Comparison of the transcriptional landscapes between human and mouse tissues.

Although the similarities between humans and mice are typically highlighted, morphologically and genetically, there are many differences. To better understand these two species on a molecular level, we performed a comparison of the expression profiles of 15 tissues by deep RNA sequencing and examined the similarities and differences in the transcriptome for both protein-coding and -noncoding transcripts. Although commonalities are evident in the expression of tissue-specific genes between the two species, the expression for many sets of genes was found to be more similar in different tissues within the same species than between species. These findings were further corroborated by associated epigenetic histone mark analyses. We also find that many noncoding transcripts are expressed at a low level and are not detectable at appreciable levels across individuals. Moreover, the majority lack obvious sequence homologs between species, even when we restrict our attention to those which are most highly reproducible across biological replicates. Overall, our results indicate that there is considerable RNA expression diversity between humans and mice, well beyond what was described previously, likely reflecting the fundamental physiological differences between these two organisms.

Measuring and Enhancing the Ionic Conductivity of Chloroaluminate Electrolytes for Al-Ion Batteries.

At the core of the aluminum (Al) ion battery is the liquid electrolyte, which governs the underlying chemistry. Optimizing the rheological properties of the electrolyte is critical to advance the state of the art. In the present work, the chloroaluminate electrolyte is made by reacting AlCl3 with a recently reported acetamidinium chloride (Acet-Cl) salt in an effort to make a more performant liquid electrolyte. Using AlCl3:Acet-Cl as a model electrolyte, we build on our previous work, which established a new method for extracting the ionic conductivity from fitting voltammetric data, and in this contribution, we validate the method across a range of measurement parameters in addition to highlighting the model electrolytes' conductivity relative to current chloroaluminate liquids. Specifically, our method allows the extraction of both the ionic conductivity and voltammetric data from a single, simple, and routine measurement. To bring these results in the context of current methods, we compare our results to two independent standard conductivity measurement techniques. Several different measurement parameters (potential scan rate, potential excursion, temperature, and composition) are examined. We find that our novel method can resolve similar trends in conductivity to conventional methods, but typically, the values are a factor of two higher. The values from our method, on the other hand, agree closely with literature values reported elsewhere. Importantly, having now established the approach for our new method, we discuss the conductivity of AlCl3:Acet-Cl-based formulations. These electrolytes provide a significant improvement (5-10× higher) over electrolytes made from similar Lewis base salts (e.g., urea or acetamide). The Lewis base salt precursors have a low economic cost compared to state-of-the-art imidazolium-based salts and are non-toxic, which is advantageous for scale-up. Overall, this is a noteworthy step at designing cost-effective and performant liquid electrolytes for Al-ion battery applications.

Amidine-based ionic liquid analogues with AlCl3: a credible new electrolyte for rechargeable Al batteries.

Here we demonstrate the generation of novel ionic liquid analogue (ILA) electrolytes for aluminium (Al) electrodeposition that are based on salts of amidine Lewis bases. The electrolytes exhibit reversible voltammetric plating/stripping of Al, good ionic conductivities (10-14 mS cm-1), and relatively low viscosities (50-80 cP). The rheological properties are an improvement on analogous amide-based ILAs and make these liquids credible alternatives to ILAs based on urea or acetamide, or conventional chloroaluminate ionic liquids (IL) for Al battery applications.

Imaging spectrum of bites, stings, and their complications: pictorial review.

OBJECTIVE: Soft-tissue injuries from animal bites and insect stings are frequent causes of emergency department visits. Although many cases follow a short and benign clinical course, life-threatening complications can occur. Imaging can play an important role in guiding clinical care by revealing the scope of the injury and associated complications. The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the epidemiology of animal-related injuries, with a focus on imaging manifestations of soft-tissue injury using multiple techniques in a pictorial review format. CONCLUSION: This article reviews the imaging manifestations of soft-tissue injuries caused by animal bites and insect stings. After completing this article, the reader should have an improved ability to recognize complications of soft-tissue injuries and the role of advanced imaging in select cases.

Bioinformatic tools for studying post-transcriptional gene regulation : The UAlbany TUTR collection and other informatic resources.

The untranslated regions (UTRs) of many mRNAs contain sequence and structural motifs that are used to regulate the stability, localization, and translatability of the mRNA. It should be possible to discover previously unidentified RNA regulatory motifs by examining many related nucleotide sequences, which are assumed to contain a common motif. This is a general practice for discovery of DNA-based sequence-based patterns, in which alignment tools are heavily exploited. However, because of the complexity of sequential and structural components of RNA-based motifs, simple-alignment tools are frequently inadequate. The consensus sequences they find frequently have the potential for significant variability at any given position and are only loosely characterized. The development of RNA-motif discovery tools that infer and integrate structural information into motif discovery is both necessary and expedient. Here, we provide a selected list of existing web-accessible algorithms for the discovery of RNA motifs, which, although not exhaustive, represents the current state of the art. To facilitate the development, evaluation, and training of new software programs that identify RNA motifs, we created the UAlbany training UTR (TUTR) database, which is a collection of validated sets of sequences containing experimentally defined regulatory motifs. Presently, eleven training sets have been generated with associated indexes and "answer sets" provided that identify where the previously characterized RNA motif [the iron responsive element (IRE), AU-rich class-2 element (ARE), selenocysteine insertion sequence (SECIS), etc.] resides in each sequence. The UAlbany TUTR collection is a shared resource that is available to researchers for software development and as a research aid.

Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy: multimodality imaging findings.

Diffuse hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the neonate results in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Because of differences in brain maturity at time of insult, severity of hypotension, and duration of insult, there are four distinct patterns of brain injury. Cranial ultra-sonography and computed tomography reveal periventricular leukomalacia, germinal matrix hemorrhage, and hydrocephalus. Magnetic resonance imaging is the most sensitive modality for evaluating the patterns of brain injury. In preterm neonates, mild hypotension causes periventricular injury; severe hypotension results in infarction of the deep gray matter, brainstem, and cerebellum. In term neonates, mild hypotension causes parasagittal cortical and subcortical injury; severe hypotension causes characteristic injury of the lateral thalami, posterior putamina, hippocampi, corticospinal tracts, and sensorimotor cortex. Prompt recognition of these imaging findings can help exclude other causes of encephalopathy, affect prognosis, and facilitate earlier (although mostly supportive) treatment.

Hip ultrasound.

Sonography has been widely utilized for several decades in the diagnosis and follow-up of developmental dysplasia of the hip due to its ability to visualize the nonossified femoral head and portions of the acetabulum in neonates, dynamic capabilities, accuracy, and lack of nonionizing radiation. Furthermore, hip sonography is also used throughout parts of the world to diagnose and guide intervention for both children and adults. The hip joint, tendons, and periarticular structures can be delineated with sonography in a variety of congenital, developmental, infectious, inflammatory, arthritic, traumatic, and neoplastic disorders. The following discussion focuses on the sonographic technique and imaging characteristics of congenital and developmental anomalies of the hip in children, as well as the sonographic evaluation of the hip joint and tendons.