was found between the separation yield of lignin and the concentration of p-TsOH, the temperature and the stirring speed. The shrinking nucleus model for the separation of lignin was established based on the introduction of mass transfer and diffusion factors. A general model of the total delignification rate was obtained. The results showed that the process of lignin separation occurred into two phases, i.e., a fast stage and a slow stage. The results provide a theoretical basis for the efficient separation of lignin by p-TsOH pretreatment.

Flexible, Transparent, and Hazy Cellulose Nanopaper with Efficient Near-Infrared Luminescence Fabricated by 2D Lanthanide (Ln = Nd, Yb, or Er) Metal-Organic-Framework-Grafted Oxidized Cellulose Nanofibrils.

Three-dimensional (3D) bulk materials, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and inorganic phosphors, show the properties of large backscattering and stress concentration, which result in low mechanical and inferior transmittance when these materials are hydridized with a polymer matrix. Inspired by the "reinforcement" effects of two-dimensional (2D) materials, such as grapheme, C3N4, MoS2, and Mxene, it was interesting to examine a 2D lanthanide (Ln)-based MOF-grafted natural polymer (nanocellulose) with the goal of achieving light emission, transparency, and good mechanical properties. A series of near-infrared (NIR) luminescent cellulose nanopapers were prepared via 2D Ln-MOF-grafted (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl-oxidized cellulose nanofibrils (tCNFs; Ln = Nd, Yb, or Er). In addition to efficient NIR luminescence, these Ln nanopapers exhibited good flexibility, transparency (>90%), and mechanical properties (>28 MPa). Notably, the haze of these nanopapers was increased by 93-95% from 26% due to compositing with 2D Ln-MOFs, which prevented dense packing among the cellulose and formed air cavities in the nanopaper, inducing internal light scattering and improving optical haze. Moreover, these flexible Ln nanopapers exhibited efficient NIR luminescence, which, together with optical haze and transparency, offered an opportunity for utilization in paper-based anticounterfeiting, NIR-light-emitting diodes, or light softening devices.

Role of femoral anterior Bow in cephalomedullary nailing: finite element analysis and New index estimation.

BACKGROUND: Cephalomedullary Nail (CMN) is seen as the mainstay of internal fixation in femoral fractures. The purpose of the study was to present an accurate calculation method by simulating diverse anterior bow femoral models with finite element software. We hypothesized that anterior cortical penetration in distal femur would occur in patients whose femoral anterior bow was identified as too large for nailing by preoperative measurement of contralateral X-ray. METHODS: A 31-year healthy male was selected for building 3D bone model through computed tomography (CT) scan of right femoral femur. In Creo Parametric 2.0, the middle section of the femur was twisted gradually to simulate the different femoral anterior bow. Ratio of chord height and half chord length, belonging to the middle section arc, was defined as the tangent value of the femoral anterior bow. The value corresponding to the penetration of the CMN at the distal femur was regarded as critical value, showing the extreme curvature for CMN. RESULT: Three types of right femoral CMNs (ø10, 11, 12 mm × 350 mm; Smith-Nephew Co.) were involved in our study. The CMN passed through distal femur anterior cortex when the tangent value of the femoral anterior bow are 0.140185, 0.133073, 0.092415 respectively, and the corresponding central angle are 21.72°, 20.92°, 16.32°. CONCLUSIONS: The tangent value of the femoral anterior bow would be a precise calculated method, that eliminate the deviation by description of ratio rather than length of radius. An application of this preoperative evaluation can aid surgeons during surgical planning. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Retrospectively registered.

[To cure coronoid process fractures of ulna through anterior approach of the elbow and frame shape plate internal fixation].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of open reduction through anterior approach of the elbow and frame shape plate internal fixation in the treatment of coronoid process fracture of ulna. METHODS: From August 2011 to October 2014, 17 patients with coronoid process fracture of ulna were treated with open reduction through anterior approach of the elbow and internal fixation with frame shape plate. There were 12 males and 5 females with an average age of 36.4 years old. A "S" shape anterior incision of the elbow was used to expose the fracture. The soft tissue of the bone block was kept intact and the fracture was fixed with internal frame shape plate. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by hospital for special surgery (HSS) elbow score system. RESULTS: All the patients were followed up for 8-26 months (average 14 months). The fractures clinically healed at an average time of 10 weeks (ranged from 9 to 11 weeks). There was no myositis ossificans happened. The patients' elbow joint function according to the HSS scores were 12 cases excellent (70.6%), good 4(23.5%) and moderate 1 (5.9%). The total excellent and good rate was 94.1%. CONCLUSION: Open reduction through anterior approach of the elbow and internal fixation with frame shape plate is effective to reach anatomical reduction in the treatment of the coronoid process fracture of ulna, with little damage and strong fixation.

[Clinical efficacies of different internal fixation materials in the treatment of senile proximal humerus fractures].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the clinical efficacies of different internal fixation materials in the treatment of senile proximal humerus fractures. METHODS: A total of 284 hospitalized patients of proximal humerus fractures over 60 years of age cases from October 2009 to February 2012 were randomly divided into two groups of locking proximal humeral plate (LPHP) and PHILOS (n = 142 each). And the clinical efficacies of two groups were compared. RESULTS: For PHILOS and LPHP groups, the fracture healing periods were (11.64 ± 3.81) and (14.95 ± 3.95) weeks. And there was statistical significance (P < 0.05). At 3 months post-surgery, the incidence of pain was 72.41% and 64.81%. And there was statistical significance (P < 0.05). At 2 years,Neer shoulder function score had inter-group statistically insignificant difference (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Both PHILOS and LPHP are effective in the treatment of senile proximal humeral fractures.However, the former is conducive to fracture healing and has shorter healing time and lowered postoperative pain.

A comprehensive review of chloropropanol analytical method in the context of food safety.

Chloropropanols are among the major food contaminants, and quantifying their content in food is a key food-safety issue. In response to the demand for highly sensitive and selective analysis, the scientific community is committed to continuous innovation and optimization of various analytical techniques. This paper comprehensively reviews the latest developments in chloropropanol analysis technologies and systematically compares and analyzes the working principles, application conditions, advantages, and challenges of these methods. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is the preferred choice for chloropropanol analysis in complex sample matrices owing to its high resolution, sensitivity, and accuracy. Electrochemical methods provide strong support for the real-time monitoring of chloropropanols because of their high selectivity and sensitivity towards electrochemically active molecules. Other techniques offer innovative solutions for the rapid and accurate analysis of chloropropanol at different levels. Finally, innovative directions for the development of chloropropanol analysis methods for food safety are highlighted.

Differential Studies on the Structure of Lignin-Carbohydrate Complexes (LCC) in Alkali-Extracted Plant Hemicelluloses.

Hemicellulose extracted by alkali treatment is of interest because of the advantages of its intact sugar structure and high degree of polymerization. However, the hemicellulose extracted by alkali treatment contained more lignin fragments and the presence of a lignin-carbohydrate complex (LCC), which affected the isolation and purification of hemicellulose and its comprehensive utilization. Therefore, the evaluation of the LCC structure of different types of lignocellulosic resources is of great significance. In this study, the LCC structures of hardwoods and Gramineae were enriched in alkaline systems. Information on the composition, structural proportions, and connection patterns of LCC samples was discussed. The similarities and differences between the LCC structures of different units of raw materials were comparatively studied. The results indicated that the monosaccharide fractions were higher in the LCC of Gramineae compared to hardwoods. The composition of the lignin fraction was dominated by G and S units. The phenyl glycosidic (PhGlc) bond is the predominant LCC linkage under alkali-stabilized conditions. In addition, Gramineae PhGlc types are more numerous compared to hardwoods. The results of the study provide insights into the differences in the chemical composition and structural features of LCC in different plants and provide important guidance for the optimization of the process of purifying hemicellulose.

Heteropolyacid promoted lignin-MOF derived spherical catalyst for catalytic hydrogen transfer of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural.

Catalytic conversion of biomass-derived value-added chemicals was of great significance for the utilization of renewable biomass resources to instead of fossil chemicals. Biomass-derived lignin was regarded as an important support and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) was a vital platform chemical derived from cellulose. Herein, a series of lignin-MOF hybrid catalysts were prepared and modified with different heteropolyacids (HPAs), which were then successfully introduced into the selective conversion of HMF to 5-hydroxymethylfurfuryl alcohol (MFA). The effect of different HPA, calcination temperature, etc. were all studied, and all catalysts were well characterized. It was confirmed that silicotungstic acid modified catalyst (Ni3Co-MOF-LS@HSiW) exhibited the best catalytic performance, while the highest conversion of HMF was up to 100%, with the best MFA yield of 86.5%. The finding in this study could provide novel insights for the utilization of lignin and preparation of value-added biomass-derived chemicals.

Simultaneous production of furfural, lignin and cellulose-rich residue from Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis by ChCl/1,2-propanediol/MIBK biphasic system pretreatment.

A facile biphasic system composed of choline chloride (ChCl)-based deep eutectic solvent (DES) and methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) was developed to realize the furfural production, lignin separation and preparation of fermentable glucose from Eucalyptus in one-pot. Results showed that the ChCl/1,2-propanediol/MIBK system owned the best property to convert hemicelluloses into furfural. Under the optimal conditions (MRChCl:1,2-propanediol = 1:2, raw materials:DES:MIBK ratio = 1:4:8 g/g/mL, 0.075 mol/L AlCl3·6H2O, 140 °C, and 90 min), the furfural yield and glucose yield reached 65.0 and 92.2 %, respectively. Meanwhile, the lignin with low molecular weight (1250-1930 g/mol), low polydispersity (DM = 1.25-1.53) and high purity (only 0.08-2.59 % carbohydrate content) was regenerated from the biphasic system. With the increase of pretreatment temperature, the ß-O-4, ß-ß and ß-5 linkages in the regenerated lignin were gradually broken, and the content of phenolic hydroxyl groups increased, but the content of aliphatic hydroxyl groups decreased. This research provides a new strategy for the comprehensive utilization of lignocellulose in biorefinery process.

Unveiling the Dissolution Regularities of the Lignin-Carbohydrate Complex in Bamboo Cell Walls during Alkali Pretreatment.

Bamboo is a promising biomass resource. However, the complex multilayered structure and chemical composition of bamboo cell walls create a unique anti-depolymerization barrier, which increases the difficulty of separation and utilization of bamboo. In this study, the relationship between the connections of lignin-carbohydrate complexes (LCCs) within bamboo cell walls and their multilayered structural compositions was investigated. The chemical composition, structural properties, dissolution processes, and migration mechanisms of LCCs were analyzed. Alkali-stabilized LCC bonds were found to be predominantly characterized by phenyl glycoside (PhGlc) bonds along with numerous p-coumaric acid (PCA) linkage structures. As demonstrated by the NMR and CLSM results, the dissolution of the LCC during the alkaline pretreatment process was observed to migrate from the inner secondary wall (S-layer) of the bamboo fiber cell walls to the cell corner middle lamella (CCML) and compound middle lamella (CML), ultimately leading to its release from the bamboo. Furthermore, the presence of H-type lignin-FA-arabinoxylan linkage structures within the bamboo LCC was identified with their primary dissolution observed in the S-layer of the bamboo fiber cell walls. The study results provided a clear target for breaking down the anti-depolymerization barrier in bamboo, signifying a major advancement in achieving the comprehensive separation of bamboo components.

Efficient degradation of lignin by chlorine dioxide and preparation of high purity pulp fiber.

High-purity pulp fibers can be obtained by using chlorine dioxide to oxidize lignin. However, organic halogen compounds (AOX) are generated from chlorination side reactions during the lignin oxidation process. In this study, phenolic lignin model compounds with different substituents were selected. The effects of substituent position on the production of free radicals and oxidative ring opening in benzene rings were analyzed. It was found that the structural transformation of lignin and the reaction consumption of ClO2 were significantly changed under high concentration of ClO2. The molar consumption ratio of compound to ClO2 was increased from 1:2 to 1:3. Quinone, an intermediate product that promotes the formation of phenoxy radicals, was found to be stabilized in the reaction. This is attributed to that the benzene ring of lignin is activated through long-range electrostatic interactions. The formation of free radicals and the oxidative ring-opening reaction of benzene rings were facilitated. The efficient oxidation of lignin by ClO2 was fulfilled. Chlorination reactions of lignin were suppressed at elevated oxidation efficiency. The pollution load of wastewater was significantly reduced. AOX generation was reduced by 69.27 %. This provides a new method for efficient oxidative degradation of lignin and preparation of high purity pulp fiber.

Exploration of the mechanism of levofloxacin removal by N-doped-induced interfacial micro-electric field-activated persulfate.

The defects formed by N doping always coexist with pyrrole nitrogen (Po) and pyridine nitrogen (Pd), and the synergistic mechanisms of H2O2 production and PMS activation between the different Po: Pd are unknown. This paper synthesized MOF-derived carbon materials with different nitrogen-type ratios as cathode materials in an electro-Fenton system using precursors with different nitrogen-containing functional groups. Several catalysts with different Po: Pd ratios (0:4, 1:3, 2:2, 3:1, 4:0) were prepared, and the best catalyst for LEV degradation was FC-CN (Po: Pd=3:1). X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and density-functional theory (DFT) calculations show that the introduction of nitrogen creates an interfacial micro-electric field (IMEF) in the carbon layer and the metal, accelerates the electron transfer from the carbon layer to the Co atoms, and promotes cycling between the Fe3+/Co2+ redox pairs, with the electron transfer reaching a maximum at Po: Pd = 3:1. FC-CN (Po: Pd=3:1) achieved more than 95 % LEV degradation in 90 min at pH = 3-9, with a lower energy consumption of 0.11 kWh m-3 order-1. and the energy consumption of the catalyst for LEV degradation is lower than that of those catalysts reported. In addition, the degradation pathway of LEV was proposed based on UPLC-MS and Fukui function. This study offers some valuable information for the application of MOF derivatives.

Direct synthesis of a lithium carboxymethyl cellulose binder using wood dissolving pulp for high-performance LiFePO4 cathodes in lithium-ion batteries.

Lithium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC-Li) is a promising novel water-based binder for lithium-ion batteries. The direct synthesis of CMC-Li was innovatively developed using abundant wood dissolving pulp materials from hardwood (HW) and softwood (SW). The resulting CMC-Li-HW and CMC-Li-SW binders possessed a suitable degree of substitutions and excellent molecular weight distributions with an appropriate quantity of long- and short-chain celluloses, which facilitated the construction of a reinforced concrete-like bonding system. When used as cathode binders in LiFePO4 batteries, they uniformly coated and dispersed the electrode materials, formed a compact and stable conductive network with high mechanical strength and showed sufficient lithium replenishment. The prepared LiFePO4 batteries exhibited good mechanical stability, low charge transfer impedance, high initial discharge capacity (∼180 mAh/g), high initial Coulombic efficiency (99 %), excellent cycling performance (<3% loss over 200 cycles) and good rate capability, thereby outperforming CMC-Na and the widely used cathode binder polyvinylidene fluoride.

Anthraquinone-based polymer modified BiVO4 photoanode with strong electron-withdrawing functional groups for boasting photoelectrochemical water oxidation.

The photoelectrochemical (PEC) performance ofBiVO4 is limited by sluggish water oxidation kinetics and severe carrier recombination. Herein, a novel high-performance BiVO4/NiFe-NOAQ photoanode is prepared by a simple one-step hydrothermal method, using BiVO4 and 1-Nitroanthraquinone (NOAQ) as raw materials. The BiVO4/NiFe-NOAQ photoanode has an excellent photocurrent density of 5.675 mA cm-2 at 1.23 VRHE, which is 3.35 times higher than that of the pure BiVO4 (1.693 mA cm-2) photoanode. The BiVO4/NiFe-NOAQ shows a significant improvement in charge separation efficiency (86.12 %) and charge injection efficiency (87.86 %). The improvement is ascribable to the NiFe-NOAQ form a type II heterojunction with BiVO4 to inhibit carrier recombination. More importantly, the kinetic isotope experiment suggests that the proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) process can enhance the charge transfer of BiVO4/NiFe-NOAQ. The contact angle measurements show that modifying functional groups enhanced the hydrophilicity of BiVO4/NiFe-NOAQ, which can further accelerate the PCET process. The XPS and PL results as well as the tauc plot indicate that the strong electron-withdrawing ability of -NO2 which can promote the extension of π conjugation, results in more π electron delocalization and produces more efficient active sites, thus achieving efficient photoelectrochemical water oxidation.