Disability-adjusted life years from bone and joint infections associated with antimicrobial resistance: an insight from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study.

PURPOSE: Bone and joint infections, complicated by the burgeoning challenge of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), pose significant public health threats by amplifying the disease burden globally. We leveraged results from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) to explore the impact of AMR attributed to bone and joint infections in terms of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), elucidating the contemporary status and temporal trends. METHODS: Utilizing GBD 2019 data, we summarized the burden of bone and joint infections attributed to AMR across 195 countries and territories in the 30 years from 1990 to 2019. We review the epidemiology of AMR in terms of age-standardized rates, the estimated DALYs, comprising years of life lost (YLLs) and years lived with disability (YLDs), as well as associations between DALYs and socio-demographic indices. RESULTS: The GBD revealed that DALYs attributed to bone and joint infections associated with AMR have risen discernibly between 1990 and 2019 globally. Significant geographical disparities and a positive correlation with socio-demographic indicators were observed. Staphylococcus aureus infections, Group A Streptococcus, Group B Streptococcus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Enterobacter-related bone and joint infections were associated with the highest DALYs because of a high proportion of antimicrobial resistance. Countries with limited access to healthcare, suboptimal sanitary conditions, and inconsistent antibiotic stewardship were markedly impacted. CONCLUSIONS: The GBD underscores the escalating burden of bone and joint infections exacerbated by AMR, necessitating urgent, multi-faceted interventions. Strategies to mitigate the progression and impact of AMR should emphasize prudent antimicrobial usage and robust infection prevention and control measures, coupled with advancements in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.

Transformative dimensions of resilience and brittleness during health systems' collapse: a case study in Brazil using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method.

BACKGROUND: As health systems struggle to tackle the spread of Covid-19, resilience becomes an especially relevant attribute and research topic. More than strength or preparedness, to perform resiliently to emerging shocks, health systems must develop specific abilities that aim to increase their potential to adapt to extraordinary situations while maintaining their regular functioning. Brazil has been one of the most affected countries during the pandemic. In January 2021, the Amazonas state's health system collapsed, especially in the city of Manaus, where acute Covid-19 patients died due to scarcity of medical supplies for respiratory therapy. METHODS: This paper explores the case of the health system's collapse in Manaus to uncover the elements that prevented the system from performing resiliently to the pandemic, by carrying out a grounded-based systems analysis of the performance of health authorities in Brazil using the Functional Resonance Analysis Method. The major source of information for this study was the reports from the congressional investigation carried out to unveil the Brazilian response to the pandemic. RESULTS: Poor cohesion between the different levels of government disrupted essential functions for managing the pandemic. Moreover, the political agenda interfered in the abilities of the system to monitor, respond, anticipate, and learn, essential aspects of resilient performance. CONCLUSIONS: Through a systems analysis approach, this study describes the implicit strategy of "living with Covid-19", and an in-depth view of the measures that hampered the resilience of the Brazilian health system to the spread of Covid-19.

A framework to assess potential health system resilience using fuzzy logic.

Objectives: To develop and test a framework to assess the potential of public health systems to maintain a resilient performance. Methods: Quantitative data from public databases and qualitative data from technical reports of Brazilian health authorities were used to develop the framework which was assessed and modified by experts. Fuzzy logic was used for the mathematical model to determine scores for four resilient abilities - monitoring, anticipation, learning, and response - and an aggregated coefficient of resilient potential in health care. The coefficient measures used data from before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. These were compared with measures of the actual performance of health systems in 10 cities in Brazil during the pandemic. Results: The coefficient of resilient potential in health care showed that the cities most affected by COVID-19 had lower potential for resilient performance before the pandemic. Some local health systems had adequate response capabilities, but other abilities were not well developed, which adversely affected the management of the spread of COVID-19. Conclusions: The coefficient of resilient potential in health care is useful to indicate important areas for resilient performance and the different types of resilience capacities that can be considered in different contexts and levels of public health systems. Regular assessment of the potential of health systems for resilient performance would help highlight opportunities for continuous improvement in health system functions during chronic stress situations, which could strengthen their ability to keep functioning in the face of sudden disturbances.

Unusual complications at the recipient site following periodontal plastic surgery procedures: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To identify and describe unusual soft tissue complications of periodontal plastic surgery procedures at the recipient site after periodontal grafts. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two independent reviewers performed a comprehensive search in MEDLINE, Cochrane, periodontics journals, reference lists, and grey literature for articles dated up to July 2021. Publications related to surgical interventions only around the teeth with an unusual complication at the recipient site were selected. No restrictions were made in the number of cases, follow-up period, or language. The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias, the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), and two validated case report/series checklists were used to critically appraise the studies. RESULTS: A total of 1434 articles were examined, of which 28 met the inclusion criteria: one RCT, two cohort studies, and twenty-five case reports/series. The periodontal plastic surgery procedures described in these articles were conducted to treat lack of attached gingiva and gingival recessions. The following unusual complications were found: bone exostosis, epithelial inclusion, root resorption, abscess, overgrowth, "liver clot" formation, and oroantral communication. CONCLUSION: Bone exostosis and epithelial inclusions were the most prevalent unusual complications following treatment with subepithelial connective tissue graft, free gingival graft, and acellular dermal matrix allograft. Due to the nature of the reports, the clinical recommendations for diagnosis and treatment cannot be homogenized. Clinical studies reporting complications are required to develop management protocols (PROSPERO CRD42021230875). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Clinicians need to know the main complications that can occur in mucogingival surgeries as well as their clinical management to provide a successful and predictable treatment.

MCT1 expression is independently related to shorter cancer-specific survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma.

Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) has been considered a metabolic disease, with loss of von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) gene and consequent overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α), which is central for tumor development and progression. Among other effects, HIF-1α is involved in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells towards the Warburg effect involved in tumor cell proliferation, migration and survival. In this context, several proteins are expressed by cancer cells, including glucose and lactate transporters as well as different pH regulators. Among them, monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) can be highlighted. Our aim is to comprehensively analyze the immunoexpression of MCT1, MCT2, MCT4, CD147, CD44, HIF-1α, GLUT1 and CAIX in ccRCC surgical specimens correlating with classical prognostic factors and survival of patients with long follow-up. Surgical specimens from 207 patients with ccRCC who underwent radical or partial nephrectomy were used to build a tissue microarray. Immunostaining was categorized into absent/weak or moderate/strong and related to all classic ccRCC prognostic parameters. Kaplan-Meier curves were generated to assess overall and cancer-specific survival, and multivariate analysis was performed to identify independent prognostic factors of survival. Multivariate analysis showed that MCT1 together with tumor size and TNM staging, were independently related to cancer-specific survival. MCT1, CD147, CD44 and GLUT1 expression were significantly associated with poor prognostic factors. We show that MCT1 is an independent prognostic factor for cancer-specific survival in ccRCC justifying the use of new target therapies already being tested in clinical trials.

Perinatal Outcome of Selective Intrauterine Growth Restriction in Monochorionic Twins: Evaluation of a Retrospective Cohort in a Developing Country.

Selective intrauterine growth restriction (sIUGR) in monochorionic twin pregnancies is associated with greater morbidity and mortality for both fetuses when compared to singleton and dichorionic pregnancies. This retrospective cohort study aimed to assess the perinatal outcomes of monochorionic twin pregnancies affected by this disorder and conducted expectantly, by analyzing the results according to the end-diastolic flow in the umbilical artery Doppler of the smaller twin (type I: persistently forward/type II: persistently absent or reversed/type III: intermittently absent or reversed). Seventy-five monochorionic diamniotic twin pregnancies with sIUGR were included in this study. sIUGR was defined by estimated fetal weight below the 3rd centile for gestational age, or below the 10th centile, when associated with at least one of the following three criteria: abdominal circumference below the 10th percentile, umbilical artery pulsatility index of the smaller twin above the 95th percentile, or estimated fetal weight discordance of 25% or more. Perinatal outcomes were analyzed from the prenatal period to hospital discharge and included perinatal death, neurological injury, retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC), and sepsis. The mortality rate was 1.33% in this cohort. The overall morbidity rate was lower in type I twin pregnancies. In conclusion, this study shows that sIUGR type I has lower morbidity than types II and III in expectant management.

Effect of photobiomodulation therapy on the proliferation phase and wound healing in rats fed with an experimental hypoproteic diet.

Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) has been indicated for enforcement on healing skin wounds. This study evaluated the effects of PBMT on the healing of skin wounds during the proliferation phase in rats with a hypoproteic diet. Rats were randomized to one of the following groups (n = 10 per group): (i) injured normoproteic (25% protein) not subjected to PBMT; (ii) injured normoproteic who received PBMT; (iii) injured hypoproteic (8% protein) not subjected to PBMT; and (iv) injured hypoproteic who received PBMT. Rats were submitted to skin wounds and then treated with PBMT (low-level laser therapy: 660 nm, 50 mW, 1.07 W/cm2, 0.028 cm2, 72 J/cm2, 2 J). Analyses were performed at 7 and 14 days of follow-up: semi-quantitative histopathologic analysis, collagen type I and III expressions, immunohistochemical marking for matrix metalloproteinases-3 (MMP-3) and (matrix metalloproteinases-9) MMP-9, and mechanical resistance test. There were significant differences between the normoproteic groups and their respective treated groups (p < 0.05), as well as to treated and untreated hypoproteic groups in histopathologic analysis semi-quantitatively and immunohistochemistry for MMP-3 and 9, in which PBMT was able to decrease immunostaining. Moreover, there was a decrease in collagen deposition with the statistical difference (p < 0.05) for both collagen types III and I. In conclusion, PBMT application was proved effective in the treatment of cutaneous wounds in rats submitted to a hypoproteic diet. These alterations were more salient in the proliferation stage with the reduction of metalloproteinases providing better mechanical resistance of the injured area in the remodeling phase with an intensification of type I collagen.

Can EEG Be Adopted as a Neuroscience Reference for Assessing Software Programmers' Cognitive Load?

An emergent research area in software engineering and software reliability is the use of wearable biosensors to monitor the cognitive state of software developers during software development tasks. The goal is to gather physiologic manifestations that can be linked to error-prone scenarios related to programmers' cognitive states. In this paper we investigate whether electroencephalography (EEG) can be applied to accurately identify programmers' cognitive load associated with the comprehension of code with different complexity levels. Therefore, a controlled experiment involving 26 programmers was carried. We found that features related to Theta, Alpha, and Beta brain waves have the highest discriminative power, allowing the identification of code lines and demanding higher mental effort. The EEG results reveal evidence of mental effort saturation as code complexity increases. Conversely, the classic software complexity metrics do not accurately represent the mental effort involved in code comprehension. Finally, EEG is proposed as a reference, in particular, the combination of EEG with eye tracking information allows for an accurate identification of code lines that correspond to peaks of cognitive load, providing a reference to help in the future evaluation of the space and time accuracy of programmers' cognitive state monitored using wearable devices compatible with software development activities.

Assessment of the lipid oxidation, color and sensorial acceptance of fresh sausage formulated with potassium bixinate as a substitute for sodium nitrite and carmine.

This work aimed to evaluate the lipid oxidation, color, and sensory acceptance of sausages formulated with potassium bixinate (BP) as a substitute for carmine (Car) and sodium nitrite (SNi). Six different treatments (CT-control; CA-40 ppm Car; NIT-150 ppm SNi; C/N-40 ppm Car, and 150 ppm SNi; C/N/B-20 ppm Car, 75 ppm SNi, and 250 ppm BP; and BIX-500 ppm BP) were evaluated along 15 days. BP provided significantly lower levels of lipid oxidation to the samples (C/N/B and BIX) when compared to CT and significantly equal to CA, NIT, and C/N after 15 days (both p < 0.05). BP significantly increased the red (a*) and yellow (b*) intensity of sausages (p < 0.05), providing the highest values in both raw and roasted samples. Sausages formulated with BP did not differ in preference in visual analysis (p > 0.05), and both roasted were preferred over CT (p < 0.05). Although sausages formulated with carmine had better visual acceptance, BIX and C/N did not differ significantly (p > 0.05) after five days. BP was identified in taste analysis; however, it was preferred in the ordination analysis (both p < 0.01). Therefore, the replacement of SNi and Car by BP showed to be a viable alternative.

Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and healing potential of ethyl acetate fraction of Bauhinia ungulata L. (Fabaceae) on in vitro and in vivo wound model.

The present work aimed to investigate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and wound healing potential of ethyl acetate fraction from Bauhinia ungulata L. (FABU) on in vitro and in vivo models. Wound healing assay using human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cell line was employed to evaluate the ability of FABU in modulating cell migration. In addition, a surgical wound model in C57BL/6 mice was used to study the healing potential of FABU incorporated into gel carbomer 940 (Carbopol®). Evaluation of lipid peroxidation, inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mediator gene expression, rate of wound closure, and histological analysis were done. FABU significantly reduced the gap area in in vitro wound healing assay, 24 h after treatment. In the animal model, FABU at 0.5% topically applied once-daily for 5 days to the surgical wounds significantly reduced the lesion area. Moreover, it significantly decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation in the lesions and decreased the relative gene expression levels of IL-1ß and TNF-α in the injured region. In conclusion, our study suggests that Bauhinia ungulata can effectively promote the wound healing, probably by regulating the inflammatory environment during the early stages of the process.

Predictors of perinatal outcome in early-onset fetal growth restriction: A study from an emerging economy country.

OBJECTIVE: To identify antenatal predictors of adverse perinatal outcomes in a population of preterm fetuses with early placental insufficiency diagnosed by Doppler abnormalities. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study of a cohort of singleton pregnant women diagnosed with early placental insufficiency, relationships between perinatal variables (arterial and venous Doppler, gestational age, birth weight, oligohydramnios, estimated fetal weight, and fetal weight z-scores) and major neonatal complications were analyzed by logistic regression. RESULTS: Two hundred sixty-five women were delivered, between 24 and 33 weeks gestation. The overall frequency of intact survival was 57.9% (n = 154). Gestational age thresholds for best prediction of survival was 27 + 6 weeks and for intact survival was 29 + 0 weeks gestation. Fetal weight and absent/reversed ductus venosus a-wave were the main predictors of survival in the regression model. When fetal weight was substituted for fetal weight z-score, ductus venosus abnormal Doppler predicted mortality and absent or reversed umbilical artery diastolic velocities predicted intact survival. CONCLUSIONS: This study illustrates the impact of gestational age and fetal weight on perinatal outcomes in early placental insufficiency, with well-defined thresholds. Gestational age and fetal weight, or a combination of fetal weight z-scores and fetal Doppler parameters, were the best predictors of intact survival in our sample.

Unexpected Thiocyanate Adsorption onto Ferrihydrite Under Prebiotic Chemistry Conditions.

The most crucial role played by minerals was in the preconcentration of biomolecules or precursors of biomolecules in prebiotic seas. If this step had not occurred, molecular evolution would not have occurred. Thiocyanate is an important molecule in the formation of biomolecules as well as a catalyst for prebiotic reactions. The adsorption of thiocyanate onto ferrihydrite was carried out under pH and ion composition conditions in seawater that resembled those of prebiotic Earth. The seawater used in this work had high Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42- concentrations. The most important result of this work was that ferrihydrite adsorbed thiocyanateata pH value (7.2 ± 0.2) that usually does not adsorb thiocyanate. The high adsorptivity of Mg2+, Ca2+ and SO42-onto ferrihydrite showed that seawater ions can act as carriers of thiocyanate to the ferrihydrite surface, creating a huge outer-sphere complex. Kinetic adsorption and isotherm experiments showed the best fit for the pseudo-second-order model and an activation energy of 23.8 kJ mol-1forthe Langmuir-Freundlich model, respectively. Thermodynamic data showed positive ΔG values, which apparently contradict the adsorption isotherm data and kinetic data that was obtained. The adsorption of thiocyanate onto ferrihydrite could be explained by coupling with the exergonic SO42- adsorption onto ferrihydrite. The FTIR spectra showed no difference between the C≡N stretching peaks of adsorbed thiocyanate and free thiocyanate, corroborating the formation of an outer-sphere complex. All the results demonstrated the importance of the artificial seawater composition for the adsorption of thiocyanate and for understanding prebiotic chemistry.

Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy and magnetic field on functional mobility in stroke survivors: a randomized, sham-controlled, triple-blind, crossover, clinical trial.

Identify the optimal energy delivered with a single application of the combination of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining different light sources (low-level laser therapy-LLLT and light emitting diode therapy-LEDT) and static magnetic field (sMF) in order to determine the acute effects on functional mobility of stroke survivors. Was conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover, triple-blind, clinical trial (RCT). Twelve patients were recruited, however ten concluded the study, they were randomly treated with four PBMT/sMF energies (sham-0 J, 10 J, 30 J, and 50 J per site irradiated), with 1-week interval washout between treatments. PBMT/sMF were administered after the pre-intervention (baseline) evaluation and the total energy delivered per site at each treatment was determined based on the results of the randomization procedure. PBMT/sMF were administered in direct contact with the skin and applied with slight pressure to nine sites on the knee extensors, six sites on the knee flexors, and two sites on the plantar flexors' muscles in both lower limbs (bilaterally). The primary outcome measure was the 6-min walk test (6MWT) and the secondary outcome was the Timed Up and Go (TUG) test. Significant improvements were found in the 6MWT test using a total energy of 30 J per site compared with sham (0 J) (p < 0.05) and compared with the baseline evaluation (p < 0.01). And in the TUG test significant improvements were also found using a total energy per site of 30 J per site compared to sham (0 J) and baseline (p < 0.05). PBMT with different light sources (laser and LEDs) and wavelengths in combination with sMF with a total energy per site of 30 J has positive acute effects on functional mobility in stroke survivors.

Low-level laser therapy prevents muscle oxidative stress in rats subjected to high-intensity resistance exercise in a dose-dependent manner.

High-intensity resistance exercise (RE) increases oxidative stress leading to deleterious effects on muscle performance and recovery. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of applying low-level laser therapy (LLLT) prior to a RE session on muscle oxidative stress and to determine the possible influence of the dosimetric parameters. Female Wistar rats were assigned to non-LLLT (Ctr: non-exercised control; RNI: RE) or LLLT groups subjected to RE (radiant energy: 4 J, 8 J, and 12 J, respectively). RE consisted of four maximum load climbs. An 830-nm DMC Lase Photon III was used to irradiate three points in gastrocnemius muscles (two limbs) before exercise. Animals were euthanized after 60 min after the end of the exercise, and muscle tissue was removed for analysis of oxidative stress markers. All doses resulted in the prevention of increased lipoperoxidation; however, LLLT prevented protein oxidation only in rats that were pretreated with 8 J and 12 J of energy by LLLT. RE and LLLT did not change catalase activity. However, RE resulted in lower superoxide dismutase activity, and the opposite was observed in the LLLT group. These data indicate that LLLT prior to RE can prevent muscle oxidative stress. This study is the first to evaluate the impact of dosimetric LLLT parameters on the oxidative stress induced by RE, wherein both 8 J and 12 J of energy afforded significant protection.

Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro.

BACKGROUND: Zika virus (ZIKV) has been linked to central nervous system malformations in fetuses. To characterize the spectrum of ZIKV disease in pregnant women and infants, we followed patients in Rio de Janeiro to describe clinical manifestations in mothers and repercussions of acute ZIKV infection in infants. METHODS: We enrolled pregnant women in whom a rash had developed within the previous 5 days and tested blood and urine specimens for ZIKV by reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays. We followed women prospectively to obtain data on pregnancy and infant outcomes. RESULTS: A total of 345 women were enrolled from September 2015 through May 2016; of these, 182 women (53%) tested positive for ZIKV in blood, urine, or both. The timing of acute ZIKV infection ranged from 6 to 39 weeks of gestation. Predominant maternal clinical features included a pruritic descending macular or maculopapular rash, arthralgias, conjunctival injection, and headache; 27% had fever (short-term and low-grade). By July 2016, a total of 134 ZIKV-affected pregnancies and 73 ZIKV-unaffected pregnancies had reached completion, with outcomes known for 125 ZIKV-affected and 61 ZIKV-unaffected pregnancies. Infection with chikungunya virus was identified in 42% of women without ZIKV infection versus 3% of women with ZIKV infection (P<0.001). Rates of fetal death were 7% in both groups; overall adverse outcomes were 46% among offspring of ZIKV-positive women versus 11.5% among offspring of ZIKV-negative women (P<0.001). Among 117 live infants born to 116 ZIKV-positive women, 42% were found to have grossly abnormal clinical or brain imaging findings or both, including 4 infants with microcephaly. Adverse outcomes were noted regardless of the trimester during which the women were infected with ZIKV (55% of pregnancies had adverse outcomes after maternal infection in the first trimester, 52% after infection in the second trimester, and 29% after infection in the third trimester). CONCLUSIONS: Despite mild clinical symptoms in the mother, ZIKV infection during pregnancy is deleterious to the fetus and is associated with fetal death, fetal growth restriction, and a spectrum of central nervous system abnormalities. (Funded by Ministério da Saúde do Brasil and others.).

Effects of Urban Violence on Primary Healthcare: The Challenges of Community Health Workers in Performing House Calls in Dangerous Areas.

Community health workers in developing countries usually perform house calls in degraded and violent territories. Thus, in this paper we study the effects of urban violence in the performance of CHWs in poorly developed territories, in order to understand the challenges of delivering care to dangerous communities in developing countries. We conducted telephone surveys for 5 months in 2017, within a systematic sample of 2.000 CHWs based on clinics distributed along the health regions of the city of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. We completed 766 interviews, approximately 40% of the sample, 86% man and 14% women. Most participants are 30 to 39 years old (35%), followed by 27% of 40 to 49 years old participants. As CHWs work on the sharp end of the healthcare system, responsible for outreaching, community education, counseling, and social support, our study presents contributions to government and management levels on working conditions inside communities, constraints in assistance, and difficulties in implementing primary care policies.

Photodynamic antimicrobial chemotherapy has an overt killing effect on periodontal pathogens? A systematic review of experimental studies.

The periodontal disease (PD) etiology is mainly associated with some bacterial strains, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). Nonsurgical root scaling (e.g., antibiotics) may achieve a temporary decrease in the P. gingivalis level, yet it cannot eradicate the microorganism. Moreover, antibiotics can lead to bacterial resistance and undesirable side effects. This systematic review was performed to identify animal data defining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (PACT) role on experimental PD models in the treatment of P. gingivalis. Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed were examined for studies published from January 1980 to August 2018. MeSH terms and Scopus data were used to find more related keywords. Four studies were selected and reviewed by two independent researches with a structured tool for rating the research quality. The beneficial effect of PACT included reductions in P. gingivalis counts, bleeding on probing, redness, and inflammation on multiple sites (i.e., first molar, dental implants; subgingival; and mandibular premolars). Although our results suggest that PACT displays antimicrobial action on P. gingivalis, thus improving the PD, a nonuniformity in the PACT protocol and the limited number of studies included lead to consider that the bactericidal efficacy of PACT against periodontal pathogens in PD remains unclear.

Effects and parameters of the photobiomodulation in experimental models of third-degree burn: systematic review.

This systematic review was performed to identify the role of photobiomodulation therapy in experimental models of third-degree burns used to induce oxidative stress. EMBASE, PubMed, and CINAHL databases were searched for studies published between January 2003 and January 2018 on the topics of photobiomodulation therapy and third-degree burns. Any study that assessed the effects of photobiomodulation therapy in animal models of third-degree burns was included in the analysis. A total of 17 studies were selected from 1182 original articles targeted on photobiomodulation therapy and third-degree burns. Two independent raters with a structured tool for rating the research quality critically assessed the articles. Although the small number of studies limits the conclusions, the current literature research indicates that photobiomodulation therapy can be an effective short-term approach to accelerate the healing process of third-degree burns, to increase and modulate the inflammatory process, to accelerate the proliferation of fibroblasts, and to enhance the quality of the collagen network. However, differences still exist in the terminology used to describe the parameters and the dose of photobiomodulation therapy.

Acute effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) combining laser diodes, light-emitting diodes, and magnetic field in exercise capacity assessed by 6MST in patients with COPD: a crossover, randomized, and triple-blinded clinical trial.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is characterized by dyspnea, as well as musculoskeletal and systemic manifestations. Photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) with use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) and/or light-emitting diode therapy (LEDT) is an electrophysical intervention that has been found to minimize or delay muscle fatigue. The aim of this study was to evaluate the acute effect of PBMT with combined use of lasers diodes, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), magnetic field on muscle performance, exercise tolerance, and metabolic variables during the 6-minute stepper test (6MST) in patients with COPD. Twenty-one patients with COPD (FEV1 46.3% predicted) completed the 6MST protocol over 2 weeks, with one session per week. PBMT/magnetic field or placebo (PL) was performed before each 6MST (17 sites on each lower limb, with a dose of 30 J per site, using a cluster of 12 diodes 4 × 905 nm super-pulsed laser diodes, 4 × 875 nm infrared LEDs, and 4 × 640 nm red LEDs; Multi Radiance Medical™, Solon, OH, USA). Patients were randomized into two groups before the test according to the treatment they would receive. Assessments were performed before the start of each protocol. The primary outcomes were oxygen uptake and number of steps, and the secondary outcome was perceived exertion (dyspnea and fatigue in the lower limbs). PBMT/magnetic field applied before 6MST significantly increased the number of steps during the cardiopulmonary exercise test when compared to the results with placebo (129.8 ± 10.6 vs 116.1 ± 11.5, p = 0.000). PBMT/magnetic field treatment also led to a lower score for the perception of breathlessness (3.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 4.0 [2.0-8.0], p = 0.000) and lower limb fatigue (2.0 [0.0-5.0] vs 4.0 [0.0-7.0], p = 0.001) compared to that with placebo treatment. This study showed that the combined application of PBMT and magnetic field increased the number of steps during the 6MST and decreased the sensation of dyspnea and lower limb fatigue in patients with COPD.

Comparative in vivo study of alloy titanium implants with two different surfaces: biomechanical and SEM analysis.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the biomechanical behavior of the interface formed between bone and implants with machined surfaces (MS) and those modified by Al2O3 sandblasting and acid etching (SBAS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Before surgery, topographic characterization was performed by SEM-EDX and by mean roughness measurements. Ten Albinus rabbits received randomly 20 Ti-6Al-4V implants on its right and left tibiae, with one implant placed in each tibia. After implant insertion, the implant stability quotient (ISQ) was measured by means of resonance frequency analysis (RFA). After 3 and 6 weeks, the ISQ was again measured, followed by torque removal measurements. Analysis of variance and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data. The surface of the implants removed was evaluated by SEM-EDX. Immunohistochemical analysis of osteopontin (OPN) and osteocalcin (OC) protein was performed in bone tissue. RESULTS: The topographic characterization showed differences between the analyzed surfaces, and the mean roughness values of SBAS group were statistically higher than MS. Overall, higher statistically significant ISQ values were observed in the SBAS group compared to the MS group (p = 0.012). The intra-group comparison of ISQ values in the SBAS group showed statistically significant differences between 0 and 3 weeks (p = 0.032) and 0 and 6 weeks (p = 0.003). The torque removal measurements of group SBAS were statistically higher when compared with the torque removal measurements of group MS in the time intervals of 3 weeks (p = 0.002) and 6 weeks (p < 0.001). SEM-EDX of the implant surfaces removed in SBAS group showed greater bone tissue covering and mean values atomic in percentage of Ca, P, and O statistically superior (p < 0.05) than MS group. Immunohistochemical reactions showed intense OC immunolabeling at 6 weeks postoperative for SBAS group. CONCLUSIONS: The topographical modifications made in group SBAS allowed a better mechanical interlocking between the implant and bone tissue.