Trichinella and polar bears: a limited risk for humans.

In this review, we identified 63 cases reported since World War II of human trichinellosis linked to the consumption of parasitized polar bear (Ursus maritimus) meat. This low number contrasts to the numerous cases of human trichinellosis related to consumption of the meat of black (U. americanus) or brown bears (U. arctos). The prevalence of Trichinella infection is high in bears, but larval muscular burden is usually lower in polar bears compared to other bear species. Polar bears, therefore, seem to play a limited role in the transmission of trichinellosis to humans, as native residents living in the Arctic traditionally consume well-cooked bear meat, and travellers and foreign hunters have only limited access to this protected species due to the declining polar bear population.

Confirmation and follow-up of neurocysticercosis by real-time PCR in cerebrospinal fluid samples of patients living in France.

Neurocysticercosis diagnosis is based on a combination of clinical, epidemiological, radiological, and immunological findings. We describe a real-time PCR assay for the confirmation of neurocysticercosis diagnosis in cerebrospinal fluid. The assay, tested on samples from nine patients living in France and diagnosed with neurocysticercosis, had a detection rate of 83.3% and 100% specificity.

Pneumocystosis: a network survey in the Paris area 2003-2008.

The aims of this network group were to collect epidemiological data of PcP cases in 14 hospitals in the Paris area and to determine the Di-Hydro Pteroate Synthase (DHPS) genotypes, genetic markers for possible sulfamide resistance. From January 1, 2003 to December 31, 2008, 993 (mean 166/year) PcP cases have been reported. Sixty-five percent of patients were HIV-positive. The median count of CD4 lymphocytes was 32/mm(3) (30 in HIV-positive patients, 152 in HIV-negative patients). In HIV-positive patients, PcP revealed the HIV infection in 39%. Among 304 PcP occurring in HIV known infected patients, no prophylaxis was prescribed for 64%; cotrimoxazole prophylaxis had been prescribed to 47 patients but only one of them had the right compliance. In HIV-negative patients (264), corticosteroids were prescribed in 59% and cytotoxic chemotherapies in 34%; 78% did not receive prophylaxis. One hundred sixty nine tumoral pathologies and 116 transplantations were notified. The mortality rate was 16% at day 14 (13% in HIV-positive patients, 26% in HIV-negative patients). Mutations in DHPS genes were detected in 18.5% of samples; 12.5% of patients were infected with several strains. The total annual number of cases has been stable for five years but the proportion of HIV-negative patients increased from 25% to 43%.

Factors of occurrence of ocular toxoplasmosis. A review.

Acquired and congenital toxoplasmosis are frequently complicated by ocular toxoplasmosis. The diagnosis relies on clinical aspects, response to specific treatment and results of biological assays. The incidence and the prevalence of this complication are difficult to establish precisely and depend on the prevalence of the parasite infection in the general population, and are affected by factors such as type of exposure to the parasite, genetic backgrounds of the parasite and the host, and type of immune response elicited by the parasite.

Multicenter comparative evaluation of five commercial methods for toxoplasma DNA extraction from amniotic fluid.

Over the past few years, a number of new nucleic acid extraction methods and extraction platforms using chemistry combined with magnetic or silica particles have been developed, in combination with instruments to facilitate the extraction procedure. The objective of the present study was to investigate the suitability of these automated methods for the isolation of Toxoplasma gondii DNA from amniotic fluid (AF). Therefore, three automated procedures were compared to two commercialized manual extraction methods. The MagNA Pure Compact (Roche), BioRobot EZ1 (Qiagen), and easyMAG (bioMérieux) automated procedures were compared to two manual DNA extraction kits, the QIAamp DNA minikit (Qiagen) and the High Pure PCR template preparation kit (Roche). Evaluation was carried out with two specific Toxoplasma PCRs (targeting the 529-bp repeat element), inhibitor search PCRs, and human beta-globin PCRs. The samples each consisted of 4 ml of AF with or without a calibrated Toxoplasma gondii RH strain suspension (0, 1, 2.5, 5, and 25 tachyzoites/ml). All PCR assays were laboratory-developed real-time PCR assays, using either TaqMan or fluorescent resonance energy transfer probes. A total of 1,178 PCRs were performed, including 978 Toxoplasma PCRs. The automated and manual methods were similar in sensitivity for DNA extraction from T. gondii at the highest concentration (25 Toxoplasma gondii cells/ml). However, our results showed that the DNA extraction procedures led to variable efficacy in isolating low concentrations of tachyzoites in AF samples (<5 Toxoplasma gondii cells/ml), a difference that might have repercussions since low parasite concentrations in AF exist and can lead to congenital toxoplasmosis.

Contributions of immunoblotting, real-time PCR, and the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient to diagnosis of atypical toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis.

Ocular toxoplasmosis is a major cause of posterior uveitis worldwide. The diagnosis is based mainly on ophthalmological examination. Biological diagnosis is necessary in atypical cases, and this requires aqueous humor sampling by anterior chamber paracentesis. We evaluated real-time PCR targeting the Toxoplasma gondii 529-bp repeat element, the Goldmann-Witmer coefficient (GWC), and immunoblotting for the diagnosis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in 54 patients with atypical uveitis. The results of these biological tests, applied to paired aqueous humor-serum samples, were compared to the clinical findings. Combining either PCR or the GWC with immunoblotting increased the sensitivity to 73% or 70%, respectively. Together, PCR and the GWC had 80% sensitivity. If feasible, sensitivity can be increased by combining the three methods (85% sensitivity). The interval between symptom onset and anterior chamber paracentesis strongly influenced the detection of specific intraocular antibody synthesis. The sensitivity of the GWC increased from 45% to 56% when sampling was performed 10 days after symptom onset, and that of immunoblotting increased from 53% to 72% when puncture was performed 30 days after symptom onset. PCR analysis of aqueous humor samples detected toxoplasmic DNA in 55% of patients. In contrast to the results of immunoblotting and the GWC, the results of PCR were not influenced by the interval between symptom onset and paracentesis. PCR was more informative than the GWC and immunoblotting for immunocompromised patients. Acute necrotizing retinal lesions were significantly larger in PCR-positive patients, with a mean of 3.5 optic disc diameters, than in PCR-negative patients, with a mean of 1.5 optic disc diameters.

[How can the cost of screening for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy be reduced?]. / Comment réduire le coût du dépistage de la toxoplasmose chez la femme enceinte?

BACKGROUND: A program of systematic serology screening for toxoplasmosis during pregnancy has been running in France since 1978. The program involves monthly follow-ups for all non-immune pregnant women. Due to the steady decline in the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis, the cost of the program is steadily increasing. Current screening is based on the detection of IgG and IgM isotypes. The aim of this work was to estimate the benefit of replacing combined dosage of two isotypes, by an alternative strategy that detects total anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulins. METHODS: The rate of decreasing seroprevalence and the increasing burden on serological examinations was measured in a study population of pregnant women who were checked for toxoplasmosis by the parasitology laboratory of the Cochin Hospital, Paris. The increase in screening costs was estimated for the all-pregnant women and the expected benefits stemming from simply measuring total anti-Toxoplasma immunoglobulins compared to the double IgG-IgM assay were estimated. RESULTS: Between 1987 and 2008, the seroprevalence of toxoplasmosis measured at the Cochin hospital dropped from 70.8% to 48.6% with a 1.77% annual rate of decline. This downward trend is similar to that observed by the national perinatal surveys performed in 1995 and in 2003. As the number of non-immune women to follow-up each month is constantly increasing, the proportion of negative tests issued reached 87.6% in 2008. Extrapolating these results to the whole of France, we estimated that the number of required screening tests perform was increasing by 93,000 units per year with an additional associated cost of one million euros. Various alternative scenarios of antibody detection are proposed that could save between 40.2% and 48.4% of current screening costs. CONCLUSION: Replacement of combined dosage of IgG and IgM isotypes by determination of just total Ig would significantly reduce costs of toxoplasmosis screening for pregnant women, without effecting either the general strategy, or proven efficiency of the national program.

Use of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA PCR and sequencing for molecular identification of Diphyllobothrium isolates potentially infective for humans.

Tapeworms of the genus Diphyllobothrium (Cobold, 1858) are widely distributed all around the world and some of them are agents of human diphyllobothriasis. Approximately 50 species have been described within the Diphyllobothrium genus but only 13 are human pathogens. Species identification by using morphological criteria is very difficult. We determined the value of 18S ribosomal RNA gene, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 gene (COI) sequences to differentiate between Diphyllobothrium isolates. Sequences from 18 isolates (larvae or adults) of D. latum, D. nihonkaiense, D. ditremum, D. dentriticum and D. stemmacephalum species were obtained. COI region sequences analysis was clearly more discriminative than those of the ITS1 and 18S rRNA and was a useful tool for identifying specimens.

Evaluation of five automated and one manual method for Toxoplasma and human DNA extraction from artificially spiked amniotic fluid.

OBJECTIVES: Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii plays a crucial role in the prenatal and neonatal diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis (CT). Sensitivity of this diagnosis is partly related to the efficiency of parasite DNA extraction and amplification. DNA extraction methods with automated platforms have been developed. Therefore, it is essential to evaluate them in combination with adequate PCR amplification assays. METHODS: In this multisite study, we investigated the suitability of two recent automated procedures for the isolation of Toxoplasma DNA from amniotic fluid (AF) (Magtration system 12GC, PSS and Freedom EVO VacS, Tecan), compared with three other automated procedures (MagNAPure Compact, Roche, BioRobot EZ1, Qiagen and modified NucliSens easyMAG, bioMérieux) and with the manual DNA extraction QIAamp DNA Mini kit (Qiagen). Two Toxoplasma PCR assays targeting the '529-bp' repeat DNA element were used, based upon dual hybridization (FRET) or hydrolysis (TaqMan) probes. A total of 1296 PCRs were performed including 972 Toxoplasma PCRs. RESULTS: We showed variable efficacy (4.2%-100% positive results) among the DNA extraction procedures in isolating up to five T. gondii cells/mL in AF samples. Moreover, for a given DNA extraction method, variable results were obtained among the two Toxoplasma PCR assays for detecting up to five T. gondii cells/mL: when using TaqMan PCR, all the automated systems yielded more than 60% positive results. Nevertheless, when testing the DNA extracts in triplicate, four out of six extraction methods allowed a satisfactory detection of low amounts of T. gondii DNA (≥33% of positive results) independently of the PCR assay used. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the influence of the subsequent PCR method used, this study should help microbiologists in the choice of DNA extraction methods for the detection of T. gondii in amniotic fluid. The extraction method should be checked as adequate for the PCR assay used.

Diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in a renal transplant recipient mother.

We report the case of a first trimester toxoplasmosis infection in a renal transplant recipient. Real-time polymerase chain reaction in amniotic fluid at 18 weeks was negative for Toxoplasma gondii but at 26 weeks major fetal hydrocephalus was discovered leading to medical termination of pregnancy. Pathological examination confirmed lesions consistent with congenital toxoplasmosis. The herein case report, as well as data from the French reference centre for congenital Toxoplamosis (1835 cases in the past eight years), suggests that the strategy of management of pregnancy's first trimester Toxoplasmosis infection in patients treated by immunosuppressive therapy needs to be reconsidered.

[Prevalence of Diphyllobothrium latum, L., 1758 infestation in Perca fluviatilis from Lake Leman]. / Prévalence de l'infestation par Diphyllobothrium latum, L., 1758 chez les Perches (Perca fluvatilas) du lac Léman.

Diphyllobothriasis is contracted by consuming raw or undercooked freshwater fish and is still present on the shores of lake Leman. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of Diphyllobothrium latum plerocercoid larvae in Perca fluviatilis from this lake. Four to 10% of perch fillets examined in November 2003, February 2004, April 2004 and January 2005, were infested with D. latum larvae. The identification of the larvae was confirmed by PCR and sequencing of the 18S rDNA.

Polymicrobial candidaemia revealed by peripheral blood smear and chromogenic medium.

Candida spp are the fourth most common group of nosocomial pathogens isolated from patients on medical, surgical, and intensive care wards. Polymicrobial candidaemia has rarely been described. The diagnosis of candidaemia from peripheral blood smears has not been widely reported. This report describes the case of a young woman suffering from Ewing's sarcoma who developed a syndrome of septic shock. Deep fungal infection was diagnosed from a systematic peripheral blood smear and yeasts were isolated within 24 hours. A subculture on CHROMagar Candida allowed the differentiation and presumptive identification of Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. Species identification was confirmed by the ID 32C system. This report underlines the usefulness of peripheral blood smears in the diagnosis of fulminant deep fungal infections, and of a differential isolation medium in the rapid presumptive identification of clinically important yeast species from clinical samples. This medium is particularly useful for the detection of mixed fungal infections, allowing early and better adapted antifungal treatment.

[Comparative evaluation of a latex agglutination test, two Elisa tests and a Western blot test for the serodiagnosis of human trichinellosis]. / Evaluation comparative d'un test d'agglutination au latex, de deux tests Elisa et d'un test western blot pur le diagnostic sérologique de la trichinellose humaine.

Serology is a helpful test for the diagnosis of human trichinellosis because clinical signs of this disease (fever and myalgias) are non specific. A lot of techniques have been studied but very few are commercialized and have been comparatively evaluated. We report here the performances of 4 commercially available kits: two Elisa tests, one western blot test & one latex agglutination test. The specificity and sensitivity of the different tests were assayed on 60 sera from patients with a proven trichinellosis and on 70 controls. The four tests had a 100% sensitivity. The specificity was of 98.6% for the western blot, of 93% for the latex agglutination test and of 87 & 77% for the two Elisa tests. Cross reactions are mainly observed in patients with other helminthic infections.

[Ivermectin use in tropical medicine]. / Utilisation de l'ivermectine en médecine tropicale.

Ivermectin is a major breakthrough for the treatment of onchocerciasis, strongyloidosis, scabies and cutaneous larva migrans. Combined with albendazole, ivermectin is highly efficient for treating lymphatic filariasis and intestinal worms. Ivermectin shows very few side-effects but its use in children below 5 and during pregnancy is discussed. Ivermectin tolerance could be related to mdr1 gene expression. Additional studies are needed to assess its efficiency for pediculosis.

The genotypic characterisation of Acanthamoeba isolates from human ocular samples.

BACKGROUND: We characterised 37 amoebae cultured from corneal scrapings, contact lenses or lens case solutions of patients with suspected Acanthamoeba keratitis. METHODS: The isolates were identified by their morphology and by PCR targeting the Acanthamoeba nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene. Acanthamoeba isolates were genotyped by DNA sequence analysis. RESULTS: The 37 isolates comprised 35 Acanthamoeba, one Hartmannella and one Vahlkampfia. Ten Acanthamoeba isolates were shown to be responsible for keratitis. CONCLUSION: Genotype T4 was the only Acanthamoeba genotype responsible for keratitis in this study, and represented 79% of non-pathogenic isolates.

Resistance of Acanthamoeba to classic DNA extraction methods used for the diagnosis of corneal infections.

AIMS: Sensitive diagnosis of Acanthamoeba infections may prevent the clinical condition from becoming worse. In order to improve the diagnosis tool performances, we studied the implication of the DNA extraction procedures on the detection of Acanthamoeba by real-time PCR. METHODS: Acanthamoeba cysts mixed with a tag virus were processed according to different DNA preparation procedures: heat, Proteinase K (ProtK), alkali lysis, QIAmp kit, MagNA Pure (DNA Mini kit, MagNA Pure Nucleic Acid isolation kit), ProtK+QIAmp and ProtK+MagNA Pure. Parasite-DNA loads were assessed by real-time PCR. RESULTS: The results show that the structures of Acanthamoeba cysts are resistant to reagents releasing the DNA from other cells and viruses. Heat, NaOH or ProtK did not allow the DNA extraction yields to be assessed or the inhibitors to be eliminated The QIAmp and the MagNA Pure partially improved the sensitivity of the PCR and eliminated the inhibitors. A significant increase in positive results was obtained with a ProtK treatment before commercial extraction kits. ProtK+MagNA Pure yielded the highest rates of positivity. CONCLUSION: To minimise false negative results, the nucleic-acid based Acanthamoeba diagnosis requires, first, the efficient lysis of cysts (without affecting the DNA) to make the DNA available for extraction and amplification, and, second, the elimination of PCR inhibitors. A significant increase in the detection rates is obtained by adding a ProtK treatment (10 min at 56 degrees C) before the commercial procedures. ProtK+MagNA Pure yielded the best results in 30 min, followed by ProtK+QIAmp (150 min).

Comparison of PCR, microscopic examination and culture for the early diagnosis and characterization of Acanthamoeba isolates from ocular infections.

In the study presented here, PCR, microscopic examination and culture of corneal samples were compared as methods of confirming the clinical diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis, a serious ocular infection that is difficult to diagnose and threatens eyesight. The three methods were applied to isolates obtained from 513 patients with clinical signs or risk factors suggesting Acanthamoeba infection. Acanthamoeba keratitis was diagnosed in 12 of these patients. Combined PCR assays were more sensitive (94%) than either microscopic examination (33%) or culture (7%). The Acanthamoeba isolates were characterized using DNA sequence analysis of the nuclear small-subunit rRNA gene, and T4 was the predominant genotype found.

[Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba spp. keratitis with PCR]. / Diagnostic par PCR des kératites à Acanthamoeba spp.

AIM: Evaluation of a PCR assay as a diagnostic tool for detection of Acanthamoeba spp. in patients presenting infectious keratitis. METHODS: Between August 2001 and November 2002, 342 clinical specimens consisting in corneal scrapings from 334 patients were tested for Acanthamoeba using direct microscopy, culture, and PCR. A fragment of Acanthamoeba 18S rRNA gene was amplified using a set of primers referred to as Nelson's primers. RESULTS: A diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis was considered for nine patients. Amoeba growth in culture was unfruitful for all of these cases. Eight patients had corneal scrapings that tested positive with PCR; in two cases direct microscopy observations confirmed PCR results. For one patient, a negative PCR result was obtained; however, a second corneal sample and cysts staining on May-Grünwald-Giemsa were positive. A false-positive PCR result was noted related to another amebic genus. A risk factor was found in all Acanthamoeba keratitis cases (contact lenses, trauma). Topical treatment was successful, and keratoplasty was necessary afterwards for optical rehabilitation in five patients. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that PCR is a sensitive diagnostic tool, superior to conventional techniques for detecting Acanthamoeba in corneal lesions.