A Scientist's Oath.

Data on the perceptions of scientists suggest a moderate public distrust of scientist's motivations. Bettridge et al. suggest scientist's reluctance to engage the public on controversial ethical issues may be a contributing factor. The authors propose a Scientist's Oath to send a clear message to the public about our ideals.

Raising Awareness of Mistreatment Policies and Reporting Procedures Using a Novel Medical Student Mobile Application.

BACKGROUND: Reports of mistreatment are an important first step to improving medical students' learning environment. Students may not report mistreatment due to a lack of awareness of institutional policies, reporting procedures, or for fear of reprisal. AIM: We sought to determine if a medical school cross-platform mobile application (app) could be used to improve students' awareness of mistreatment policies and procedures. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: Participants in this intervention included Drexel University College of Medicine (DUCOM) medical students, faculty, and Student Affairs Deans. PROGRAM DESCRIPTION: We created the DUCOMpass© app to make mistreatment policies and procedures more readily available and to ease mistreatment reporting for medical students. PROGRAM EVALUATION: To determine the efficacy of the app at raising mistreatment awareness, we analyzed our institutional Graduation Questionnaire data before and after the introduction of the app (from 2016 to 2023) as compared with the national average. We verified our students' self-reported data with app usage data. DISCUSSION: To our knowledge, this is the first instance of a medical school mobile app being implemented to successfully address medical student mistreatment awareness and reporting. We found that reaching students in a familiar and easily accessible mode(s) of communication is a catalyst for lasting change. NIH TRIAL REGISTRY: Not applicable.

Effective Clinical Externships for International Medical Students: A Qualitative Study.

BACKGROUND: International student exchanges are a significant part of medical education, and experiences of North American and European medical students abroad have been extensively examined. By contrast, knowledge of visiting medical students in the United States (US) is limited largely to surveys of administrators and course directors. OBJECTIVE: To understand US attending physicians' thoughts on visiting international student clinical externships. DESIGN AND PARTICIPANTS: Three clinician-educator physician focus groups were conducted across two US medical schools with broad representation of training backgrounds, clinical disciplines, and career stages. Focus groups and constant comparison analysis of transcripts were performed iteratively to identify emerging themes. MAIN MEASURES: Qualitative themes and subthemes. KEY RESULTS: Two main themes emerged from the data: (1) administrative requirements for success: hosting international students requires careful planning and coordination, which is daunting amidst demanding faculty responsibilities. Externships must address experiences of the people directly involved in the clinical setting, leadership, communication, and institutional, financial, physical, and personnel resources. (2) Impact of student qualities: When working with international students, the importance of administrative details and student characteristics increases due to higher student variability overall, inconsistent language and cultural fluency, and the consequent recognition of the student as an ambassador for their home institution and country. CONCLUSIONS: Amidst already busy schedules, clinician educators identify the hosting of international medical students as a commitment resembling that for their own trainees. Linguistic and cultural distances, and the overall variability of international students amplify the importance of effective administration. The findings have influenced related processes at the University of Pittsburgh.

Residency Application Advising: Medical Student & Faculty Advisor Perceived Barriers & Expectations.

INTRODUCTION: Given the rapidly changing landscape of residency applications, many medical students struggle to identify guidance from faculty advisors. Additionally, faculty advisors may find it difficult to maintain up-to-date knowledge on changes such as the new supplemental application. These gaps could potentially lead to inequitable advising. The objective of this study was to identify both students' and faculty's perceived barriers and expectations for residency application advising. METHODS: Anonymous surveys were administered to both fourth-year medical students and faculty advisors at a single institution within 2 mo of the residency application deadline. Survey questions assessed student and faculty barriers to establishing the advisor-advisee relationships, as well as expectations of the advisor role. Surveys were analyzed using descriptive statistics. RESULTS: We identified that the majority of students (57%) did not have a faculty advisor within weeks of the application deadline, and an equal amount felt that finding an advisor was either somewhat difficult or extremely difficult. Of all the students, 60% felt their biggest barrier was not knowing how to find an advisor. Though faculty felt equipped to advise students, 75% of faculty in the participating specialties had advising concerns regarding the supplemental application or were unaware of the changes. CONCLUSIONS: We identified gaps in the residency application advising process from both student and faculty perspectives. Future work involves increasing awareness of the resources and opportunities available to students to improve advising relationships. Standardized training tools and resources for faculty will result in more consistent and reliable faculty advising.

Surgical Residents as Clerkship Scholars May Improve Student Perception of the Surgery Clerkship.

INTRODUCTION: The surgical clerkship is a formative experience in the medical school curriculum and can leave a lasting impression on students' perception of surgery. Given the historical negative stereotypes of surgeons, the clerkship represents an opportunity to impact students in a meaningful way. METHODS: Our institution developed a program in which research residents can serve as junior clerkship coordinators and educators; working closely with medical students on their surgery clerkship. At the end of their clerkship, students were administered a survey with Likert-scale and free text responses regarding satisfaction with the rotation, lectures, feedback, and value of the clerkship. Student survey results were compared before (2015-2016) and after (2017-2019) the implementation of the scholar program with nonparametric statistical analysis and qualitative text analysis. RESULTS: A total of 413 students responded to the survey with no significant difference in response rate by term (P = 0.88). We found no statistical difference with respect to overall course perception (92.3% versus 91.2%, P = 0.84), but a statistically significant difference was noted for the clarity of the provided written clerkship materials (80.3% versus 91.3%, P = 0.02) and usefulness of the feedback (57.5% versus 78.7%, P = 0.01). Qualitative analysis demonstrated an overall positive shift in perception of the clerkship, improvement in the course materials, and organization. CONCLUSIONS: The scholar program was overall well received by the students with improvements in certain aspects of the clerkship: organization, feedback, and course materials. This program represents a potential strategy to improve certain portions of the medical school clerkship experience.

Intimidating Attendings: The Importance of Near-Peer Mentorship During Third-Year Surgical Clerkship.

INTRODUCTION: Near-peer instruction has grown in popularity in medical education; however, limited data exist to support its effectiveness. This study investigates the perceptions of near-peer style instruction in third-y medical students undergoing a surgical clinical clerkship. We hypothesized that near-peer instruction would provide a beneficial educational experience to third-y medical students during their surgical clinical clerkship. METHODS: The authors anonymously surveyed third-y medical students undergoing their clinical clerkship in surgery on their perception of the near-peer instruction and mentorship they received from fourth-y medical students at the beginning of the clerkship. Near-peer instruction included teaching suturing techniques, surgical procedures and anatomy, operating room literacy, and sharing anecdotal experiences. Surveys were distributed 24 h after receiving the formal instruction. RESULTS: A total of 85 students completed the survey (78% response rate). Students reported a similar or increase in value of learning from near-peer mentors compared to attending physicians (less valuable: 1.2%; just as valuable: 52.9%; more valuable: 45.9%). The majority of students indicated they would like to experience more near-peer style instruction in medical school as demonstrated in surgical clerkship training (absolutely no: 0%; probably not: 0%; on the fence: 4.7%; probably yes: 25.9%; absolutely yes: 69.4%). After experiencing near-peer instruction and mentoring, students were more interested in becoming near-peer mentors (less interested: 1.2%; just as interested: 29.4%; more interested: 69.4%). CONCLUSIONS: Students appreciate and desire near-peer instruction, seeing it as an effective learning method. Mentees undergoing near-peer style instruction have an increased interest in becoming near-peer mentors.

Gender-Based Differences in Medical Student Self-Ratings of Clinical Performance.

INTRODUCTION: While prior literature demonstrates gender-based differences in surgical residents' self-assessments, limited data exist examining these effects at the medical student level. This study aimed to understand how self-ratings of clinical performance differ across genders for clerkship students. METHODS: This was a retrospective study examining the results of an institutional Clinical Performance Examination administered at the end of the clerkship year. Students were tasked with obtaining a history and physical examination and developing an assessment and plan based on standardized patient cases. After the examination, students were asked to estimate the percentile rating of their performance. Female and male students' true scores, self-rated percentiles, and differences between true and self-rated percentiles were compared. RESULTS: One hundred twenty three male and 113 female medical students were included in the analysis. Female medical students performed statistically significantly better overall (79.65% versus 78.23%, P = 0.0039), in history skills (76.90% versus 75.19%, P = 0.012), and in communication skills (94.05% versus 92.58%, P = 0.0085). No statistically significant differences were seen between self-rated percentiles between male and female students. However, when comparing the difference between self-rated and true percentile scores (Δ = self-rated - true percentile), male students were more likely to rate themselves higher than their true percentile on history (male students Δ = 12.26 versus female students Δ = -1.24, P = 0.00076) and communication metrics (male students Δ = 14.12 versus female students Δ = 6.05, P = 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: Despite higher performance, female students rate themselves similarly to male medical students, suggesting a pattern of underestimation. Faculty must recognize that gender-based differences in self-evaluations begin at the medical student level, potentially impacting future trainee development.

Evolving Medical Student Experiences in the Surgery Clerkship: A New Generation.

BACKGROUND: The surgery clerkship has a powerful impact on medical students' attitudes toward surgery. The primary aim of this study was to identify factors that influence current medical student experiences during the surgery clerkship and discern if they have shifted following the COVID pandemic and with a new generation of "Zillennial" students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a qualitative content analysis of medical student surgery clerkship evaluations from 2018 to 2022 at three clinical training sites of our medical school (n = 596). The codes and themes that emerged from the data were then compared between the pre-COVID cohort (pre-March 2020) and post-COVID (post June 2020) cohorts. RESULTS: Our analysis revealed four themes: clerkship factors, educator qualities, surgical culture, and student expectations. Clerkship factors included the overall clerkship organization, preparatory sessions, and having schedule flexibility. The clinical educators had a significant impact on medical student experience by setting expectations and providing actionable feedback. Surgical culture included the team dynamic and professionalism or diversity issues. Students were expected to have clear guidance for their roles, opportunities to shine, and sought meaningful learning. While the themes were consistent between both cohorts, the frequency of codes varied, with more students commenting on flexibility, neglect, and long work hours in the post-COVID cohort. CONCLUSIONS: Numerous previously unreported factors impact surgical clerkship experiences, revealing a generational shift in medical student attitudes. These results suggest that educators and their institutions must be proactive in tracking student evaluations to adapt their clerkship curriculum for an optimal educational experience and evolving student expectations.

Prevalence of mobile phone addiction and poor mental health, and factors associated with mental health among medical students in Southeast Iran.

BACKGROUND: Mobile phone addiction is on the rise among various populations, particularly among the younger generations. This phenomenon can significantly impact various aspects of life, particularly mental health. This study aimed to examine the prevalence of mobile phone addiction and mental health, as well as the associated factors of mental health among medical students in southeast Iran in 2023. METHODS: Using stratified sampling, 365 students from the Kerman University of Medical Sciences were included from May to June 2023. The data collection tool comprised a questionnaire assessing general health (GHQ-28), mobile phone addiction, and social support. Logistic regression was used to examine the associated factors of mental health. RESULTS: The prevalence of mobile phone addiction and poor mental health among students was 46.6% (95% Confidence Intervals [CI]: 41.4; 51.7) and 52.9% (95% CI: 47.7; 57.9), respectively. The results of the multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that individuals with mobile phone addiction had higher odds of experiencing a poor mental health situation (Adjusted Odds Ratio [aOR] = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.30, 3.09). Conversely, participants with higher social support scores were less likely to have poor health (aOR = 0.95; 95% CI: 0.94, 0.97). CONCLUSION: We found a high prevalence of mobile phone addiction. Considering the association between mobile phone addiction and mental health, it is necessary to prevent the complications and risks caused by mobile phone addiction; it requires educational planning, counseling, and behavior among vulnerable students.

An investigative study on the causes of depression and the coping strategies among clinical medical students in private universities in North Central Nigeria.

BACKGROUND: Depression is among known mental health conditions and students in schools of medicine are not immune to it. In this investigative study, 211 clinical medical students of two private universities from North-Central Nigeria were examined on depression prevalence, the contributory factors and their coping strategies. METHODS: The Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), the Medical Student's Stressor Questionnaire (MSSQ) and identified coping strategies according to Coping Oriented to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE) were instruments of data collection. RESULTS: The results were obtained by both descriptive analysis and test of association between some categorical variables. The depression prevalence amongst the participants was 159 (75.4%). Females (124 (78.0%)) were more depressed than males (35 (22.0%)). Factors identified as contributing to depression were the heavy academic workload (124 (78.5%)), insufficient family time (93 (58.1%)) and financial constraints (54 (34.0%)). The most utilized method of coping with their stress was engaging on social media (133 (84.2%)), followed by talking with relatives or friends (99 (62.7%)) and use of recreational drugs (20 (12.8%)). The findings from this study have shown that more than three-quarters of the respondents suffered from varying degrees of depression from mild, 63 (29.9%), moderate, 53 (25.1%) to severe, 43 (20.4%). CONCLUSIONS: The heavy academic workload was a major source of depression. Colleges of Medicine should take pro-active steps towards their students' mental health and academic workload should be well spaced to reduce the stress imposed by the frequency of examinations.

Malaysian Medical Students' Career Intention (MMSCI): a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: In recent years, there have been many instances of negative sentiments expressed by and resignations observed from doctors working in the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia. However, little is known about the perspectives of medical students and their career intentions. This study aims to determine the current Malaysian medical students' career intentions immediately after graduation and upon completing the 2 years of housemanship and to establish the factors influencing these intentions. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study of 859 Malaysian medical students from 21 medical schools who voluntarily completed a self-administered online questionnaire that was disseminated by representatives from medical schools nationwide and social media platforms of a national medical student society. RESULTS: 37.8% of the respondents were optimistic about a career with the Ministry of Health (MOH), Malaysia in the future. Most of the respondents (91.2%) plan to join and complete the MOH Housemanship programme as soon as possible after graduation, with the majority of them (66.2%) planning to complete it in their state of origin. After 2 years of Housemanship programme, only more than half of the respondents (63.1%) plan to continue their careers in MOH. Slightly more than a quarter (27.1%) of the total respondents plan to emigrate to practise medicine, with 80.7% of them planning to return to Malaysia to practise medicine after some years or after completing specialisation training. Combining the career intentions of Malaysian medical students immediately after graduation and upon completion of the 2 years housemanship programme, only a slight majority (57.5%) of the respondents plan to continue their career in MOH eventually. Most of the respondents (85.0%) intend to specialise. CONCLUSION: A concerning number of Malaysian medical students plan to leave the Ministry of Health workforce, the main healthcare provider in Malaysia, in the future. Urgent government interventions are needed to address the underlying factors contributing to the potential exodus of future doctors to prevent further straining of the already overburdened healthcare system, posing a significant threat to public well-being. An annual national study to track medical students' career intentions is recommended to gather crucial data for the human resources for health planning in Malaysia.

Knowledge regarding human papillomavirus and cervical cancer prevention among medical students from Chulalongkorn University in Thailand.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of death among women in Thailand. General practitioners, within their primary healthcare role, play a vital role in the cervical cancer screening program, as they are the healthcare professionals most easily accessible to the general population. This study aims to determine the level of knowledge of cervical cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, HPV vaccination, and cervical cancer screening among last-year medical students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among sixth-year medical students using an electronic self-administered questionnaire. The two-part questionnaire comprised demographic data and 12 true/false questions that assessed knowledge regarding HPV infection, HPV vaccination, and cervical cancer screening recommendations. Pilot testing revealed a high Cronbach's alpha and test-retest reliability coefficient. RESULTS: A 67% response rate was achieved. Among the 198 respondents, only one (0.5%) student correctly answered over 80% of the questions while most respondents (172, 71.7%) correctly answered less than 60% of the questions. Less than half of the respondents correctly identified crucial aspects such as the primary cause of cervical cancer, recommended vaccination age, cytology sensitivity compared to HPV testing, and the recommended screening frequency for average-risk women. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights a significant lack of comprehension among Thai medical students concerning HPV infection, vaccination, and cervical cancer screening guidelines. Encouraging educational enhancement, effective communication, and heightened awareness of these crucial topics within the medical school curriculum are imperative.

The effects of mindfulness-based interventions in medical students: a systematic review.

The number of studies on the effects of mindfulness on healthcare professionals is increasing. The main aim of this study was to collate the quantitative results of original studies analyzing the effects of mindfulness-based interventions on a variety of outcomes in medical students. We also analyzed how the study design and characteristics of the intervention affect the results, and identified qualitative effects of mindfulness interventions. A literature search was performed in different databases in June 2020. Original articles meeting the following criteria were included: (1) at least 50% of the participants were medical students, (2) included a mindfulness intervention, (3) analyzed any outcome relating to mindfulness intervention, (4) peer-reviewed (5) written in English. Eventually, 31 articles including 24 different samples were included. Over half of the studies were RCTs. In over half of the studies, the intervention was 4- to 10-week original Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction or Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy or a modification of these. In general, satisfaction with the interventions was good. Based on a meta-analysis, after the intervention, the intervention group had statistically significantly fewer symptoms of stress and distress and had higher mindfulness than the controls. The beneficial effects persisted in follow-ups over months or years. Both long and shorter courses and courses with and without face-to-face sessions were effective. Both controlled and uncontrolled studies had statistically significant results. Qualitative results revealed potential factors behind the quantitative effects. The number of studies on mindfulness interventions in medical students has increased drastically. Mindfulness-based interventions seem to offer a good possibility to enhance medical students' well-being.

A qualitative study of career decision making among African and Asian international medical students in China: process, challenges, and strategies.

China hosts around 68,000 international medical students (IMSs) primarily from lower income countries in Africa and Asia, who have the potential to contribute to international medical services. Understanding how these IMSs make career decisions can help better address the issue of global medical workforce shortage. However, such research is limited. Our study aims to explore the career decision-making process of China-educated IMSs, the challenges they experienced and the strategies they employed.In this exploratory qualitative study, we conducted semi-structured interviews with IMSs educated in China in 2022 using purposeful sampling. Twenty virtual one-on-one interviews were conducted, and data were analysed through directed qualitative content analysis. Cognitive Information Processing (CIP) theory was applied as the guiding framework for organising and analysing the data.The career decision-making process of the participants generally followed the stages of decision-making cycle in CIP theory, with a combination of urgent migration decisions and specialisation considerations adding layers of complexity to their career trajectories. Identified challenges encompassed lack of knowledge about oneself and career options, lack of decision-making skills, concerns of contextual complexities that limited the career decision-making process, low motivation and negative thoughts. Specific challenges due to their role as IMSs arose, which were related to career information access, self-capability evaluation, degree accreditation, employment competitiveness and mental states. Participants' proposed strategies were categorised into personal and institutional aspects, providing insights into addressing these challenges.This study substantiates and expands the application of the CIP theory within the sphere of the particular cultural and educational context of IMSs educated in China. It highlights the significance of integrating migration decision-making into career guidance for IMSs, and contributes to the literature by proposing an evidence-based tiered career intervention programme for IMSs.

Strengthening neurosurgical training programs in Sub-saharan Africa: a medical student's perspective.

This article provides a nuanced exploration of the state and exigencies of neurosurgical training in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), viewed through the discerning lens of a medical student. The region has a pronounced scarcity of neurosurgical services, further compounded by sociocultural intricacies and infrastructural inadequacies, resulting in elevated mortality and morbidity rates. The insufficiency of neurosurgeons, facilities, and training centers, particularly in remote areas, exacerbates this predicament. The imperative to fortify neurosurgical training programs is underscored, necessitating a multifaceted approach inclusive of international collaborations and innovative strategies. The challenges impeding neurosurgical training program implementation range from constrained infrastructure to faculty shortages and financial constraints. Recommendations encompass infrastructural investments, faculty development initiatives, and augmented community engagement. An exploration of neurosurgical training programs across diverse African regions reveals commendable strides and imminent deficits, warranting heightened international collaboration. Furthermore, technological innovations, including virtual reality, robotics, and artificial intelligence, are posited as transformative conduits for augmenting neurosurgical training in SSA. The article concludes with a sagacious compendium of recommendations, encompassing standardized curricula, mentorship paradigms, and stringent evaluation mechanisms, all combining efficaciously fortifying neurosurgical insight in SSA and producing transformative improvements in healthcare outcomes.

Barriers to help-seeking, accessing and providing mental health support for medical students: a mixed methods study using the candidacy framework.

BACKGROUND: The mental health of medical students is a national and international problem increasing in both demand and acuity. Medical students face barriers to accessing mental health support that is clinically effective, timely and appropriate for their needs. This mixed methods study aimed to explore experiences of these barriers and the challenges to health service delivery aligned to the Candidacy Framework. METHODS: One hundred three medical students studying at The University of Sheffield completed an online survey comprising the CCAPS-34 and follow-up questions about service access and use. Semi-structured interviews with a nested sample of 20 medical students and 10 healthcare professionals explored barriers to service access and provision. A stakeholder panel of medical students and professionals met quarterly to co-produce research materials, interpret research data and identify touchpoints by pinpointing specific areas and moments of interaction between a medical student as a service user and a mental health service. RESULTS: Medical students who experienced barriers to help-seeking and accessing support scored significantly higher for psychological symptoms on the CCAPS-34. Uncertainty and fear of fitness to practice processes were important barriers present across all seven stages of candidacy. The fragmented structure of local services, along with individual factors such as perceived stigma and confidentiality concerns, limited the progression of medical students through the Candidacy Framework (a framework for understanding the different stages of a person's journey to healthcare). CONCLUSION: This study outlines important areas of consideration for mental health service provision and policy development to improve access to and the quality of care for medical students.

Preparing future doctors for evidence-based practice: a study on health technology assessment awareness and its predictors in Malaysia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of awareness of health technology assessment (HTA) and its predictors among clinical year medical students in public universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using the stratified random sampling method was conducted among clinical year medical students in four public universities in Klang Valley, Malaysia. Data on the level of awareness of HTA and its associated factors were collected using a self-administered online questionnaire. Descriptive, bivariate, and multivariate analyses were performed using IBM SPSS version 27 to determine the level of awareness of HTA and its predictors. RESULTS: Majority (69 percent) of participants had a low level of awareness of HTA. The predictors of high-level awareness of HTA were attitude toward HTA (adjusted odds ratio (AOR) = 7.417, 95 percent confidence interval (CI): 3.491, 15.758), peer interaction on HTA (AOR = 0.320, 95 percent CI: 0.115, 0.888), and previous training on HTA (AOR = 4.849, 95 percent CI: 1.096, 21.444). CONCLUSIONS: Most future doctors in public universities exhibit a low awareness of HTA. This study highlights the interplay between attitudes toward HTA, peer interaction, and previous training as influential predictors of HTA awareness. An integrated and comprehensive educational approach is recommended to cultivate a positive attitude and harness the positive aspects of peer interaction while mitigating the potential negative impact of misconceptions. Emphasizing early exposure to HTA concepts through structured programs is crucial for empowering the upcoming generation of healthcare professionals, enabling them to navigate HTA complexities and contribute to evidence-based healthcare practices in Malaysia and beyond.

Palliative care training in medical undergraduate education: a survey among the faculty.

BACKGROUND: A minority of European countries have compulsory training in palliative care within all medical schools. The aim of the study was to examine palliative care education in Estonia. METHODS: We used the adapted version of the Palliative Education Assessment Tool (PEAT) to evaluate palliative care education at the University of Tartu, the only medical school in Estonia. The PEAT comprises of different palliative care domains and allows for assessing the curricula for palliative care education. RESULTS: 26 hours (h) of palliative care is taught within the basic medical curriculum, which is divided between 14 courses. Ethical issues (4 h, lecture and seminar) and basics of palliative care (2.5 h, lecture) are well covered however, pain and symptom management (12.5 h, lecture, seminar, workshop), psychosocial, spiritual aspects (5.5 h, seminar), and communication (1.5 h, lecture) teaching do not reach the recommended number of hours. Teamwork and self-reflection are not taught at all. CONCLUSIONS: Increased time, more diverse teaching strategies and clear learning outcomes are required to enable the development of palliative care education in Estonia. The teaching and learning of palliative care is a process that requires constant development and collaboration.

To be or not to be supervisors for medical students in general practice clinical placements: a questionnaire study from Norway.

OBJECTIVE: Many countries experience challenges in recruiting and retaining general practitioners (GPs) as supervisors for medical students in clinical placements. We aimed to investigate the opportunities, capacities and limitations of Norwegian GPs to become supervisors. DESIGN: Web-based cross-sectional questionnaire study. SETTING: Norwegian general practice. SUBJECTS: All GPs in Norway, including locums and those on leave, both active supervisors, and GPs who are not presently supervising medical students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: GPs' terms of salary, office facilities, limiting factors, capacity and needs for becoming or continuing as supervisors. RESULTS: Among 5145 GPs, 1466 responded (29%), of whom 498 (34%) were active supervisors. Lack of a dedicated student office was the most reported limitation for both active supervisors (75%) and other GPs (81%). A high proportion (67%) of active supervisors reported that they could host more students per year, given financial support for equipped offices and higher salaries. With this kind of support, 48% (n = 461) of the GPs who were not supervisors for medical students were positive about a future supervisor role. By adjusted regression analysis, female GPs had lower likelihood of being supervisors, OR (95% CI) 0.75 (0.59-0.95) than male colleagues. GPs in the North, Mid and West regions had higher odds (OR 3.89, 3.10 and 2.42, respectively) than those in the South-East region. Teaching experience also increased the odds (2.31 (1.74-3.05). CONCLUSIONS: There seems to be capacity among both active and potential supervisors if increased salaries and financial support for office facilities are made available.

Undergraduate training by clinical placements is important for the recruitment of doctors to general practice, and depends on a sufficient number of GPs as supervisors.The study shows that there is sufficient capacity among Norwegian GPs to host medical students in clinical placements.Many potential supervisors among Norwegian GPs report that they have not been approached by a university to supervise medical students.Many supervisors state that they need increased salaries and financial support for facilities and expenses in order to supervise medical students.

Surgical Video Projection onto a Mannequin: An Educational Tool for Simulation Practice of Perioperative Anesthetic Management.

Simulation practice is known to be effective in anesthesiology education. In our simulation practice of general anesthesia for open cholecystectomy at the Tohoku University simulation center, we projected a surgical video onto a mannequin's abdomen. In this observational study, we investigated whether video-linked simulation practice improved students' performance. We retrospectively compared the general anesthesia simulation practice scores of fifth-year medical students in a video-linked or conventional group. In the simulation practice, we evaluated the performance of each group in three sections: perioperative analgesia, intraoperative bleeding, and arrhythmia caused by abdominal irrigation. The primary endpoint was the total score of the simulation practice. The secondary endpoints were their scores on each section. We also investigated the amount of bleeding that caused an initial action and the amount of bleeding when they began to transfuse. The video group had significantly higher total scores than the conventional group (7.5 [5-10] vs. 5.5 [4-8], p = 0.00956). For the perioperative analgesia and arrhythmia sections, students in the video group responded appropriately to surgical pain. In the intraoperative bleeding section, students in both groups scored similarly. The amount of bleeding that caused initial action was significantly lower in the video group (200 mL [200-300]) than in the conventional group (400 mL [200-500]) (p = 0.00056).Simulation practice with surgical video projection improved student performance. By projecting surgical videos, students could practice in a more realistic environment similar to an actual case.