Transcriptome disclosure of hormones inducing stigma exsertion in Nicotiana tabacum by corolla shortening.

BACKGROUND: Stigma exsertion is an essential agricultural trait that can promote cross-pollination to improve hybrid seed production efficiency. However, the molecular mechanism controlling stigma exsertion remains unknown. RESULTS: In this study, the Nicotiana tabacum cv. K326 and its two homonuclear-heteroplasmic lines, MSK326 (male-sterile) and MSK326SE (male-sterile and stigma exserted), were used to investigate the mechanism of tobacco stigma exsertion. A comparison of the flowers between the three lines showed that the stigma exsertion of MSK326SE was mainly due to corolla shortening. Therefore, the corollas of the three lines were sampled and presented for RNA-seq analysis, which found 338 candidate genes that may cause corolla shortening. These genes were equally expressed in K326 and MSK326, but differentially expressed in MSK326SE. Among these 338 genes, 15 were involved in hormone synthesis or signal transduction pathways. Consistently, the content of auxin, dihydrozeatin, gibberellin, and jasmonic acid was significantly decreased in the MSK326SE corolla, whereas abscisic acid levels were significantly increased. Additionally, seven genes involved in cell division, cell cycle, or cell expansion were identified. Protein-protein interaction network analysis identified 45 nodes and 79 protein interactions, and the largest module contained 20 nodes and 52 protein interactions, mainly involved in the hormone signal transduction and pathogen defensive pathways. Furthermore, a putative hub gene coding a serine/threonine-protein kinase was identified for the network. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that hormones may play a key role in regulating tobacco stigma exsertion induced by corolla shortening.

Floral traits and their connection with Pollinators and Climate.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Floral characteristics vary significantly among plant species, and multiple underlying factors govern this diversity. Although it is widely known that spatial variation in pollinator groups can exert selection on floral traits, the relative contribution of pollinators and climate to the variation of floral traits across large geographic areas remains a little-studied area. Besides furthering our conceptual understanding of these processes, gaining insight into the topic is also of conservation relevance: understanding how climate may drive floral traits variation can serve to protect plant-pollinator interactions under global change conditions. METHODS: We used Rhododendron as a model system and collected floral traits (corolla length, nectar volume and concentrations), floral visitors, and climatic data on 21 Rhododendron species across two continents (North America-Appalachians and Asia-Himalaya). Based on this we quantified the influence of climate and pollinators to floral traits using phylogeny-informed analyses. KEY RESULTS: Our results indicate that there is substantial variation in pollinators and morphological traits across Rhododendron species and continents. We came across four pollinator groups: birds, bees, butterflies, and flies. Asian species were commonly visited by birds, bees, and flies, while bees and butterflies were the most common visitors of North American species. The visitor identity explained nectar trait variation, with flowers visited by birds presenting higher volumes of dilute nectar and those visited by insects producing concentrated nectar. Nectar concentration and corolla length exhibited a strong phylogenetic signal across the analysed set of species. We also found that nectar trait variation in the Himalaya could also be explained by climate, which presented significant interactions with pollinator identity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results indicate that both pollinators and climate contribute and interact to drive nectar trait variation, suggesting that both can affect pollination interactions and floral (and plant) evolution individually and interacting with each other.

The CORolla device for energy transfer from systole to diastole: a novel treatment for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction.

It is estimated that 30 to 50% of heart failure patients have heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Mortality is high in this patient population, and morbidity and rate of hospitalization are similar to those of heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). The management of patients with HFpEF is essentially empirical, limited, and disappointing. HFpEF is characterized by diastolic dysfunction leading to increased left ventricular (LV) filling pressures. We have previously described how mechanical energy transfer from the systole phase to the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle can potentially reduce filling pressures during the diastolic phase which may improve clinical symptoms of HFpEF. The CORolla device is a novel device anatomically designed for positioning in the left ventricle (LV) and mechanically designed to apply an outward radial force on the LV endocardium thus transferring energy from the systolic phase, in which the device contracts, gaining potential energy, to the diastolic phase from its recoil. Here we summarize the present knowledge concerning the energy transfer therapeutic approach for HFpEF, describe the CORolla device, and depict its potential future clinical indications.

Towards a global perspective for Salvia L.: Phylogeny, diversification and floral evolution.

Salvia is the most species-rich genus in Lamiaceae, encompassing approximately 1000 species distributed all over the world. We sought a new evolutionary perspective for Salvia by employing macroevolutionary analyses to address the tempo and mode of diversification. To study the association of floral traits with speciation and extinction, we modelled and explored the evolution of corolla length and the lever-mechanism pollination system across our Salvia phylogeny. We reconstructed a multigene phylogeny for 366 species of Salvia in the broad sense including all major recognized lineages and 50 species from Iran, a region previously overlooked in studies of the genus. Our comprehensive sampling of Iranian species of Salvia provides higher phylogenetic resolution for southwestern Asian species than obtained in previous studies. Our phylogenetic data in combination with divergence time estimates were used to examine the evolution of corolla length, woody versus herbaceous habit, and presence versus absence of a lever mechanism. We investigated the timing and dependence of Salvia diversification related to corolla length evolution through a disparity test and BAMM analysis. A HiSSE model was used to evaluate the dependency of diversification on the lever-mechanism pollination system in Salvia. A medium corolla length (15-18 mm) was reconstructed as the ancestral state for Salvia with multiple shifts to shorter and longer corollas. Macroevolutionary model analyses indicate that corolla length disparity is high throughout Salvia evolution, significantly different from expectations under a Brownian motion model during the last 28 million years of evolution. Our analyses show evidence of a higher diversification rate of corolla length for some Andean species of Salvia compared to other members of the genus. Based on our tests of diversification models, we reject the hypothesis of a direct effect of the lever mechanism on Salvia diversification. Therefore, we suggest caution in considering the lever-mechanism pollination system as one of the main drivers of speciation in Salvia.

The evolution of flower-pollinator trait matching, and why do some alpine gingers appear to be mismatched?

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Morphological matching between flower and pollinator traits has been documented in diverse plant lineages. Indeed, the matching of corolla tube length and pollinator tongue length has been cited repeatedly as a classic case of coevolution. However, there are many possible evolutionary routes to trait matching. Our aim here is both to review the evolutionary mechanisms of plant-pollinator trait matching and to investigate a specific case of trait matching/mismatching in a genus of alpine gingers. METHODS: Roscoea gingers with long corolla tubes in the western Himalayas have pollinators with correspondingly long tongues, but the match between corolla tube and pollinator tongue lengths is not seen in the eastern Himalayas. Six floral traits were measured, including corolla tube depth, an internal trait controlling pollinator access to nectar. We calculated coefficients of variation and phylogenetically controlled correlation patterns of these traits in six Roscoea species in order to gain possible insights into stabilizing selection and modularization of these traits. KEY RESULTS: The distal (nectar-containing) portion of the corolla tube exhibited lower coefficients of variations than did the basal portion. This is consistent with the hypothesis that pollinators mediate stabilizing selection on the distal, but not basal, portion of the corolla tube. This result, combined with phylogenetic data, suggests that the elevated liquid level of nectar in the distal tube evolved subsequent to dispersal into the eastern Himalayan region and loss of long-tongue pollinators. After accounting for phylogeny, corolla tube length, anther length, style length and labellum width were all intercorrelated. Corolla-tube depth was not part of this covariational module, however, suggesting separate adaptation to short-tongued pollinators. CONCLUSIONS: The reduction in functional corolla tube depth in the Roscoea appears to be related to the loss of long-tongued pollinators associated with dispersal to the eastern Himalayas and pollination by short-tongued pollinators. The apparent mismatch between floral tubes and pollinator tongues is a case of cryptic trait matching between flowers and pollinators, underscoring the importance of combining floral anatomy with pollination ecology in assessing plant-pollinator trait matching.

A homolog of the ALOG family controls corolla tube differentiation in Torenia fournieri.

Flowers of honey plants (Torenia) face various abiotic stressors, including rain, that can damage pollens and dilute nectar. Many Torenia species are thought to have evolved a modified corolla base termed the corolla neck to prevent raindrops from contacting the nectar. Although this hypothesis was postulated long ago, direct validation is lacking. Here, we have evaluated Torenia fournieri, the corolla tube of which differentiates into distinct regions: a conical tube above that connects to an inflated base through a constriction. This constriction and inflated base are collectively referred to as the corolla neck. Using transcriptomic sequencing and genome-editing approaches, we have characterized an ALOG gene, TfALOG3, that is involved in formation of the corolla neck. TfALOG3 was found expressed in the epidermis of the corolla neck. Cells in the corolla bottom differentiated and expanded in wild-type T. fournieri, whereas such cells in TfALOG3 loss-of-function mutants failed to develop into a corolla neck. Water easily contacted the nectary in the absence of the corolla neck. Taken together, our study unveils a novel gene that controls corolla tube differentiation and demonstrates a hypothetical property of the corolla neck.

Single-cell RNA-sequencing of Nicotiana attenuata corolla cells reveals the biosynthetic pathway of a floral scent.

High-throughput single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-Seq) identifies distinct cell populations based on cell-to-cell heterogeneity in gene expression. By examining the distribution of the density of gene expression profiles, we can observe the metabolic features of each cell population. Here, we employ the scRNA-Seq technique to reveal the entire biosynthetic pathway of a flower volatile. The corolla of the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata emits a bouquet of scents that are composed mainly of benzylacetone (BA). Protoplasts from the N. attenuata corolla limbs and throat cups were isolated at three different time points, and the transcript levels of > 16 000 genes were analyzed in 3756 single cells. We performed unsupervised clustering analysis to determine which cell clusters were involved in BA biosynthesis. The biosynthetic pathway of BA was uncovered by analyzing gene co-expression in scRNA-Seq datasets and by silencing candidate genes in the corolla. In conclusion, the high-resolution spatiotemporal atlas of gene expression provided by scRNA-Seq reveals the molecular features underlying cell-type-specific metabolism in a plant.

Pollination-precision hypothesis: support from native honey bees and nectar bats.

The evolution of floral traits is often considered to reflect selection for increased pollination efficiency. Known as the pollination-precision hypothesis, increased pollination efficiency is achieved by enhancing pollen deposition on precise areas of the pollinator. Most research to date addressing this hypothesis has examined plant species that are a priori predicted to place pollen precisely, but we still lack comparisons with species predicted to have low pollination efficiency. We studied 39 plant species with diverse floral morphologies and measured the precision of pollen placement on two pollinator groups: honey bees (genus Apis) and nectar bats (family Pteropodidae). Pollen was collected from four locations of each pollinator's body (bees: dorsal thorax, ventral thorax, dorsal abdomen, ventral abdomen; bats: crown, face, chest, wing) to calculate pollen placement precision using Pielou's evenness index. We also quantified variation in floral design by scoring floral symmetry, corolla fusion, floral orientation and stamen number. We confirm the importance of four floral character states (bilateral symmetry, fused corollas, horizontal orientation and reduced stamen number) in promoting precise pollen placement on diverse pollinators. Our findings provide phylogenetically corrected, empirical support that the evolution of the four floral characters reflect selection for enhanced precision of pollen placed on pollinators.

Isolation and Functional Analysis of EPHEMERAL1-LIKE (EPH1L) Genes Involved in Flower Senescence in Cultivated Japanese Gentians.

The elongation of flower longevity increases the commercial value of ornamental plants, and various genes have been identified as influencing flower senescence. Recently, EPHEMERAL1 (EPH1), encoding a NAC-type transcription factor, was identified in Japanese morning glory as a gene that promotes flower senescence. Here we attempted to identify an EPH1 homolog gene from cultivated Japanese gentians and characterized the same with regard to its flower senescence. Two EPH1-LIKE genes (EPH1La and EPH1Lb), considered as alleles, were isolated from a gentian cultivar (Gentiana scabra × G. triflora). Phylogenetic analyses revealed that EPH1L belongs to the NAM subfamily. The transcript levels of EPH1L increased along with its senescence in the field-grown flowers. Under dark-induced senescence conditions, the gentian-detached flowers showed the peak transcription level of EPH1L earlier than that of SAG12, a senescence marker gene, suggesting the involvement of EPH1L in flower senescence. To reveal the EPH1L function, we produced eph1l-knockout mutant lines using the CRISPR/Cas9 system. When the flower longevity was evaluated using the detached flowers as described above, improved longevity was recorded in all genome-edited lines, with delayed induction of SAG12 transcription. The degradation analysis of genomic DNA matched the elongation of flower longevity, cumulatively indicating the involvement of EPH1L in the regulation of flower senescence in gentians.

Characterization and expression analysis of WRKY genes during leaf and corolla senescence of Petunia hybrida plants.

Several families of transcription factors (TFs) control the progression of senescence. Many key TFs belonging to the WRKY family have been described to play crucial roles in the regulation of leaf senescence, mainly in Arabidopsis thaliana. However, little is known about senescence-associated WRKY members in floricultural species. Delay of senescence in leaves and petals of Petunia hybrida, a worldwide ornamental crop are highly appreciated traits. In this work, starting from 28 differentially expressed WRKY genes of A. thaliana during the progression of leaf senescence, we identified the orthologous in P. hybrida and explored the expression profiles of 20 PhWRKY genes during the progression of natural (age-related) leaf and corolla senescence as well as in the corollas of flowers undergoing pollination-induced senescence. Simultaneous visualization showed consistent and similar expression profiles of PhWRKYs during natural leaf and corolla senescence, although weak expression changes were observed during pollination-induced senescence. Comparable expression trends between PhWRKYs and the corresponding genes of A. thaliana were observed during leaf senescence, although more divergence was found in petals of pollinated petunia flowers. Integration of expression data with phylogenetics, conserved motif and cis-regulatory element analyses were used to establish a list of candidates that could regulate more than one senescence process. Our results suggest that several members of the WRKY family of TFs are tightly linked to the regulation of senescence in P. hybrida. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-022-01243-y.

Towards the flower economics spectrum.

Understanding how floral traits affect reproduction is key for understanding genetic diversity, speciation, and trait evolution in the face of global changes and pollinator decline. However, there has not yet been a unified framework to characterize the major trade-offs and axes of floral trait variation. Here, we propose the development of a floral economics spectrum (FES) that incorporates the multiple pathways by which floral traits can be shaped by multiple agents of selection acting on multiple flower functions. For example, while pollinator-mediated selection has been considered the primary factor affecting flower evolution, selection by nonpollinator agents can reinforce or oppose pollinator selection, and, therefore, affect floral trait variation. In addition to pollinators, the FES should consider nonpollinator biotic agents and floral physiological costs, broadening the drivers of floral traits beyond pollinators. We discuss how coordinated evolution and trade-offs among floral traits and between floral and vegetative traits may influence the distribution of floral traits across biomes and lineages, thereby influencing organismal evolution and community assembly.

Flowers of Apocynaceae in amber from the early Eocene of India.

PREMISE: Early Eocene ambers of the Cambay lignite in Gujarat, India, are well known for their diverse insect fauna and dispersed pollen, but the included flowers have received limited attention. The fossil record of Apocynaceae is relatively poor, and the distinctive floral characters of this family have not been recognized in the fossil record before. METHODS: Remains of tiny flowers in amber were studied by micro-CT scanning, reflected light, and epifluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Flowers of Maryendressantha succinifera gen. et. sp. n. have actinomorphic, pentamerous, tubular corollas 2.2-2.3 mm wide, and 1.7-2.1 mm deep with sinistrorse aestivation and androecia consisting of a whorl of five stamens attached by short filaments to the lower half of the corolla tube. Anthers are ovate, rounded basally and apically tapered with their connectives convergent with one another in a conical configuration. The pollen is globose, psilate, tricolporate, and very small (10-11 µm). The combined characters indicate a position within the grade known as subfamily Rauvolfioideae. CONCLUSIONS: These fossils, as the oldest remains of Rauvolfioids, complement the fossil records of Apocynoid and Asclepioid fossil seeds from other regions, demonstrating that the Apocynaceae were well established by the early Eocene, mostly consistent with prior divergence estimates for the phylogeny of this family. Potential pollinators, also preserved in the Cambay amber, include mosquitos, gnats, small moths, and stingless bees.

Inbreeding in Solanum carolinense alters floral attractants and rewards and adversely affects pollinator visitation.

PREMISE: Inbreeding depression is well documented in flowering plants and adversely affects a wide range of fitness-related traits. Recent work has begun to explore the effects of inbreeding on ecological interactions among plants and other organisms, including insect herbivores and pathogens. However, the effects of inbreeding on floral traits, floral scents, and pollinator visitation are less well studied. METHODS: Using inbred and outbred maternal families of horsenettle (Solanum carolinense, Solanaceae), we examined the effects of inbreeding on traits associated with pollinator attraction and floral rewards. Specifically, we measured corolla size, counted pollen grains per flower, and analyzed floral volatile emissions via gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. We also examined pollinator visitation to experimental arrays of flowering inbred and outbred plants under field conditions. RESULTS: Compared to those of outbred plants, flowers of inbred plants exhibited reduced corolla size and pollen production, as well as significantly reduced emission of the two most abundant volatile compounds in the floral blend. Furthermore, bumblebees-the main pollinators of horsenettle-discriminated against inbred flowers in the field: bees were more likely to make initial visits to flowers on outbred plants, visited outbred flowers more often overall, and spent more time on outbred flowers. CONCLUSIONS: These results show that inbreeding can (1) alter floral traits that are known to mediate pollinator attraction; (2) reduce the production of floral rewards (pollen is the sole reward in horsenettle); and (3) adversely affect pollinator visitation under field conditions.

Resolving the non-papilionaceous flower of Camoensia scandens, a papilionoid legume of the core genistoid clade: development, glands and insights into the pollination and systematics of the group.

Camoensia scandens is a papilionoid legume inserted in the core genistoid clade. It has large, crepuscular, scented flowers but the corolla is non-papilionaceous, which deviates from the pattern found in the subfamily. The vexillum has a folded claw, forming a tube, which is opposed to the androecium opening; all petals have yellow-gold crinkled margins. In addition, there is a long hypanthium, which stores a translucid liquid. The goal of this study is to elucidate the ontogenetic pathways that result in such a peculiar flower and the glands responsible for the sweet fragrance of the petals. Floral buds and flowers were processed for SEM, TEM and light microscopy analyses. Five sepals arise unidirectionally followed by five petals that initiate simultaneously. After the petals, 11 stamens emerge unidirectionally; a pair of adaxial stamens is opposite to the vexillum. In the intermediate developmental stages the sepals unite basally; the two adaxial sepals unite with each other to a greater extent than with the other sepals. The filaments are basally connate, forming a tube with an adaxial opening at the base. The carpel emerges concomitantly with the two abaxial antepetalous stamens. The long hypanthium forms from the outer floral organs (base of the sepals, petals, filaments) and is attached to the base of the stipe. The corolla is noticeable in the intermediate stages of development. The crinkled golden margins house scent glands formed of a secretory epidermis with secretory trichomes and secretory subepidermal cells. The odor is composed of neutral polysaccharides, nitrogenous substances and essential oils. An extensive nectariferous region is found on the inner surface of the hypanthial tube. The nectar is translucent, viscous and released through large pores. The comparison of our data with that of other genistoid flowers enabled discussions about the pollination and systematics of the group.

Essential Oil Profile and Yield of Corolla, Calyx, Leaf, and Whole Flowering Top of Cultivated Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) from Utah.

Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (lavender) is an essential-oil-bearing plant in the Lamiaceae family. Volatile oil produced through the steam distillation of lavender was examined to establish the essential oil yield and aromatic profile from each portion of the plant-namely, the corolla, calyx, leaf, and whole flowering top. The resulting essential oils were analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. The different plant parts generally shared similar compounds but in varying relative percentages. Aromatic profiles of the whole flowering top and calyx were similar, with prominent compounds being linalool acetate (34.3%, 32.0%), linalool (26.5%, 32.9%), lavandulyl acetate (5.6%, 4.9%), terpinen-4-ol (5.3%, 7.0%), and (Z)-ß-ocimene (4.5%, 5.4%), respectively. Aromatic profiles for the corolla and leaf were unique. Prominent aromatic compounds of the corolla included linalool acetate (18.4%), linalool (10.8%), epi-α-cadinol (10.0%), borneol (7.3%), and lavandulyl acetate (6.3%). Prominent aromatic compounds of the leaf included epi-α-cadinol (19.8%), γ-cadinene (11.0%), borneol (6.0%), caryophyllene oxide (4.9%), and bornyl acetate (4.8%). Complete profiles and essential oil yields of corolla, calyx, leaf, and whole flowering top were established. This study establishes the influence the corolla, calyx, and leaf exert on the aromatic profile of the whole flowering top and provides insight into authentication of lavender essential oil.

Comparison of Multiple Bioactive Constituents in the Corolla and Other Parts of Abelmoschus manihot.

Abelmoschus manihot (L.) Medic (AM), called Huangshukui in Chinese, is a widely used medicinal plant. Each part of AM has medicinal value, including Abelmoschi Radix (AR), Abelmoschi Herba (AH), Abelmoschi Folium (AF), Abelmoschi Corolla (AC), and Abelmoschi Semen (AS). However, only AC is documented in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. In order to investigate whether there is any difference between AC and the other parts of AM, an analytical method based on ultra-fast performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometry (UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous determination of 35 constituents in different parts of AM. Moreover, principal components analysis (PCA) and partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) were applied to classify and evaluate the different parts of AM based on the content of the 35 constituents. The total contents of the 35 constituents in AC were significantly higher than in the other parts of AM and the results revealed significant differences between AC and the other parts of AM. Eight constituents were remarkably related to the sample classifications. This research does not just provide the basic information for revealing the distribution patterns in different parts of AM from the same origin, but also complements some of the scientific data for the comprehensive quality evaluation of AC.

[Simultaneous determination of multiple bioactive constituents in Abelmoschi Corolla by UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS].

A comprehensive analytical method based on ultra-fast liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometry(UFLC-QTRAP-MS/MS) was established for simultaneous determination of the content of 38 active components in Abelmoschi Corolla, including flavonoids, organic acids, nucleosides and amino acids, so as to investigate the effects of different harvesting and processing methods on multi-active components in Abelmoschi Corolla. The chromatographic separation was performed on a XBridg®C_(18) column(4.6 mm×100 mm, 3.5 µm) with(0.1% formic acid water) methanol-acetonitrile(1∶1) as the mobile phase for gradient elution at 30 ℃. The flow rate was 0.5 mL·min~(-1). The components were detected in a multiple-reaction monitoring(MRM) mode. The gray relational analysis(GRA) was used to comprehensively evaluate the multiple active components of Abelmoschi Corolla at different harvesting times and drying temperatures. The results showed that 38 components had a good linearity with correlation coefficients all above 0.999 0. The method featured a good precision, repeatability and stability with the relative stan-dard deviations(RSDs) of less than 5.0%. Recoveries ranged from 98.06% to 104.4% with RSD between 0.22% and 4.9%. The results of GRA indicated that a better quality in the samples collected on September 9 th. Samples dried at 90 ℃ had a better quality. The established method is accurate and reliable, and can be used to assess the internal quality of Abelmoschi Corolla. This study can provide basic materials for determining appropriate harvesting time and processing method of Abelmoschi Corolla.

Seed and floret size parameters of sunflower are determined by partially overlapping sets of quantitative trait loci with epistatic interactions.

KEY MESSAGE: Floret and seed traits are moderately correlated phenotypically in modern sunflower cultivars, but the underlying genetics are mostly independent. Seed traits in particular are governed in part by epistatic effects among quantitative trait loci. Seed size is an important quality component in marketing commercial sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.), particularly for the in-shell confectionery market, where long and broad seed types are preferred as a directly consumed snack food globally. Floret size is also important because corolla tube length was previously shown to be inversely correlated with pollinator visitation, impacting bee foraging potential and pollinator services to the plant. Commercial sunflower production benefits from pollinator visits, despite being self-compatible, and bees are required in hybrid seed production, where "female" and "male" inbred lines are crossed at field scale. Issues with pollination of long-seed confectionery sunflower suggest that there may be an unfavorable correlation between seed and floret traits; thus, our objective was to determine the strength of the correlation between seed and floret traits, and confirm any co-localization of seed and floret trait loci using genome-wide association analysis in the SAM diversity panel of sunflower. Our results indicate that phenotypic correlations between seed and floret traits are generally low to moderate, regardless of market class, a component of population substructure. Association mapping results mirror the correlations: while a few loci overlap, many loci for the two traits are not overlapping or even adjacent. The genetics of these traits, while modestly quantitative and influenced by epistatic effects, are not a barrier to simultaneous improvement of seed length and pollinator-friendly floret traits. We conclude that breeding for large seed size, which is required for the confectionery seed market, is possible without producing florets too long for efficient use by pollinators, which promotes bee foraging and associated pollination services.

Phenolic Constituents of Lamium album L. subsp. album Flowers: Anatomical, Histochemical, and Phytochemical Study.

Flos Lamii albi has a high biological activity and is widely used in herbal medicine. The aim of the study was to characterize the secretory structures present in Lamium album subsp. album corolla and the location of phenolic compounds. Additionally, we carried out qualitative phytochemical analyses of flavonoids and phenolic acids. Light, fluorescence, and scanning electron microscopy were used to analyze the structure of the floral organs. The main classes of phenolic compounds and their localization were determined histochemically. Phytochemical analyses were performed with high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Six types of glandular trichomes were found which contained flavonoids, phenolic acids, and tannins. The phytochemical studies demonstrated the presence of caffeic, chlorogenic, ferulic, gallic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, syringic, gentisic, and vanillic phenolic acids as well as rutoside, isoquercetin, and quercetin flavonoids. The corolla in L. album subsp. album has antioxidant properties due to the presence of various polyphenols, as shown by the histo- and phytochemical analyses. The distribution and morphology of trichomes and the content of phenolic compounds in the corolla have taxonomic, pharmacognostic, and practical importance, facilitating the identification of the raw material.

Monkeyflowers (Mimulus): new model for plant developmental genetics and evo-devo.

Contents Summary 694 I. Introduction 694 II. The system 695 III. Regulation of carotenoid pigmentation 695 IV. Formation of periodic pigmentation patterns 696 V. Developmental genetics of corolla tube formation and elaboration 697 VI. Molecular basis of floral trait variation underlying pollinator shift 698 VII. Outlook 699 Acknowledgements 699 References 699 SUMMARY: Monkeyflowers (Mimulus) have long been recognized as a classic ecological and evolutionary model system. However, only recently has it been realized that this system also holds great promise for studying the developmental genetics and evo-devo of important plant traits that are not found in well-established model systems such as Arabidopsis. Here, I review recent progress in four different areas of plant research enabled by this new model, including transcriptional regulation of carotenoid biosynthesis, formation of periodic pigmentation patterns, developmental genetics of corolla tube formation and elaboration, and the molecular basis of floral trait divergence underlying pollinator shift. These examples suggest that Mimulus offers ample opportunities to make exciting discoveries in plant development and evolution.