Examining the mediating role of personality traits in the relationship between psychological empowerment and mental health in soldiers.

PURPOSE: Paying attention to the psychological characteristics of soldiers is a matter of concern for planners and senior commanders. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the mediating role of personality traits in the relationship between psychological empowerment and mental health in soldiers stationed in the Kerman Province barracks. METHOD: In this cross-sectional study, 604 soldiers serving in Kerman Province barracks in the year 2021 were examined. The soldiers were selected from a cluster sampling of two barracks. Data were collected using a demographic information checklist, the Sportzier Psychological Empowerment Questionnaire (PEQ), the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and the NEO Personality traits (NEO). Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modeling were used for data analysis. The Judd and Kenny's framework was also employed to investigate the mediating role. RESULTS: Of these individuals, 390 (46.6%) had completed their military training, while 433 (71.7%) were single. The correlation between PEQ and GHQ was inverse and non-significant (P = 0.348), between PEQ and NEO was direct and significant (P = 0.002), and between NEO and GHQ was inverse and significant (P < 0.001). In the structural equation model, the PEQ variable had a significant impact on NEO (P = 0.002), but it did not significantly affect the GHQ variable (P = 0.850). The NEO variable also had a significant impact on GHQ. CONCLUSION: The NEO variable has a full mediation effect on the relationship between PEQ and GHQ. Therefore, the use of psychologists and clinical physicians for appropriate interventions to enhance mental health, such as education, counseling, and psychotherapy, appears to be necessary.

Association between availability of direct access to army occupational therapy with return to duty in active-duty soldiers.

BACKGROUND: Upper extremity musculoskeletal injuries are common with active-duty Army Soldiers and result in increased limited duty days. Patient satisfaction and surgery rates improve with direct access to occupational therapy in the civilian community. PURPOSE: Examine the amount of time from initial evaluation following an upper extremity musculoskeletal injury (MSKI) to return to full duty plus occupational therapy (OT) utilization in Army Soldiers. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective observational. METHODS: Electronic health records and profiles from 18,206 US active-duty Army soldiers with MSKI and OT evaluation between 2017-2018 were examined. Repeated measures generalized estimating equations provided the rate ratios (RRs) for OT healthcare utilization (total number of OT evaluations and treatment visits) by days to first OT evaluation and limited duty profile (total days on profile). RESULTS: Soldiers were on average 32.0 (SD = 8.9) y/o, predominantly senior enlisted (45.7%), white (58.0%), male (81.4%), 10.0 (SD = 8.4) years of service, and high school or less educated (51.3%). There were 22,617 UE MSKIs with an OT evaluation and 4936 UE MSKIs with profiles. Compared with UE MSKIs with an OT evaluation on the same day, there was a significant increase in rates of OT utilization for 1-7 days (RR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 1.5), 8-14 days (RR: 1.3, 95% CI: 1.2, 1.4), 15-30 days (RR: 1.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 1.5), 31-60 days (RR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.4, 1.6), and +60 days later (RR: 1.6, 95% CI: 1.5, 1.7). Similar differences in rates for limited duty profiles were found. CONCLUSION: A greater number of days between diagnosis of UE MSKI and OT evaluation results in greater rates of OT utilization and longer temporary profile. Results suggest that earlier intervention by OT may decrease recovery and healthcare utilization of soldiers.

Predicting soldier retention from army spouse characteristics and attitudes: Soldiering on with spouse support.

The U.S. Army has a vested interest in retaining the skilled personnel necessary to achieve its mission and strategic goals. A wealth of research has investigated the retention process and what influences service member decisions to stay in the military. While families are an important influence on soldier retention decisions, research on the mechanism by which this happens is lacking. This report explores the relationship between spouse attitudes and perceptions, resource use, and soldier retention almost two years later, using a proposed theoretical model. Our results generally support our model, with the important change that resource use and unmet needs and stress were not directly associated with specific attitudes toward staying in the military as we had expected. Instead, the association was accounted for by relationship with general attitudes toward the military. Spouses whose needs were unmet after seeking help from available resources experienced greater stress, and spouse unmet needs and reports of greater stress were associated with worse general attitudes toward the military; worse general attitudes toward the military were associated with less inclination to stay a military family; which in turn predicted soldier turnover almost two years later. As the research in this report shows, providing benefits to military spouses is also associated with a tangible and important outcome for the military: improved service member retention.

Master resilience trainer course quality improvement evaluation.

The Master Resilience Training (MRT) course is the U.S. Army's resilience program of record to develop soldiers as resilience trainers within their home units. The Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) recently conducted an MRT Quality Improvement Evaluation (QIE) to understand perceptions of the MRT course, determine the effectiveness of the course, and provide revision recommendations for the next iteration of the course. Soldiers who were completing the MRT course were invited to take surveys and participate in interviews. Results from quantitative and qualitative data suggest that most participants felt satisfied with the training and that it was relevant for soldiers. Most participants also agreed that the training would help them become better soldiers and leaders. Along with positive feedback about the course, participants also identified areas that could be improved. Soldier feedback along with program evaluators' observation informed recommendations for improving the overall MRT course and its implementation. Program evaluators recommend MRT participants learn fewer and less complex skills, focus on coach education throughout the course, and highlight leader development by promoting motivation and enhancing effective communication. Program evaluators recommendations for ways to improve buy-in from leaders and graduated MRTs are also discussed.

Assessing the psychometric properties of the Army STARRS' vertical unit cohesion scale: A large-scale, longitudinal study.

Unit cohesion is the extent to which military service members feel committed to and supported by their military unit or, conversely, feel overlooked, neglected, and/or alienated. Unit cohesion reflects an important aspect of military social support and can act as a protective factor against mental health challenges, particularly in challenging situations. Theoretical suppositions and emerging evidence suggest that different types of unit support, specifically, vertical unit cohesion and horizontal unit cohesion, uniquely matter for service member well-being. Vertical unit cohesion (support from leaders in the unit and other higher-ranking positions) may be of universal importance to service members with implications for career progression and personal wellbeing, while horizontal unit cohesion (support from fellow unit members and peers) may be of importance under certain circumstances. Informed by the psychometric theory of scale development and validation, the dimensionality of unit cohesion theory, and the need for brief, sound measurement tools, this study first examined the psychometric properties of the Army STARRS four-item Vertical Unit Cohesion Scale in a longitudinal analysis with a large, diverse sample of Soldiers from the Pre/Post Deployment Study component of the Army STARRS dataset (N = 10,116). Then, exploratory analyses were conducted to examine the properties of the Horizontal Unit Cohesion Scale and understand the relationship between vertical and horizontal unit cohesion. Strong evidence for the Vertical Unit Cohesion Scale's psychometric soundness was established regarding factor structure, measurement invariance overtime, and construct validity. Conversely, preliminary evidence suggests that the three-item measure of Horizontal Unit Cohesion should be used with caution. Implications for researchers and military leadership are provided.

Rationalizing the Extent of the "Sergeants-and-Soldiers" Effect in Supramolecular Helical Catalysts: Effect of Copper Coordination.

Aggregation of supramolecular helices, for example through interdigitation of their alkyl side chains or through more directional supramolecular interactions, leads to hierarchical architectures with original structural and chiroptical properties. However, when a chiral monomer (the "sergeant") is introduced as a minor component in these assemblies composed of a majority of achiral monomers (the "soldiers"), it is not clear how the aggregation changes the ability of the sergeant to induce a preferential helicity to the polymer main chain (the so-called "sergeants-and-soldiers" effect). This study reports a detailed investigation of the influence of [Cu(OAc)2 ⋅H2 O] coordination on the structure and chiroptical properties of helical hydrogen-bonded co-assemblies composed of a catalytically-active benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide (BTA) monomer, acting as the "soldier", and an enantiopure BTA monomer derived from cyclohexylalanine, playing the role of the "sergeant". The copper actually significantly influences the extent of the "sergeants-and-soldiers" effect since it acts as a crosslink that induces some chiral defects in the supramolecular helices. These crosslinks appear to be preserved during the catalytic hydrosilylation of 4-nitroacetophenone. The aggregation of helices through the formation of copper crosslinks is reversible since homochiral single helices are exclusively formed in the case of sergeant-rich assemblies. The fact that both main chain and side chain aggregation affects the chiroptical properties of supramolecular helices must be considered in the design of elaborated chiral materials.

Integrated analysis of proteomics, epigenomics and metabolomics data revealed divergent pathway activation patterns in the recent versus chronic post-traumatic stress disorder.

Metabolomics, proteomics and DNA methylome assays, when done in tandem from the same blood sample and analyzed together, offer an opportunity to evaluate the molecular basis of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) course and pathogenesis. We performed separate metabolomics, proteomics, and DNA methylome assays on blood samples from two well-characterized cohorts of 159 active duty male participants with relatively recent onset PTSD (<1.5 years) and 300 male veterans with chronic PTSD (>7 years). Analyses of the multi-omics datasets from these two independent cohorts were used to identify convergent and distinct molecular profiles that might constitute potential signatures of severity and progression of PTSD and its comorbid conditions. Molecular signatures indicative of homeostatic processes such as signaling and metabolic pathways involved in cellular remodeling, neurogenesis, molecular safeguards against oxidative stress, metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids, regulation of normal immune response, post-transcriptional regulation, cellular maintenance and markers of longevity were significantly activated in the active duty participants with recent PTSD. In contrast, we observed significantly altered multimodal molecular signatures associated with chronic inflammation, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and cellular attritions in the veterans with chronic PTSD. Activation status of signaling and metabolic pathways at the early and late timepoints of PTSD demonstrated the differential molecular changes related to homeostatic processes at its recent and multi-system syndromes at its chronic phase. Molecular alterations in the recent PTSD seem to indicate some sort of recalibration or compensatory response, possibly directed in mitigating the pathological trajectory of the disorder.

High risk of intestinal colonization with ESBL-producing Escherichia coli among soldiers of military contingents in specific geographic regions.

One-hundred Polish soldiers of a contingent in Afghanistan in 2019 were screened for Enterobacterales resistant to newer-generation ß-lactams at their departure and return. Seventeen percent were colonized in the gut at the departure, whereas 70% acquired carriage in Afghanistan. The commonest organisms were extended-spectrum ß-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli (ESBL-Ec; 96.6%). All isolates were sequenced and were clonally diverse overall, even within the same sequence type, indicating that independent acquisitions mainly. ESBL-Ec were often multi-drug-resistant. Soldiers stationing in certain regions are at high risk of acquiring resistant bacteria that may cause endogenous infection, be transmitted to vulnerable individuals, and spread resistance genes.

Temporal changes in physical fitness in Norwegian male and female military conscripts between 2006 and 2020.

Reduced physical fitness has been documented in Western children and adults over the past five decades. The same trend has been observed among soldiers, but the number of studies is scarce. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate temporal changes in physical fitness in Norwegian conscripts. All conscripts who performed entry fitness tests between 2006 and 2020 were included in the study (n = 105 100; 17% females). Endurance was measured with the 3000 m run, while push-ups, sit-ups, and pull-ups (2006-2016) and medicine ball throw, standing long jump, and pull-ups (2017-2020) were used to measure muscle strength. Mean (95% confidence intervals) 3000 m run time was reduced by 52 (47, 57) seconds in men, 90 (76, 105) seconds in women, and 16 (11, 20) seconds in both sexes combined. Muscle strength increased statistically significantly in four out of five tests in men, three out of six tests in women, and two out of five tests for both sexes combined. Effect sizes for statistically significant changes ranged from 0.06 to 0.82. In conclusion, Norwegian conscripts improved their cardiorespiratory endurance between 2006 and 2020, with improvements observed for most muscle strength tests. When analyzing both sexes combined, the improvements diminished. The latter is attributed to a sevenfold increase in relative number of female conscripts over the 15-year period. The present findings should not be generalized to all young Norwegian men and women since conscripts are selected based on fitness, and only ~15% of the population end up serving.

The Relationship Between Posttraumatic Embitterment Disorder and Stress, Depression, Self-Esteem, Impulsiveness, and Suicidal Ideation in Korea Soldiers in the Local Area.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of posttraumatic embitterment disorder (PTED) among soldiers, and examine its relation to stress, depression, self-esteem, impulsiveness, and suicidal ideation. METHODS: The subjects of this study were 200 soldiers and 197 control subjects, a total of 397 persons. Measurement tools used included the PTED self-rating scale, Stress Response Inventory, Beck Depression Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory, Barratt Impulsiveness Scale, and Beck Scale of Suicide Ideation. RESULT: The major findings of the analysis are as follows: first, 11.5% of the soldiers were in the risk group for PTED, and 4% of them had PTED. Second, PTED in the soldiers was significantly associated with a number of variables such as their educational background, stress, depression, self-esteem, impulsiveness, and suicidal ideation, while it was not significantly associated with age. Third, through the hierarchical multiple regression analysis, it was found that academic background, stress, and depression had a statistically significant positive effect on the incidence of PTED in the soldiers. CONCLUSION: In order to prevent and effectively intervene in PTED in soldiers, there is a need for interventional efforts focused on depression and stress related to negative life events.

Coping mechanisms and burnout among checkpoint soldiers in the IDF: a salutogenic perspective.

While many military positions are characterized by rigorous routines and long-hour shifts, some positions also require the practice of sensitivity and empathy alongside diligence and attention. Prolonged exposure to such conditions may promote emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and diminished self-accomplishment perception, all part of work-related burnout which may affect soldiers' ability to practice their duty. The service in the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) checkpoint unit is an example of such conditions due to the soldiers' constant interaction with civilian population. In this questionnaire-based cross-sectional study which included 404 responders from the IDF checkpoint battalions, we examined the effects of demographical, situational and personal variables on soldiers' burnout. A hierarchical multivariate linear regression (R2 = 0.47) identified sense of coherence, the core concept in the salutogenic model of health, as the most prominent protective factor, followed by service motivation and perceived well-being (WB). Taken together, the results revealed several factors associated with military work-related burnout. These findings can serve as a base for burnout prevention programs, which may potentially improve not only the soldiers' WB but also the interfaces between military and civilian populations.

The Intersection between Alcohol use and Sexual Activity among Young Adult Male U.S. Service Members.

Aims: The current study explores drinking habits, preferences for alcohol use before sexual activity, and alcohol-related sexual behavior among young adult male active duty service members in the United States. Background: Hazardous alcohol use is a significant problem among United States military service members. Whereas the association between alcohol use and sexual assault is well documented in civilian samples, less is known regarding the intersection of alcohol use and sexual activity among soldiers. Objective: Descriptive statistics were utilized to summarize drinking habits, preferences for alcohol use before sexual activity, and alcohol-related sexual behavior. Methods: A sample of 338 active-duty male service members between the ages of 18 and 24 were recruited from a large military post in the Southeastern United States. Constructs were assessed using self-report surveys. Results: Participants reported consuming alcohol, on average, 5.6 times over the prior month. Average alcohol consumption was reported to be 7.8 beverages per drinking occasion. Participants reported engaging in heavy drinking an average of 2.9 times over the past 30 days. On average, service members reported a preference for 1.3 drinks before sexual activity. Furthermore, 75.2% of participants preferred to be sober during sex, and 82.1% preferred to engage in sexual activity with a sober partner. Approximately 14% of the sample reported using alcohol to improve their chances of having sex. Conclusion: These findings highlight high rates of alcohol use among soldiers. Nonetheless, young adult male soldiers report a preference for sexual activity while sober. Understanding the co-occurrence of alcohol use and sexual activity has the potential to inform the development of integrated alcohol and sexual assault prevention programs for service members.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on army families: Household finances, familial experiences, and soldiers' behavioral health.

The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has significantly impacted employment and finances, childcare, and behavioral health across the United States. The Behavioral Health Advisory Team assessed the pandemic's impact on the behavioral health of U.S. Army soldiers and their families. Over 20,000 soldiers at three large installation groups headquartered in the northwestern continental U.S., Republic of Korea, and Germany participated in the cross-sectional survey. Multivariable logistic regression models indicated that key demographics (gender, rank), severity of household financial impact, changes in work situation due to childcare issues, and family members' difficulty coping (both self and spouse/partner and/or child) were independently and consistently associated with greater odds of screening positive for probable clinical depression and generalized anxiety, respectively. These findings highlight how Army families were impacted similarly by the pandemic as their civilian counterparts. Army leadership may action these findings with targeted support for soldiers and their families to ensure they are utilizing supportive services available to them, and that military services continually evolve to meet soldier and family needs during times of crisis and beyond.

The Role of Military Identity in Substance Use and Mental Health Outcomes among U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard Soldiers.

We investigated how military identity (i.e., veteran identity centrality, the extent to which military service is central to an individual's sense of self) relates to substance use and mental health among U.S. Army Reserve and National Guard (USAR/NG) soldiers. Data were drawn from Operation: SAFETY, a longitudinal survey study of USAR/NG soldiers. Regression models (n=413 soldiers) examined relationships between military identity and substance use (i.e., alcohol problems, past 3-months non-medical use of prescription drugs (NMUPD), illicit drug use, tobacco use), and mental health (i.e., generalized anxiety, anger, depression, PTSD), controlling for sex, race, age, education, years of military service, military status (current/former), and deployment (ever/never). In adjusted models, stronger military identity was not related to alcohol, illicit drug, or tobacco use, but was associated with past 3-months NMUPD (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.75, p<.01) and greater symptoms of anger (IRR: 1.02, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.03, p<.01), generalized anxiety (IRR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.01, 1.10, p<.01), depression (IRR: 1.06, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.10, p<.01), and PTSD (IRR: 1.07, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.12, p<.01). Findings demonstrate the importance of military identity for health-related outcomes. NMUPD suggests potential self-medication and an avoidance of help-seeking, as admitting difficulties may conflict with military identity.

War trauma impacts in Ukrainian combat and civilian populations: Moral injury and associated mental health symptoms.

This is the first study to compare active-duty soldiers and student civilian samples during the first three months of the Ukrainian-Russian war in relation to moral injury and its association with PTSD, anxiety and depression. A total of 350 participants, including 191 active-duty soldiers of the Ukrainian Armed Force (UAF), who were on the frontline during the full-scale invasion of Russian troops in February 2022, and 159 students from different HEIs in Volyn oblast, were recruited into the study through their attendance at the Ukrainian Psychotrauma Center. Prior to the in-person group-intervention program of psychosocial support for military and civil populations at the Ukrainian Psychotrauma Center, moral injury, PTSD, depression, and anxiety were assessed. Results showed significantly higher moral injury, PTSD, depression, and anxiety scores in civilian students, with a two-way ANOVA indicating a significant impact of female gender in civilians only. A hierarchical regression indicated that moral injury is a predictor of PTSD symptoms in both active-duty and civilian student groups. However, previous family trauma of genocide is associated with PTSD symptoms in active soldiers only. The findings of the current study could contribute insights for clinical practice for combatants and civilians during the current war.

Risk factors for injuries along an infantry commanders course.

To determine the influence of prevention programme on somatosensory ability in combat soldiers during 14-weeks of an infantry commanders course, two cohorts were recruited (INT-group, n = 196; CONT-group, n = 169). Soldiers were tested pre-and post-course for anthropometric measurements, proprioceptive ability, dynamic postural balance, and filled CAIT questionnaire. The INT-group performed injury prevention exercises and the CONT-group continued with their routine physical fitness lessons. All musculoskeletal injuries were recorded along the course. In the CONT-group 24.2% and in the INT-group 19.9% suffered injury during the course. The rates of injuries were not significantly different between groups (χ2(1) = .677 p = .411). Previous injury (OR = 3.349, 95% CI = 1.283-8.740), pre-course BMI (OR = 1.216, 95% CI = 1.064-1.389), and pre-course proprioception ability (OR = .870, 95% CI = .810-.935) were factors associated with injury in the CONT-group. Pre-course proprioception ability (OR = .769, 95% CI = .699-.846) and pre-course CAIT score (OR = .087, 95% CI = .027-.276) were factors in the INT-group. Soldiers who received injury prevention exercises had a similar prevalence of total musculoskeletal injuries as those who did not receive these exercises. Risk factors for injuries were different in the two groups.

Risk factors of osteoporosis in soldiers of the Armed Forces: A cross-sectional study from Western India.

Background: Osteoporosis may result from risk factors such as smoking, alcohol, low body mass index, less physical exercise, and dietary calcium deficiency. The risk of osteoporosis fractures can be reduced with lifestyle changes, which include diet, exercise, and preventing falls. The present study is an effort to measure the burden of risk factors of osteoporosis in adult male soldiers in the Armed Forces. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study among serving soldiers in South-Western part of India, and 400 participants consented to be included in the study. After obtaining informed consent, the questionnaire was distributed. Venous blood samples were collected to measure serum calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Results: The prevalence of vitamin D3 severe deficiency (<10 ng/mL) was 38.5%, and the prevalence of vitamin D3 deficiency (10-19 ng/mL) was 33%. Low serum calcium (<8.4 mg/dL) and serum phosphorus (<2.5 mg/dL) were found among 19.5% and 11.5%, respectively, whereas a raised serum PTH level (>66.5 pg/mL) was seen in 5.5% of the participants. A statistically significant association was found between consumption of milk and milk products and levels of calcium. With a cutoff value of 20 ng/mL for vitamin D3 deficiency, a statistically significant association was found for consumption of fish, physical activity, and sun exposure. Conclusion: A remarkably large percentage of otherwise normal healthy soldiers have deficiency or insufficiency of vitamin D and might be prone to osteoporosis. Despite significant advances in our understanding and management options for male osteoporosis, there still remain important gaps in knowledge which needs to be looked into.

Impact of transformational leadership intervention of head nurses among front-line soldiers (staff nurses) working in government hospital.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the impact of transformational leadership intervention among head nurses on staff nurses in improving job performance. Method: The quasi-experimental study was conducted from December 2020 to August 2021 at the public-sector Services Hospital, Lahore, Pakistan, and comprised head nurses and staff nurses enrolled through multistage cluster random sampling technique. Sixteen weeks of transformational leadership interventions were organised in morning and evening shifts. Pre- and post-intervention assessments were done. Data was analysed using SPSS 25. RESULTS: Of the 576 subjects, 480(83.3%) were staff nurses and 96(16.6%) were head nurses. Transformational leadership intervention caused a significant improvement in staff nurses' job performance owing to improvement in the behaviour of the head nurses behaviour (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The study showed that staff nurses' performance significantly improved after transformational.

Obstacle course activity in soldiers impedes recall but not learning of a read text.

Research suggests that preceding physical activity benefits learning in the general population, however the impact of physical activity before testing has not been systematically explored. We examined how an acute, complex anaerobic activity impacted learning and retention of text. Soldiers read Special Operations or Pension texts and were tested on recall and comprehension at 1 and 48 hours after reading. Participants also performed a challenging physical course before learning, before testing, or outside of these two periods. Results were compared using a mixed Analysis of Covariance with a "fitness-effort" covariate factor. Testing complied with Human Research Ethics Committee guidelines. Participants performing physical activity before testing had lower mean first test scores than participants performing the activity outside of the learning or testing window. After 48 hours, there was no difference among groups. Equally, while participants who read the Special Operations materials performed better than those who read the Pension materials, there was no effect related to activity timing. Acute obstacle course activity impeded recall but not learning of a read text. Additional study is needed to determine whether metabolic or motoric demands of the physical activity caused the deficit.

Participation of soldiers with DCD in the military.

Developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a disorder affecting motor coordination which negatively impacts academic and daily activities in various environments. The military is a highly structured environment with limited freedom, placing high demand on motor coordination, organizational ability, time management, and social skills. All these present challenges to young adults with DCD. Our study aimed to describe and assess the functioning of young adults with DCD in the Israel Defense Forces. Participants included three groups of young adults recruited via the Israel Army Health Survey upon discharge from active service: probable DCD (135), suspected borderline DCD (149), and control (145). Participants completed the Adolescents & Adults Coordination Questionnaire and the Army Questionnaire. The probable-DCD group reported significantly more difficulties in their military service than did the other groups: more unit reassignments, more accidents during field operations, and more complaints related to discipline and professional behavior. Significant differences emerged between both DCD groups and the control group in "understanding of learning materials," "forgetting belongings," and "success in the army." The participants with probable DCD and suspected borderline DCD were able to integrate into the army, but the probable-DCD group performed significantly worse than the others and reported more difficulties participating in the army. These results highlight the importance of being aware of soldiers with probable DCD, in order to assign them duties that fit their abilities.