Orthodontic compressive force modulates Ets-1/Tks5 pathway to promote the formation of circumferential invadopodia and the fusion of osteoclast precursors.

During orthodontic treatment a mechanical force is applied to the teeth. However, it remains unclear how mechanical force promotes the maturation and fusion of osteoclast precursors into osteoclasts. In this study, we aimed to explore the mechanism by which orthodontic compressive force promotes osteoclast maturation. We used a RAW264.7 macrophage-like cell line derived from Balb/c mice as the experimental model. We found that compressive force promoted the maturation of osteoclasts based on tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining and the formation of invadopodia based on immunstaining of Tks5 and F-actin. Moreover, we found that compressive force upregulated the expression of Ets-1 and Tks5 and promoted the activation of Ets-1 in RAW264.7 cells. Furthermore, we identified Tks5 as a transcription target of Ets-1 in RAW264.7 cells and demonstrated that Ets-1 mediates the effects of compressive force on Tks5 upregulation, invadopodia formation and cell fusion in osteoclasts. In conclusion, Ets-1 is upregulated by compressive force and it is essential to transducing the mechanical signal to promote invadopodia formation and osteoclast fusion. Our findings provide novel insight into the mechanism underlying osteoclast maturation and fusion during orthodontic treatment.

Thermal comfort analysis and improvement of outdoor sports spaces in universities: a case study of Xi'an Jiaotong University.

This article investigates the potential impact of thermal comfort on university teachers' and students' outdoor exercise via a case study of the thermal comfort of outdoor sports at the two campuses of Xi'an Jiaotong University-Xingqing Campus and Innovation Harbour Campus. Thermal comfort analysis is a crucial topic of urban environmental studies, but it has not yet been integrated with research on the improvement of outdoor sports spaces. This article is an attempt to fill this gap, using meteorological data gathered from a weather station and questionnaires gathered from the respondents. With collected data, the present research then uses linear regression to probe into the relationship between Mean Thermal Sensation Vote (MTSV), Mean Thermal Comfort Vote (MTCV), and MPET, to demonstrate general trends and display the PET values when TSV is most ideal. The results show that the significant differences in thermal comfort between the two campuses exert little impact on people's will to exercise. Under the ideal thermal sensation, the calculated PET values for the Xingqing Campus and Innovation Harbour Campus were 25.55°C and 26.61°C respectively. The article ends with concrete suggestions on practical strategies to improve the thermal comfort of outdoor sports spaces.

Study on rapid drying and spoilage prevention of potato pulp using solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus aculeatus.

Effects of solid-state fermentation on rapid drying and spoilage prevention of potato pulp were evaluated. Pectin hydrolyzing and antibacterial ability of pectinase-secreting Aspergillus aculeatus and Bacillus subtilis were compared. A. aculeatus grew better in potato pulp, with highest pectinase yield of 342.71 ±â€¯5.09 U/mL and rapid pH reduction to 3.76 ±â€¯0.01. Next generation sequencing showed that the abundance of genera Candida and Enterobacter, which probably caused undesirable fermentation and spoilage, were significantly reduced after inoculation with A. aculeatus. In addition, fermentation with A. aculeatus significantly reduced water holding capacity from 16.63 ±â€¯0.36 g/g to 7.78 ±â€¯0.12 g/g, which resulted in lower viscosity and water binding capacity, and concomitantly significantly decreased moisture content from 76.05 ±â€¯0.24% to 12.95 ±â€¯0.19% after filtration and airflow drying. These results suggested that solid-state fermentation might be a promising technology for efficient processing and utilization of potato pulp.