Mediating Zn Ions Migration Behavior via ß-Cyclodextrin Modified Carbon Nanotube Film for High-Performance Zn Anodes.

Metallic Zn is considered as a promising anode material because of its abundance, eco-friendliness, and high theoretical capacity. However, the uncontrolled dendrite growth and side reactions restrict its further practical application. Herein, we proposed a ß-cyclodextrin-modified multiwalled carbon nanotube (CD-MWCNT) layer for Zn metal anodes. The obtained CD-MWCNT layer with high affinity to Zn can significantly reduce the transfer barrier of Zn2+ at the electrode/electrolyte interface, facilitating the uniform deposition of Zn2+ and suppressing water-caused side reactions. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell assembled with CD-MWCNT shows a significantly enhanced cycling durability, maintaining a cycling life exceeding 1000 h even under a high current density of 5 mA cm-2. Furthermore, the full battery equipped with a V2O5 cathode displays an unparalleled long life. This work unveils a promising avenue toward the achievement of high-performance Zn metal anodes.

FAM83B regulates mitochondrial metabolism and anti-apoptotic activity in pulmonary adenocarcinoma.

Chemotherapy is an effective therapeutic modality; nevertheless, a significant proportion of patients diagnosed with lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) demonstrate resistance to chemotherapy. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the potential regulatory mechanisms to develop novel treatment strategies. This study aims to understand how increased FAM83B expression impacts mitochondrial activity, cell apoptosis, and chemotherapy effectiveness in LUAD. Multiple assays, such as CCK8, wound healing, EdU, and transwell assays, were employed to confirm the augmented chemotherapy resistance, heightened cell proliferation, migration, and invasion caused by FAM83B overexpression in LUAD cells. Furthermore, MIMP, MTG, and ATP assays were utilized to quantify changes in mitochondrial metabolism. In vitro functional assays were performed to evaluate the influence of FAM83B overexpression on the malignant progression and resistance mechanisms to chemotherapy in LUAD. In the context of this study, it was determined that LUAD patients with increased FAM83B expression had shorter survival times, and tissue samples with FAM83B overexpression were more prone to metastasis compared to primary samples. As a result, FAM83B is identified as an adverse prognostic marker. The mechanistic analysis demonstrated that FAM83B impedes the translocation of calbindin 2 (CALB2) from the cytoplasm to the mitochondria, resulting in the inhibition of apoptosis and the promotion of mitochondrial activity. Consequently, this ultimately confers resistance to chemotherapy in LUAD. Furthermore, the administration of metformin, which blocks mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), can restore sensitivity to drug resistance in LUAD. Taken together, these findings provide substantial evidence supporting the notion that FAM83B enhances chemotherapy resistance in LUAD through the upregulation of mitochondrial metabolism and the inhibition of apoptosis.

A Triply-Periodic-Minimal-Surface Structured Interphase based on Fluorinated Polymers Strengthening High-energy Lithium Metal Batteries.

The challenge of constructing a mechanically robust yet lightweight artificial solid-electrolyte interphase layer on lithium (Li) anodes highlights a trade-off between high battery safety and high energy density. Inspired by the intricate microstructure of the white sea urchin, we first develop a polyvinyl fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP) interfacial layer with a triple periodic minimal surface structure (TPMS) that could offer maximal modulus with minimal weight. This design endows high mechanical strength to an ordered porous structure, effectively reduces local current density, polarization, and internal resistance, and stabilizes the anode interface. At a low N/P ratio of ~3, using LiFePO4 as the cathode, Li anodes protected by TPMS-structured PVDF-HFP achieve an extremely low capacity-fading-rate of approximately 0.002 % per cycle over 200 cycles at 1 C, with an average discharge capacity of 142 mAh g-1. Meanwhile, the TPMS porous structure saves 50 wt % of the interfacial layer mass, thereby enhancing the energy density of the battery. The TPMS structure is conducive to large-scale additive manufacturing, which will provide a reference for the future development of lightweight, high-energy-density secondary batteries.

Tailoring Li Deposition by Regulating Structural Connectivity of Electrochemical Li Reservoir in Li-metal Batteries.

Irregular Li deposition is the major reason for poor reversibility and cycle instability in Li metal batteries, even leading to safety hazards, the causes of which have been extensively explored. The structural disconnection induced by completely dissolving Li in the traditional testing protocol is a key factor accounting for irregular Li growth during the subsequent deposition process. Herein, the critical role played by the structural connectivity of electrochemical Li reservoir in subsequent Li deposition behaviors is elucidated and a morphology-performance correlation is established. The structural connection and resultant well-distributed morphology of the in situ electrochemical Li reservoir ensure efficient electron transfer and Li+ diffusion pathway, finally leading to homogenized Li nucleation and growth. Tailoring the geometry of Li reservoir can improve the coulombic efficiency and cyclability of anode-free Li metal batteries by optimizing Li deposition behavior.

Amino-Functionalized Interfacial Layer Enables an Ultra-Uniform Amorphous Solid Electrolyte Interphase for High-Performance Aqueous Zinc-Based Batteries.

Aqueous rechargeable zinc-based batteries (ZBBs) are emerging as desirable energy storage systems because of their high capacity, low cost, and inherent safety. However, the further application of ZBBs still faces many challenges, such as the issues of uncontrolled dendrite growth and severe parasitic reactions occurring at the Zn anode. Herein, an amino-grafted bacterial cellulose (NBC) film is prepared as artificial solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) for the Zn metal anodes, which can significantly reduce zinc nucleation overpotential and lead to the dendrite-free deposition of Zn metal along the (002) crystal plane more easily without any external stimulus. More importantly, the chelation between the modified amino groups and zinc ions can promote the formation of an ultra-even amorphous SEI upon cycling, reducing the activity of hydrate ions, and inhibiting the water-induced side reactions. As a result, the Zn||Zn symmetric cell with NBC film exhibits lower overpotential and higher cyclic stability. When coupled with the V2 O5 cathode, the practical pouch cell achieves superior electrochemical performance over 1000 cycles.

Rapidly Constructing Sodium Fluoride-Rich Interface by Pressure and Diglyme-Induced Defluorination Reaction for Stable Sodium Metal Anode.

Sodium (Na) metal is able to directly use as a battery anode but have a highly reductive ability of unavoidably occurring side reactions with organic electrolytes, resulting in interfacial instability as a primary factor in performance decay. Therefore, building stable Na metal anode is of utmost significance for both identifying the electrochemical performance of laboratory half-cells employed for quantifying samples and securing the success of room-temperature Na metal batteries. In this work, we propose an NaF-rich interface rapidly prepared by pressure and diglyme-induced defluorination reaction for stable Na metal anode. Once the electrolyte is dropped into the coin-type cells followed by a slight squeeze, the Na metal surface immediately forms a protective layer consisting of amorphous carbon and NaF, effectively inhibiting the dendrite growth and dead Na. The resultant Na metal anode exhibits a long-term cycling lifespan over 1800 h even under the area capacity of 3.0 mAh cm-2 . Furthermore, such a universal and facile method is readily applied in daily battery assembly regarding Na metal anode.

FAM83B promotes the invasion of primary lung adenocarcinoma via PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway.

OBJECTS: The family with sequence similarity 83B (FAM83B) is one of the markers for poor prognosis in several carcinomas, but the expression and the mechanism resulted in malignant phenotype in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remain to be elucidated. METHODS:  Data of RNA-seq in LUAD were downloaded from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) database for differential expression and survival analysis, and immunohistochemistry was employed to analyze the protein expression of FAM83B in 126 cases of primary LUAD. The LUAD cell lines were collected for the detection of the effects on migration and invasion. Then, western blot was performed to measure the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 and activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. RESULTS: FAM83B was overexpressed in multiple types of carcinomas; The differential expression analysis revealed that the level of FAM83B was higher in LUAD than that in para-carcinoma; The patients with overexpression of FAM83B were with shorter overall survival (OS), disease specific survival (DSS) and progress free interval (PFI); Enrichment analysis suggested it was related to the focal adhesion of LUAD. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that higher FAM83B expression was positively related to lymph node metastasis in primary. Scratch assay and Borden chamber assay showed that the overexpression of FAM83B promoted migration and invasion activity in vitro. Furthermore, high level of FAM83B accelerated the tumorigenesis in vivo. Western blot showed that TIMP-1 was upregulated in H1299/FAM83B OE cells accompanying by the activation of PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway. CONCLUSIONS: FAM83B was a marker for poor prognosis of LUAD and it might promote the expression of TIMP-1 by activating PI3K/AKT/NF-κB pathway and then affect the ECM balance, which resulted in the migration and invasion of LUAD.

High-resolution ptychographic imaging enabled by high-speed multi-pass scanning.

As a coherent diffraction imaging technique, ptychography provides high-spatial resolution beyond Rayleigh's criterion of the focusing optics, but it is also sensitively affected by the decoherence coming from the spatial and temporal variations in the experiment. Here we show that high-speed ptychographic data acquisition with short exposure can effectively reduce the impact from experimental variations. To reach a cumulative dose required for a given resolution, we further demonstrate that a continuous multi-pass scan via high-speed ptychography can achieve high-resolution imaging. This low-dose scan strategy is shown to be more dose-efficient, and has potential for radiation-sensitive sample studies and time-resolved imaging.

Multiresidue screening of pesticides in Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.

In this study, an efficient screening method based on a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction method combined with ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry was established for the determination of 90 pesticides residues in Panax Ginseng. The accuracy of the method was then verified by analyzing the false positive rate and the screening detection limit in Ginseng. The results revealed that the screening detection limit of 33 of 90 pesticide residues were 0.01 mg·kg-1 , 22 species were 0.05 mg·kg-1 , 11 species were 0.10 mg·kg-1 , 8 species were 0.20 mg·kg-1 , and another 16 species were greater than 0.20 mg·kg-1 . A total of 73 pesticides were ultimately suitable to be practically applied for rapid analysis of pesticide residues in Ginseng. Finally, the established method was used to analyze the pesticide residues in 35 Ginseng samples available on the market. And the residual of dimethomorph, azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and pyraclostrobin was relatively severe in Ginseng samples. This work expanded the range of pesticides detected and provided a rapid, effective method for pesticides screening in Ginseng.

Total flavonoids of Rhizoma Drynariae protect hepatocytes against aflatoxin B1-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in broiler chickens.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a common mycotoxin in food and in the environment that lead to multi-organ injury in humans and animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the detoxification properties of dietary total flavonoids of Rhizoma drynariae (TFRD), a Chinese herbal, on aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)-induced hepatic oxidative damage and apoptosis of liver of broiler chickens. A total of 160 healthy specific pathogen free (SPF) 21-day-old broilers were randomly allocated to 4 groups, including the CON group (basal diet), TFRD group (basal diet with 125 mg/kg TFRD), AFB1 group (100 µg/kg body weight), and AFB1 (100 µg/kg body weight) + TFRD (basal diet with 125 mg/kg TFRD) group. The exposure of AFB1 continued for seven days. The results showed that TFRD treatment alleviated the abnormal changes of growth performance and liver morphology, reduced serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. Moreover, TFRD promoted the antioxidant capacity of serum, increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), oxidized glutathione (GSSG) and glutathione (GSH) (p < 0.05), while decreased MDA contents (p > 0.05). Meanwhile, supplementation of TFRD significantly increased the expression of antioxidant-related genes (SOD, CAT, GST, and GPX1) in liver (p < 0.05). Furthermore, we found that AFB1 was involved in the regulation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, leading to hepatocyte apoptosis. At the same time, TFRD treatment inhibited AFB1-induced apoptosis and significantly changed mRNA expression of apoptosis-related genes, including PI3K, AKT, Bax, and Bcl-2 (p < 0.05). The results indicated that TFRD could alleviate AFB1-induced liver injury in broiler chickens.

Aflatoxin B1 causes oxidative stress and apoptosis in sheep testes associated with disrupting rumen microbiota.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an unavoidable environmental pollutant commonly found in feed and foodstuffs. It is the most toxic one of all the aflatoxins, which can cause severe impairment to testicular development and function. Yet, the underlying mechanisms of reproductive toxicity in rams sheep remain inconclusive. The study was designed to explore the effects of AFB1 on sheep testes through rumen-microbiota, oxidative stress and apoptosis. Six-month-old male Dorper rams (n = 6) were orally administrated with 1.0 mg/kg AFB1 (dissolved in 20 mL 4% ethanol) 24 h before the experiment. At the same time, rams in the control group (n = 6) were intragastrically administrated with 20 mL 4% ethanol. It was observed that acute AFB1 poisoning had significant (p < 0.05) toxin residue in the testis and could cause testicular histopathological damage. AFB1 stimulated the secretion of plasma testosterone level through regulating testosterone synthesis-related genes (StAR, 3ß-HSD, CYP11A1, and CYP17A1), which are accompanied by the increase of oxidative stress and testicular apoptosis that had a close relationship with the regulation of testosterone secretion. Interestingly, we observed rumen dysbacteriosis and decreased the abundances of Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, CF231, Ruminococcus, and Pseudobutyrivibrio in AFB1-exposed sheep, which were negatively correlated to the testosterone synthesis-related gene levels. Taken together, our findings indicated that AFB1 induced testicular damage and testicular dysfunction, which is related to testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis involved in rumen dysbacteriosis in sheep.

Aflatoxin B1 alters meat quality associated with oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut-microbiota in sheep.

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is an unavoidable contaminant in animal feed and agricultural products. AFB1 has been found to impair the liver and kidney function of sheep. However, few data are available, which explain the toxic damage of AFB1 exposure on meat quality. In the study, male Dorper RAMS sheep (6-month-old) were orally administrated with AFB1 at the dose of 1 mg/kg body weight once. The body temperature, serum biochemistry, meat quality-related parameters, oxidation indicators in meat and serum, the mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and anti-inflammatory, and microbiota composition of feces were measured 24 h after AFB1 exposure. The results showed that the body temperature was slightly increased, the mental state of mutton sheep was suppressed, and biochemical indicators were significantly changed after AFB1 exposure. AFB1 impaired mutton quality reflected by the structure of muscle fibers was changed, and increased muscle drip loss and lightness (L*), and decreased muscle redness (a*). Moreover, we found that AFB1 caused changes in the oxidative stress indicators T-SOD, T-AOC, MDA, GSH level, and GSH/GSSG ratio, and inflammation damage of mutton reflected by increasing pro-inflammatory TNF-α and reducing anti-inflammatory IL-10 mRNA levels, disrupts the secretion of inflammatory factors, and changed the composition of gut microbiota reflected by significantly increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and decreased the abundances of Butyrivibrio, which are related to the quality of the mutton. In summary, gut microbiota participates in AFB1 to damage mutton quality, which may be co-mediated by oxidative stress, inflammation, and gut microbiota.

A water-stable La-MOF with high fluorescence sensing and supercapacitive performances.

A 3D lanthanide coordination polymer {[La(SIP)(H2O)3]·H2O}n (La-MOF) was synthesized successfully by the solvothermal reaction of La(NO3)3·6H2O and 5-sulfoisophthalic acid monosodium salt (NaH2SIP). In particular, two oxygen atoms of sulfate participate in the coordination, which is unusual in all the complexes. La-MOF was characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, powder X-ray diffraction, thermal-gravimetric analysis, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. La-MOF shows excellent water stability and chemical stability in a broad pH range from 2 to 13. Moreover, the fluorescence and sensing properties of La-MOF were invsetigated in detail via its titration and cycling processes, revealing its highly efficient and selective quenching responses and good recyclability for the detection of Fe3+, Cr2O72- and CrO42- ions. In addition, La-MOF possesses an outstanding specific capacitance of 213 F g-1 at 0.5 A g-1. It still retains 92% of the original capacitance after 2000 cycles, exhibiting remarkable long-term cycling stability and reversibility; therefore, the electrode material based on La-MOF is a competitive and promising candidate for application in supercapacitors.

A Flexible and Stable Interpenetrated Indium Pyridylcarboxylate Framework with Breathing Behaviors and Highly Selective Adsorption of Cationic Dyes.

An interpenetrated indium pyridylcarboxylate framework, [NH2(CH3)2][In(L)2]·2.5DMF·5H2O (1), has been synthesized by employing a pyridylcarboxylate ligand, 4-(3-carboxylphenyl)picolinic acid (H2L), and an In3+ ion, with both chemical stability and framework flexibility. The desolvated 1 exhibits an uncommon breathing sorption behavior and shows highly selective adsorption for C2H2, C2H4, and CO2 over CH4. Furthermore, 1 shows rapid and higher adsorption efficiency for methylene blue and neutral red in aqueous solution.

Stable Indium-Pyridylcarboxylate Framework: Selective Gas Capture and Sensing of Fe3+ Ion in Water.

By employing a pyridyl-decorated dicarboxylic acid ligand, 3-(2',5'-dicarboxylphenyl)pyridine acid (H2dcpy), a three-dimensional In3+-based metal-organic framework, H3O[In3(dcpy)4(OH)2]·3DMF·4H2O (1), with a good chemical stability toward acid and base has been synthesized. The compound 1 shows an uncommon (3,8)-connected tfz-d; UO3 topological net based on linear In3(COO)4(OH)2 clusters and also contains one-dimensional open channels. Particularly, 1 contains two types of dcpy2- linkers, in which the pyridyl group in one participates in coordination with the In3+ ion, whereas that in the other is uncoordinated but hangs in the inner sides of the channels as functionalized sites. Gas adsorption experiments demonstrate that 1 is able to selectively adsorb C2H2, C2H4, and CO2 over CH4. Simultaneously, 1 shows a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence detection toward Fe3+ ion in water with good recyclability.

Phonon polaritons in cylindrically curved h-BN.

Hexagonal boron nitride supports phonon polaritons in its two Reststrahlen bands. In this paper, we investigate phonon polaritons in cylindrically curved hexagonal boron nitride thin films. The phonon polariton modes in such structure carry orbital angular momentums depending on its azimuthal index. For extremely small-size structures, high order polariton modes show cutoff behaviors; while, for large-size ones, modes with low azimuthal indexes are nearly degenerate, showing similar mode effective indexes. In dimer structures, phonon polariton modes in the neighboring structures are coupled, creating hybrid modes; gap phonon polaritons arise due to such coupling. For large-size dimers, multiple gap phonon polariton modes have been found. Then, cylindrically curved hexagonal boron nitride thin film is placed on a substrate, which also leads to the emergence of multiple gap phonon polariton modes near the touching point. In the end, we vary the geometric parameters of the structures and give some discussions about the phonon polariton modes. Based on these investigations, we may say that the curvature can strongly affect the phonon polariton modes in h-BN thin films.

Cell-free Protein Synthesis System for Building Synthetic Cells.

The Cell-Free Protein Synthesis (CFPS) system has been widely employed to facilitate the bottom-up assembly of synthetic cells. It serves as the host for the core machinery of the Central Dogma, standing as an optimal chassis for the integration and assembly of diverse artificial cellular mimicry systems. Despite its frequent use in the fabrication of synthetic cells, establishing a tailored and robust CFPS system for a specific application remains a nontrivial challenge. In this methods paper, we present a comprehensive protocol for the CFPS system, routinely employed in constructing synthetic cells. This protocol encompasses key stages in the preparation of the CFPS system, including the cell extract, template preparation, and routine expression optimization utilizing a fluorescent reporter protein. Additionally, we show representative results by encapsulating the CFPS system within various micro-compartments, such as monolayer droplets, double-emulsion vesicles, and chambers situated atop supported lipid bilayers. Finally, we elucidate the critical steps and conditions necessary for the successful assembly of these CFPS systems in distinct environments. We expect that our approach will facilitate the establishment of good working practices among various laboratories within the continuously expanding synthetic cell community, thereby accelerating progress in the field of synthetic cell development.

Exploration of the mechanism of reinfusion of fresh autologous blood in type 2 diabetes mice to induce macrophage polarization and inhibit erythrocyte damage.

AIMS/INTRODUCTION: Type 2 diabetes triggers an inflammatory response that can damage red blood cells. M2 macrophages have inhibitory effects on inflammation, and play an important role in tissue damage repair and fibrosis. Autologous blood transfusion has the potential to inhibit red blood cell damage by mediating macrophage polarization. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Swiss mice were used to establish a suitable type 2 diabetes model, and autologous blood transfusion was carried out. The mice were killed, the blood of the mice was collected and CD14+ monocytes were sorted. The expression levels of phenotypic molecules CD16, CD32 and CD206 in CD14+ monocytes were analyzed by flow cytometry. The proportion of M1 and M2 macrophages were analyzed by flow cytometry. The Q value, P50 , 2,3-diphosphoglycerate and Na+ -K+ -ATPase of red blood cells were detected. The red blood cell osmotic fragility test analyzed the red blood cell osmotic fragility. Western blot analysis was used to analyze the expression changes of erythrocyte surface membrane proteins or transporters erythrocyte membrane protein band 4.1, sphingosine-1-phosphate, glycolipid transfer protein and signal peptide peptidase-like 2A. RESULTS: Autologous blood transfusion induced a significant increase in the number of macrophages. The state and capacity of blood cells improved with autologous blood transfusion. Reinfusion of fresh autologous blood in type 2 diabetes mice made erythrocytes shrink. The expression of erythrocyte-related proteins proved that the erythrocyte injury in the reinfusion of fresh autologous blood + type 2 diabetes group was significantly reduced. CONCLUSION: The reinfusion of fresh autologous blood into the body of patients with type 2 diabetes can induce macrophage polarization to M2, thereby inhibiting red blood cell damage.

Defects materials of Institut Lavoisier-125(Ti) materials enhanced photocatalytic activity for toluene and chlorobenzene mixtures degradation: Mechanism study.

In this paper, the effect of three monocarboxylic acids on MIL-125 synthesis was systematically investigated and the results were discussed in detail. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and nitrogen adsorption-desorption curves indicated that small molecule acids (acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid) affected the morphology of MIL-125 and induced lamellar pores and structural defects in the crystals. Thermogravimetric measurements confirmed the presence of acid-regulated defective metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Electrochemical tests and density function theory calculations indicated that acid modulation could change the forbidden bandwidth of the material. The acid modification strategy effectively promoted the transfer of photogenerated electrons and enhanced the adsorption and activation of O2 and H2O molecules, generating reactive radicals. The modified MOFs also showed excellent performance in the removal of mixed toluene and chlorobenzene. The degradation pathways of the mixture were analyzed by in situ infrared (IR) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The mixture was converted to chlorophenolic intermediates in the presence of reactive oxygen species, further decomposed to form ethers and ethanol, and finally formed small molecules such as carbon dioxide and water. A feasible method was provided for the preparation of photocatalysts for the treatment of mixed VOCs.

Analyzing ozone formation sensitivity in a typical industrial city in China: Implications for effective source control in the chemical transition regime.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) play a major role in O3 formation in urban environments. However, the complexity in the emissions of VOCs and nitrogen oxides (NOx) in industrial cities has made it challenging to identify the key factors influencing O3 formation. This study used observation-based-model (OBM) to analyze O3 sensitivities to VOCs and NOx during summer in a typical industrial city in China. The OBM model results were coupled with a receptor model to analyze the sources of O3. Higher concentrations of O3 precursors were observed during polluted periods indicating that precursor accumulation contributed to the higher maxima of the net ozone formation rate and HOx concentrations. Analyses of ROx· budgets and relative incremental reactivity (RIR) indicated that O3 production is in a chemical transition regime and was sensitive to both VOCs and NOx. Results from Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) analysis indicated that gasoline vehicle emissions, industrial processes, and coal combustion were major sources of O3 precursors. The sensitivities of O3 production to these sources depend on if both VOC and NOx sensitivities are considered. If only VOCs sensitivity is considered, in contrast, the contribution of anthropogenic sources to O3 production was significantly underestimated. This study highlights the importance of accounting for both VOCs and NOx sensitivities when O3 chemistry is in a transition regime in O3 production attribution studies.