Inhomogeneous antibiotic distribution in sediment profiles in anthropogenically impacted lakes: Source apportionment, fate drivers, and risk assessment.

Antibiotic residues in lake ecosystems have been widely reported; however, the vertical distribution of antibiotics in lake sediment profiles have rarely been examined. This study systematically revealed the vertical distribution pattern, sources, and risks of antibiotics in sediments of four typical agricultural lakes in central China. Nine of 33 target antibiotics were detected with a total concentration range of 39.3-18,250.6 ng/g (dry weight), and the order of average concentration was erythromycin (1447.4 ng/g) > sulfamethoxazole (443.7 ng/g) > oxytetracycline (62.6 ng/g) > enrofloxacin (40.7 ng/g) > others (0.1-2.1 ng/g). The middle-layer sediments (9-27 cm) had significantly higher antibiotic detected number and concentration than those in the top layer (0-9 cm) and bottom layer (27-45 cm) (p < 0.05). Correlation analysis showed that significant relationships existed between antibiotic concentrations and the octanol-water partition coefficients (Kow) of antibiotics (p < 0.05). Redundancy analysis indicated that Pb, Co, Ni, water content, and organic matter (p < 0.05) jointly affected the distribution of antibiotics in sediment profiles. Risk assessment showed that the highest potential ecological and resistance selection risks of antibiotics occurred in the middle-layer sediments, and oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and enrofloxacin had the most extensive potential risks in the sediment profiles. Additionally, the positive matrix factorization model revealed that human medical wastewater (54.5%) contributed more antibiotic pollution than animal excreta (45.5%) in sediment. This work highlights the inhomogeneous distribution of antibiotics in sediment profiles and provides valuable information for the prevention and control of antibiotic contamination in lakes.

Use of the Dynamic Technique DGT to Determine the Labile Pool Size and Kinetic Resupply of Pesticides in Soils and Sediments.

The diffusive gradients in thin films (DGT) technique has been successfully and widely applied to investigate the labile fractions of inorganic contaminants in soils and sediments, but there have been almost no applications to organic contaminants. Here we developed and tested the approach for the pesticide Atrazine (ATR) in a controlled soil experiment and in situ in an intact lake sediment core. The soil study explored the relationships between soil solution, DGT measured labile ATR and solvent extractable ATR in dosed soils of different organic matter, pH status and incubation times. The results are further interpreted using the DIFS (DGT-induced fluxes in soils and sediments) model. Resupply of ATR to the soil solution was partially sustained by the solid phase in all the soils. This was due to small labile pool size and slow kinetics, with soil pH being an important controlling factor. The in situ sediment study successfully used a DGT probe to examine labile ATR distribution through the core on the subcm scale. It demonstrated-for the first time-an easy to use in situ technique to investigate the effects of redox on resupply kinetics and biogeochemical processes of trace organic contaminants in sediments.

Geochemical transfer of cadmium in river sediments near a lead-zinc smelter.

Cadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic element and non-essential to human. Herein, the source and fate of Cd were examined in a typical sediment profile from the North River, South China, which was affected by the massive Pb-Zn smelting activities for decades. An exceptionally high enrichment of Cd, 107-441 mg/kg, was observed across the whole profile. Approximately 50-75% of Cd was retained in the weak acid soluble fraction. Risk assessment based on geoaccumulation index (Igeo), potential ecological risk index (Eri), bioavailable metal index (BMI) and toxic risk index (TRI) further indicated an extremely strong degree of potential ecological pollution and high toxic risks. The mineralogical composition of particles from the sediment profile exhibited the presence of pyrite, magnetite, wurtzite and greenockite. This further confirmed that Cd was migrated from smelting slags to the North River basin and enriched in sediment profile. Sediment Cd speciation analysis also implied a possible transformation of Cd from metal oxides in smelting slags to adsorbed phases and carbonates, which enhances the bioavailability of Cd. The findings indicate proper countermeasures or remediation approaches should be promptly taken towards high ecological risks of Cd arising from the depth profile extending nearly 1 m, due to lead-zinc smelting related activities.

Development and validation of an in situ high-resolution technique for measuring antibiotics in sediments.

Important biogeochemical processes occur in sediments at fine scales. Sampling techniques capable of yielding information with high resolution are therefore needed to investigate chemical distributions and fluxes and to elucidate key processes affecting chemical fates. In this study, a high-resolution diffusive gradients in thin-films (DGT) technique was systematically developed and tested in a controlled sediment system to measure organic contaminants, antibiotics, for the first time. The DGT probe was used to resolve compound distributions at the mm scale. It also reflected the fluxes from the sediment pore-water and remobilization from the solid phase, providing more dynamic information. Through the fine scale detection, a reduction of re-supply was observed over time, which was concentration and location dependent. Compared to the Rhizon sampling method, antibiotic concentrations obtained by DGT probes were less than the pore-water concentrations, as DGT measures the labile fraction of the compounds. The DGT probe was also tested on an intact sediment core sampled from a lake in China and used to measure the distribution of labile antibiotics with depth in the core at the mm scale. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: The abuse of antibiotics and widespread of their residues influences the ecosystem, induces the generation of super-bacteria, and finally poses threat to human health. Sediments adsorbs pollutants from the aquatic environment, while may also release them back to the environment. We systematically developed DGT probe approach for measuring antibiotics in sediment in situ in high resolving power, it provides information at fine scale to help us investigate biogeochemical processes take place in sediment and sediment-water interface.

Beneath the surface: Decoding the impact of Chironomus riparius bioturbation on microplastic dispersion in sedimentary matrix.

A detailed understanding of microplastics (MPs) behaviour in freshwater ecosystems is crucial for a proper ecological assessment. This includes the identification of significant transport pathways and net accumulation zones, considering their inherent, and already proven influence on aquatic ecosystems. Bioavailability of toxic agents is significantly influenced by macroinvertebrates' behaviour, such as bioturbation and burrowing, and their prior exposure history. This study investigates the effect of bioturbation activity of Chironomus riparius Meigen, 1804 on the vertical transfer of polyethylene MPs ex-situ. The experimental setup exposes larvae to a scenario of 10× the environmentally relevant high concentration of MPs (80 g m-2). Bioturbation activity was estimated using sediment profile imaging with luminophore tracers. This study demonstrated that spherical MPs are vertically transferred in the sediment due to the bioturbation activity of C. riparius larvae and that their presence influences the intensity of the bioturbation activity over time. The present findings provide a noteworthy contribution to the understanding of the relationship between ecosystem engineers and the dispersion and accumulation of MPs within freshwater ecosystems.

Visually-based alternatives to sediment environmental monitoring.

Visually-based approaches using techniques such as sediment surface images as well as sediment profile imaging (SPI) have been applied previously in the assessment of benthic impacts of organic enrichment. New visually-based benthic health indices (VBH and Surface Index) that integrate various visual properties was developed for muddy and sandier sediments, respectively. Visual indices were compared to the existing sulfide-based thresholds often used in environmental monitoring programs (EMPs). We utilized both techniques as well as geochemical indicators of eutrophication to detect benthic impacts at shallow shellfish and finfish farms in Nova Scotia, Canada. The visual indices were able to capture a non-sulfidic anaerobic condition in the sediments missed by the current sulfide-based system. Our results indicate that as presently configured, the visual based index will provide a more stringent standard in the EMPs that currently rely on a sulfide-based classification system, and thus affect regulatory judgement.

Experimental bottom trawling finds resilience in large-bodied infauna but vulnerability for epifauna and juveniles in the Frisian Front.

In this study, we analysed the benthic effects of two in situ fisheries disturbance experiments using a combination of side-scan sonar, high definition underwater video, sediment profile imagery, and box core sampling techniques after conventional beam trawling and box core sampling after electric pulse trawling in a southern North Sea habitat. Acoustic and optical methods visualised the morphological changes induced by experimental beam trawling, showing the flattening and homogenisation of surface sediments. Video transects found a 94% decrease in epibenthos in beam trawled sediments compared to an untrawled control site and a 74% decrease in untrawled sediments of the same transect. Box core samples taken 5.5 h, 29 h and 75 h after trawling detected a downward trend in infaunal densities and species richness that continued after the initial impact with small-bodied and juvenile taxa being especially prone to depletion. Data from shallow sediment samples showed trawl resilience in large mud shrimps and evidence of their upward movement towards the sediment surface after disturbance. Both trawl gears induced significant changes to infaunal communities, with no differential effect between the two gears. Our results suggest that in the Frisian Front, trawling may favour the survival of deep burrowers while removing surficial macrofauna.

Changes in chemical fractions and ecological risk prediction of heavy metals in estuarine sediments of Chunfeng Lake estuary, China.

The changes of available forms of heavy metals would affect their corresponding ecological risks in sediments. The distribution of chemical fractions of heavy metals in sediment profiles from Chunfeng Lake estuary was investigated and then a prediction model for potential ecological risk index (PMRI) was proposed to forecast the changes of ecological risks caused by the aging process of metals in sediments. The results show that the estuarine sediments were polluted by As and Cd. The proportions of available metals were generally decreased with depth, while those of the residual forms showed an opposite trend. The aging rates of Cd and As were found to be 0.21 and 0.12%/year, respectively. The PMRI model showed that the total ecological risk of metals in sediments decreased from moderate to low risk level (<150) after 25 years, while cadmium would need 47 years in contrast to the 15 years for As.

Methylmercury in environmental compartments of a hydroelectric reservoir in the Western Amazon, Brazil.

Damming rivers to generate electricity creates a lentic environment that favors methylmercury (MeHg) formation. Reservoirs in the Amazon are critical environments for MeHg formation, considering its old soils and the use of Hg in gold mining in the region. The objective of this study was to evaluate MeHg accumulation in three environmental compartments (aquatic macrophytes, suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediment) of the Samuel reservoir (Western Amazon, Brazil), during the low water, ebb and high water hydrological periods, characterizing the dry season, the end of the rainy season and the rainy season, respectively. MeHg concentrations were determined through GC-AFS. The aquatic macrophytes presented higher %MeHg in their roots (up to 12%) compared to their other tissues. This ratio was 1.7 and 5.9 times higher than those observed for SPM and the sediment, but MeHg concentrations were the lowest (0.5-4.5 ng g-1) among the three environmental compartments. Contrary, the highest MeHg concentration was observed in SPM (104 ng g-1) during the low water period. The MeHg concentration in the sediment profile decreased with increasing depth (0.93-0.48 ng g-1) and with decreasing organic matter lability (increasing C:N ratio). In the SPM, on the other hand, MeHg concentration showed a positive association with increasing C:N ratio. We conclude that MeHg dynamics in the SPM are associated with the hydrological periods, with peaks during the low water period. The organic matter lability of the sediments is more limiting to the production of MeHg than the total Hg concentrations.

Long-term (1998-2010) large-scale comparison of the ecological quality status of gulf of lions (NW Mediterranean) benthic habitats.

A comprehensive Mediterranean data set has been used to address 3 questions associated with the use of sensitivity/tolerance based biotic indices to infer the Ecological Quality status (EcoQs) of benthic habitats. Our results showed: (1) a significant effect of the reference database on derived sensitivity/tolerance measure (ES500.05) as well as associated Benthic Quality Index values and derived EcoQs; (2) a lack of correlation neither between BQI and AZTI Marine Biotic Index values nor between BQI and Multivariate-AZTI Marine Biotic Index values; (3) a lack of correlation between the values of the Benthic Habitat Quality Index (index derived from Sediment Profile Imagery) and those of either of the 3 tested biotic indices; and (4) a general agreement between the 3 tested biotic indices in describing the lack of global trend for the EcoQs of the Gulf of Lions despite the occurrence of significant changes in benthic macrofauna composition between 1998 and 2010.

Benthic molluscan macrofauna structure in heavily trawled sediments (Thermaikos Gulf, North Aegean Sea): spatiotemporal patterns.

BACKGROUND: Spatio-temporal patterns on benthic molluscan macrofauna structure and function (feeding guilds) were investigated in a commercial fishing ground in Thermaikos Gulf (N Aegean Sea). Fishery management measures in this area include a trawling period of 8 months per year (October to May). Macrofauna samples were collected before and after 30 and 120 days of the commencement of the trawling period (temporal axis) along a southward transect (spatial axis) and down through the sediment profile (vertical axis). RESULTS: Main results revealed no recognizable changes in community diversity and structure at temporal scales. This finding can probably be attributed to the fact that the examined communities are subjected to continuous disturbances deriving from multiple natural and anthropogenic stressors acting simultaneously in Thermaikos Gulf. Molluscan assemblages were already stressed before the commencement of the trawling period, indicating that the time period in which bottom trawling is prohibited is not sufficient for the recovery of benthic communities. Significant shifts in the trophic structure of molluscan assemblages were also detected. The direct mortality of herbivorous species and the loss of filter feeding organisms may be attributed to the passage of the fishing gear and to sediment re-suspension, respectively. Trawling disturbance may have created the observed vertical patterns of the community structure since hauling induces profound changes in the geochemical profile of the sediment. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings sustained the notion that bottom trawling, alongside with other types of human induced stressors, can have considerable effects on the structure and function of the benthic domain. Therefore, our results highlighted the need of an Ecosystem Based Fishery Management (EBFM) perspective in Thermaikos Gulf to ensure both fisheries and ecosystem sustainability.

Distribution and accumulation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in Hong Kong mangrove sediments.

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) have been used extensively as brominated flame retardants in various polymers, and have become serious environmental contaminants, particularly in coastal sediments. Mangrove wetlands are important coastal ecosystems in tropical and subtropical regions, and mangrove sediments are often the pollutant sinks due to their close proximity with human activities. In Hong Kong, sediment samples collected from five mangrove swamps were found to be contaminated with PBDEs and the eight measured BDE congeners, including BDE-28, -47, -99, -100, -153, -154, -183 and -209 were detected in all mangrove sediments, indicating that these pollutants were widespread in Hong Kong mangrove wetlands. Among the five swamps, relatively high concentrations of PBDEs were recorded in Mai Po mangrove swamp in the northwestern Hong Kong, which is part of the RAMSAR site but is severely influenced by the pollution from the Pearl River Delta. The depth profile of PBDEs in sediment cores collected from Mai Po also showed the inputs of PBDEs in this mangrove swamp increased year by year. In all sediments, the concentrations of BDE-209 were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than the other congeners in the same sediment. The concentrations of BDE-209 and ∑PBDEs (defined as the sum of seven targeted BDE congeners except BDE-209) ranged from 1.53 to 75.9 ng g(-1) and from 0.57 to 14.4 ng g(-1), respectively. Among the targeted BDE congeners except BDE-209, slightly different composition was recorded among samples collected from different locations, with BDE-153 and -183 being the pre-dominated congeners. In all mangrove swamps, except Tai O in the southwest of Hong Kong, ∑PBDEs concentrations showed a common trend of landward>seaward>mudflat. The concentrations of ∑PBDEs were significantly correlated with total organic matter (TOM) content in sediments but not with the sediment particle sizes in each mangrove swamp.