[Sexuality assessment of homozygous adult sickle cell patients with a history of priapism in Senegal]. / Évaluation de la sexualité des drépanocytaires adultes homozygotes ayant des antécédents de priapisme au Sénégal.

OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to evaluate the sexuality of SS sickle cell patients with a history of priapism. METHODS: This was a case-control study of adult SS sickle cell patients. The occurrence of priapism as well as the nature of the priapism had been investigated. The patients were subdivided into three groups: Group 1 (no priapism), Group 2 (intermittent priapism) and Group 3 (acute priapism). The patients' sexuality was studied using the IIEF-15 questionnaire. RESULTS: We interviewed 191 SS sickle cell patients. The mean age was 27.1±7.1 years. Priapism was observed in 43.5 %. Only 77 patients were eligible for the IIEF15 questionnaire. Groups 1 and 2 performed significantly better than group 3 on erectile function (EF) and orgasmic function (OF) scores. There was no significant difference in the EF and OF scores between groups 1 and 2. No significant difference was observed between the three groups for the scores of sexual desire (SD), intercourse satisfaction (IS), and overall satisfaction (OS). The impairment of erectile function in group 2 was related to the age of the first episode of priapism and the last episode. The impairment of erectile function in group 3 was related to the duration of evolution (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: This study shows that priapism is responsible for impaired erectile function in SS adult sickle cell patients. A program to prevent intermittent episodes of priapism should be put in place.

Penile Doppler ultrasound study in priapism: A systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Penile Doppler ultrasound (PDU) is suggested to be an alternative to blood gas analysis (BGA) from the corpora cavernosa in differentiating between high- and low-flow priapisms, with limited supportive evidence. AIM: To compare penile Doppler ultrasound study and blood gas analysis in the diagnosis of priapism, through a systematic review of the literature. METHODS: Studies were identified by literature search of Medline, Scopus, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.Gov. Studies were included if their participants had priapism evaluated by Penile Doppler ultrasound, and reported data on the blood gas analysis or pudendal artery angiography (PAA). Two authors independently extracted the articles using predetermined datasets, including indicators of quality. OUTCOMES: Correlation of penile Doppler ultrasound with blood gas analysis and pudendal artery angiography. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included. Three studies compared Penile Doppler ultrasound to blood gas analysis and pudendal artery angiography. Penile Doppler ultrasound was used as adjunctive to blood gas analysis to differentiate low flow from high flow priapism, guidance for embolization, etiological diagnosis in three studies. Compared to pudendal artery angiography, penile Doppler ultrasound had a sensitivity of 40-100% and a specificity of 73%, to localize vascular injury and anatomical abnormalities (two studies). Penile Doppler ultrasound was also used for the follow-up after the treatment of priapism (two studies). No study reported an impact on functional results or a delay of management due to penile Doppler ultrasound use. CLINICAL TRANSLATION: We reviewed evidence on penile Doppler ultrasound study in priapism. Penile Doppler ultrasound study performance was comparable to blood gas from corpus cavernosum. It is recommended to use doppler as an alternative diagnostic tool. STRENGTHS & LIMITATIONS: Our systematic review had limitations. Firstly, the number of cases in the included studies was small. Secondly, these studies were all retrospective. Lastly, few data were reported with regards to hemodynamic parameters of penile Doppler ultrasound, and the majority of studies did not describe these in detail. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence supports that penile Doppler ultrasound is a reliable way for differentiating high-flow and low-flow priapism. We recommend penile Doppler ultrasound study as an alternative of blood gas analysis from corpus cavernosum, especially when the latter is not available. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 3.

[Partial thrombosis of the corpus cavernosum: A new case with good outcomes under non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs]. / Thrombose partielle des corps caverneux : un nouveau cas avec évolution favorable sous anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens.

Partial priapism is a rare pathology with less than 60 cases published in the literature; the etiology remains unknown, although certain favorable factors are identified as having in relation a prolonged perineal compression or a thrombopathy. The symptomatology is characterized by the appearance of pain, perineal edema and an induration of the root of the penis, which do not concern the distal part of the penis or the glans. MRI is the best complementary examination. The first-line surgical treatment is abandoned. Medical treatment with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs or low molecular weight heparins combined with platelet aggregation inhibitors give good results with complete resolution of symptoms in 82% of cases; first-line medical treatment should be favored. We report a case of idiopathic partial priapism, successfully treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory without recurrence after 10 years.

[Recommendations of the Committee of Andrology and Sexual Medicine of the AFU concerning the management of andrological and sexual medicine pathologies during the COVID-19 crisis]. / Recommandations du Comité d'andrologie et de médecine sexuelle de l'AFU concernant la prise en charge andrologique et en médecine sexuelle en contexte et en sortie de crise sanitaire liée au COVID-19.

OBJECTIVE: To assist urologists in the management of andrological and sexual medicine pathologies during the COVID-19 crisis. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Use of the formalized consensus method. RESULTS: The medical and surgical management of patients in andrology and sexual medicine must be adapted. Consultations should, as far as possible, be carried out by tele-consultation. For operative procedures, the delay between the operative decision and the date of (re)scheduling of the procedure will depend on: (1) the level of criticality of the clinical situation; (2) the type of intervention; (3) the functional and psychological repercussions, including quality of life while waiting for the procedure; (4) the notion of losing the chance of having an optimal outcome; (5) the risk of potential complications from delaying a procedure for too long; and (6) taking into account the patient's risk factors for severe forms of COVID-19. The protection of urologists from COVID-19 should be considered. Each urologist must make the best decision for the patient, taking into account the acceptable time frame and quality of life impact before surgical management, the COVID risk parameters, the technical and anesthetic feasibility and the structural possibility of the health care institution to ensure a specific dedicated pathway during the COVID-19 health crisis. CONCLUSION: The management of andrological and sexual medicine pathologies must be adapted to the COVID-19 crisis context. Some patients may require surgery, including in emergency. These recommendations are transitional and will end with the COVID-19 crisis.

[Non-infectious emergencies of the lower urinary tract and genitals]. / Urgences non infectieuses du bas appareil urinaire et des organes génitaux.

INTRODUCTION: The objective of this narrative review was to report the most relevant data on the contemporary management of the main non-infectious emergencies of the lower urinary tract and genital organs. METHODS: A narrative synthesis of the articles (French, English) available on the Pubmed database was carried out in June 2021. A request to the health surveillance network for emergencies and deaths (SurSaUD®, Santé Publique France) revealed original data on the epidemiology of non-infectious lower urinary tract and genital organs emergencies. RESULTS: Non-infectious emergencies of the low urinary tract and genital organs represent a large panel of traumatic and non-traumatic situations, which constitute the 3rd reasons in urology for a consultation at the emergency department after, infectious disease (1st) and non-traumatic/non-infectious emergencies of the upper urinary tract (2nd). Hematuria is the 3rd urological reason for men for a consultation at the emergency department. Globally, pelvic trauma and genital traumatism mainly concern men. These emergencies rarely affect the prognosis but can be integrated into more complete situations which are likely to impact their treatment, particularly in multiple traumas. CONCLUSIONS: In this article we report the epidemiology and the principles of management of non-infectious emergencies of the lower urinary tract and genital organs.

[Priapism: Diagnosis and management]. / Le priapisme : diagnostic et prise en charge.

OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to present a synthesis on the diagnosis and treatment of priapism. METHODS: For this purpose, a literature search was performed through PubMed to analyze literature reviews and guidelines regarding priapism. RESULTS: Priapism is an erection that persists more than 4hours. There are 3 types of priapism: ischemic priapism, non-ischemic priapism and recurrent (stuttering) priapism. Ischemic priapism, often idiopathic, is the most frequent. When diagnosed, an urgent management is required to limit erectile dysfunction. Sickle-cell patients are prone to have ischemic and stuttering priapism. Non-ischemic priapism usually occurs after perineal trauma. Priapism management depends on the type of priapism. Medical treatment (corporal aspiration and injection of sympathomimetics) then if failed, surgery are indicated for ischemic priapism. The persistence of a non-ischemic priapism most likely requires a radiologic embolization. CONCLUSION: Priapism is a condition that often requires emergency treatment to spare erectile function. It appears crucial to know this condition and its management.

[Antipsychotic-induced priapism and management challenges: a case report]. / Priapisme sous antipsychotiques et défis de prise en charge: à propos d'un cas.

INTRODUCTION: Priapism is a persistent, and often painful, penile erection, lasting more than 3 hours, not usually associated with sexual stimuli. It is a urological emergency that can cause serious complications. Drugs are responsible of the onset of 25 to 40% of cases of priapism. Several classes of medication are involved: antidepressants, antihypertensives, anticoagulants, alpha-blockers and some psychoactive substances (alcohol, cocaine, cannabis...). However, about 50% of drug related priapism is due to antipsychotics (AP). Clinicians should be aware of this rare side effect because of the severity of its complications and the difficulty of its management, especially in non-stabilized psychotic patients. CASE REPORT: We report a case of a 22-year-old male Moroccan patient, diagnosed with schizophrenia, who had been admitted for the first time to a psychiatric hospital for management of a psychotic episode. First, he received 15 mg per day of haloperidol, and seven days later he developed priapism. The patient was immediately referred for urological care. Aspiration and irrigation of the corpora cavernosa was proposed, but could not be performed because of patient refusal, and the erection resolved spontaneously after 10 hours. Haloperidol was stopped, and four days later the patient was switched to 10mg per day of olanzapine. After 10 days of treatment, he developed a second episode of priapism, and olanzapine was also stopped. A cavernosal aspiration-irrigation was performed in emergency; which resulted in the partial detumescence of the penis. Two days later, and despite therapeutic abstention, the patient presented another episode of priapism. The indication of a revascularization of the corpora cavernosa was proposed, but again the patient refused the surgery. Finally, the patient was administered 400mg/day of amisulpride, with a favorable outcome. Priapism disappeared after a month with the installation of fibrosis and partial loss of erectile function. DISCUSSION: The precise mechanisms of the role of AP in the occurrence of priapism are not all known and a multifactor etiology seems the most likely. Neuromuscular hypothesis is the most mentioned, involving the blocking action of alpha1-adrenergic receptors of the corpora cavernosa for which most of AP have an affinity. The occurrence of priapism in a psychotic patient, especially during periods of decompensation, raises a number of challenges for the medical staff. First, the non-recognition by the patient of this side effect, and its potentially severe consequences. Second, the absence of link between dose and duration of AP treatment on one side, and the onset of priapism on the other, which makes it hard to predict. The third challenge is the choice and initiation of another AP. The literature reveals many cases of priapism in both conventional and atypical AP, the presence of a predisposition to this type of incident has been reported. However, few authors have focused on alternatives to provide for these patients. Amisulpride is currently the only molecule that does not have alpha-adrenergic affinity and is therefore preferred in these cases. CONCLUSION: Priapism is a rare but serious adverse event of AP medication. Informing patient about the risk of priapism would help to report it early and prevent erectile dysfunction. Switching to another AP with less alpha1-blocking properties is generally recommended.

[Priapism in children and adolescents with homozygous sickle cell disease in Brazzaville]. / Priapisme chez l'enfant et l'adolescent drépanocytaire homozygote à Brazzaville.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the prevalence of priapism, assess knowledge and appreciate its characteristics in childhood sickle cell disease. METHODOLOGY: A case-control study was conducted at the University Hospital of Brazzaville (Department of Pediatrics, Hematology and Clinical Urology). The cases consisted of 202 sickle cell anemia who are at least 5 years. Witnesses consisted of 112 children with sickle cell disease not of the same age from the same family as the previous. RESULTS: Priapism was found in 68 (34%) affected children, divided into 54 cases (79.4%) of chronic intermittent priapism and 14 cases (20.6%) of acute priapism. In the control group no cases were observed (p=0.001). Priapism was known by six (3%) patients in the group of children with sickle cell disease. In the control group, it was known by 25 (22.3%) children. It was seen in the group of sickle cell disease as any: 113 children (56%), a natural phenomenon that can occur in life: 57 children (28%), a complication of sickle cell disease: 26 children (13%). In the control group, it was considered a natural phenomenon that can occur in life: 60 children (53.6%), a complication of sickle cell disease: 52 children (46.4%). The average age of priapism occurred in the first episode was 10.4±9.5 years. CONCLUSION: The importance of the prevalence of priapism, and insufficient knowledge needed strengthening information, education and communication with children and their parents.

[Priapisms]. / Priapismes.

OBJECTIVES: Priapism is a rare condition for which urgent diagnosis and treatment is required. This paper reviews the literature regarding ischaemic, non-ischaemic and stuttering priapism in order to provide management recommendations. METHODS: A Medline search was carried out to identify all relevant papers with management guidelines for priapism and combined with expert opinion of the authors. RESULTS: Ischaemic priapism represents a compartment syndrome of the penis and urgent intervention is required to decrease the risk of erectile dysfunction. First line treatment is medical and associate cavernosal blood aspiration and sympathomimetic intracavernosal injection. Second line treatment is surgical by creating a cavernospongious shunt. Non-ischaemic priapism is not a medical emergency; however, it may need embolization of the arteriocavernosal fistula and result in erectile dysfunction. The treatment objective for stuttering priapism is to decrease episodes of prolonged erections with systemic treatments, while treating each acute episode as an emergency. CONCLUSIONS: Priapism is a potentially severe condition that requires urgent diagnosis and well-defined sequential management to prevent treatment delay, complications and irreversible erectile dysfunction.

[Profil course of SC sickle-cell patients in Dakar: a case-control study with SS sickle cell form]. / Profil evolutif de la drepanocytose SC A Dakar: étude cas-témoin avec la forme SS.

AIMS: The study aim to describe the epidemiological, clinico-biological and evolutionary aspects of SC sickle cell patients compared to SS sickle cell disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We realized a case-control study of 12 months duration including 98 major sickle cell patients (49 SC and 49 SS sickle cell patients). SS sickle cell patients were randomly selected according to age and sex. Socio-demographic, clinico-biological and evolutionary data were noted for each patient. RESULTS: Mean age was 24.7 years (5 - 53). Sex ratio was 0.8. Mean number of transfusions was 0.06 of SC patients and 0.34 for SS patients (p=0.0008). Mean number of vaso-occlusive crisis per year was 2.24 of SC patients and 2.37 of SS patients (p=0.3). Mean basic hemoglobin level was 10.8 of SC patients and 7.8 of SS patients (p=0.0000). Priapism was found in 2.04% of SC patients and 4.04% of SS patients (p=0.3) and acute anemia in 2.04% of SC and 24.48% of SS patients (p=0.003); 26.53% of SC patients had a chronic complication compared to 18.36% of SS patients (p=0.0001). CONCLUSION: This study shows that SC sickle cell patients are less symptomatology compared to SS patients, however they would develop more chronic complications from where the utility for regular follow-up.

BUTS: Le but de notre étude était de décrire les aspects épidémiologiques, clinico-biologiques et évolutifs des patients SC comparés aux patients SS. PATIENTS ET MÉTHODES: Il s'agissait d'une étude cas témoins d'une durée de 12 mois portant sur 98 patients (49 SC et 49 SS8). Les témoins SS étaient choisis de façon aléatoire après appariement selon l'âge et le sexe. Pour chaque patient nous avons noté les aspects sociodémographiques, clinicobiologiques et évolutifs. RÉSULTATS: L'âge moyen était de 24,7 ans (5 - 53). Le sex ratio était de 0,8. Le nombre moyen de transfusions était de 0,06 chez les SC et 0,34 chez les SS (p=0,0008). Le nombre moyen de CVO/an était de 2,24 chez les SC et 2,37 chez les SS (p=0,3). Le taux moyen d'hémoglobine de base était de 10,8 chez les SC et 7,8 chez les SS (p=0,0000). Le priapisme était trouvé chez 2,04% des SC et 4,04% des SS (p=0,3) et l'anémie aigue chez 2,04% des SC et 24,48% des SS (p=0,003); 26,53% des SC souffraient d'une complication chronique contre 18,36% des SS (p=0,0001). CONCLUSION: Cette étude montre que les drépanocytaires SC ont une symptomatologie moindre par rapport aux patients SS, cependant ils développeraient plus de complications chroniques d'où l'utilité d'un suivi régulier.