Highly Conductive and Stable Composite Polymer Electrolyte with Boron Nitride Nanotubes for All-Solid-State Lithium Metal Batteries.

All-solid-state lithium metal batteries (ASSLMBs) have emerged as the most promising next-generation energy storage devices. However, the unsatisfactory ionic conductivity of solid electrolytes at room temperature has impeded the advancement of solid-state batteries. In this work, a multifunctional composite solid electrolyte (CSE) is developed by incorporating boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) into polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene (PVDF-HFP). BNNTs, with a high aspect ratio, trigger the dissociation of Li salts, thus generating a greater population of mobile Li+, and establishing long-distance Li+ transport pathways. PVDF-HFP/BNNT exhibits a high ionic conductivity of 8.0 × 10-4 S cm-1 at room temperature and a Li+ transference number of 0.60. Moreover, a Li//Li symmetric cell based on PVDF-HFP/BNNT demonstrates robust cyclic performance for 3400 h at a current density of 0.2 mA cm-2. The ASSLMB formed from the assembly of PVDF-HFP/BNNT with LiFePO4 and Li exhibits a capacity retention of 93.2% after 850 cycles at 0.5C and 25 °C. The high-voltage all-solid-state LiCoO2/Li cell based on PVDF-HFP/BNNT also exhibits excellent cyclic performance, maintaining a capacity retention of 96.4% after 400 cycles at 1C and 25 °C. Furthermore, the introduction of BNNTs is shown to enhance the thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of the CSE.

Structure and Performance of Benzoxazine Composites for Space Radiation Shielding.

Innovative multifunctional materials that combine structural functionality with other spacecraft subsystem functions have been identified as a key enabling technology for future deep space missions. In this work, we report the structure and performance of multifunctional polymer matrix composites developed for aerospace applications that require both structural functionality and space radiation shielding. Composites comprised of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber reinforcement and a hydrogen-rich polybenzoxazine matrix are prepared using a low-pressure vacuum bagging process. The polybenzoxazine matrix is derived from a novel benzoxazine resin that possesses a unique combination of attributes: high hydrogen concentration for shielding against galactic cosmic rays (GCR), low polymerization temperature to prevent damage to UHMWPE fibers during composite fabrication, long shelf-life, and low viscosity to improve flow during molding. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) is used to study rheological and thermomechanical properties. Composite mechanical properties, obtained using several standardized tests, are reported. Improvement in composite stiffness, through the addition of carbon fiber skin layers, is investigated. Radiation shielding performance is evaluated using computer-based simulations. The composites demonstrate clear advantages over benchmark materials in terms of combined structural and radiation shielding performance.

Self-Sensing Polymer Composite: White-Light-Illuminated Reinforcing Fibreglass Bundle for Deformation Monitoring.

The goal of our research was to develop a continuous glass fibre-reinforced epoxy matrix self-sensing composite. A fibre bundle arbitrarily chosen from the reinforcing glass fabric in the composite was prepared to guide white light. The power of the light transmitted by the fibres changes as a result of tensile loading. In our research, we show that a selected fibre bundle even without any special preparation can be used as a sensor to detect deformation even before the composite structure is damaged (before fibre breaking).

Sandwich-Structured Carbon Nanotube Composite Films for Multifunctional Sensing and Electrothermal Application.

Electro-conductive films with excellent flexibility and thermal behavior have great potential in the fields of wearable electronics, artificial muscle, and soft robotics. Herein, we report a super-elastic and electro-conductive composite film with a sandwich structure. The composite film was constructed by spraying Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymers onto a buckled conductive carbon nanotube-polydimethylsiloxane (CNTs-PDMS) composite film. In this system, the PVA and PDMS provide water sensing and stretchability, while the coiled CNT film offers sufficient conductivity. Notably, the composite film possesses high stretchability (205%), exceptional compression sensing ability, humility sensing ability, and remarkable electrical stability under various deformations. The produced CNT composite film exhibited deformation (bending/twisting) and high electro-heating performance (108 °C) at a low driving voltage of 2 V. The developed CNT composite film, together with its exceptional sensing and electrothermal performance, provides the material with promising prospects for practical applications in wearable electronics.

Synergistic effects of interface and phase engineering on telluride toward alkaline/neutral hydrogen evolution reaction in freshwater/seawater.

The development of efficient, stable, and versatile hydrogen evolution electrocatalysts is of great meaning, but still faces challenging. Interface engineering and phase engineering have been immensely applied in the field of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) because of their unique physicochemical properties. However, they are typically used separately, which limits their effectiveness. Herein, we propose an interface-engineered CoMo/CoTe electrocatalyst, consisting of an amorphous CoMo (a-CoMo) layer-encapsulated crystalline CoTe array, achieving the profound optimization of catalytic performance. The experimental results and density functional theory calculations show that the d-band center of the catalyst shifts further upward in contrast with its crystalline-crystalline counterpart, optimizing the electronic structure and the intermediate adsorption, thereby reducing the kinetic barrier of HER. The a-CoMo/CoTe with superhydrophilic/superaerophobic features shows excellent catalytic performance in alkaline, neutral, and simulated seawater environments.

Bacteria/Nanozyme Composites: New Therapeutics for Disease Treatment.

Bacterial therapy is recognized as a cost-effective treatment for several diseases. However, its development is hindered by limited functionality, weak inherent therapeutic effects, and vulnerability to harsh microenvironmental conditions, leading to suboptimal treatment activity. Enhancing bacterial activity and therapeutic outcomes emerges as a pivotal challenge. Nanozymes have garnered significant attention due to their enzyme-mimic activities and high stability. They enable bacteria to mimic the functions of gene-edited bacteria expressing the same functional enzymes, thereby improving bacterial activity and therapeutic efficacy. This review delineates the therapeutic mechanisms of bacteria and nanozymes, followed by a summary of strategies for preparing bacteria/nanozyme composites. Additionally, the synergistic effects of such composites in biomedical applications such as gastrointestinal diseases and tumors are highlighted. Finally, the challenges of bacteria/nanozyme composites are discussed and propose potential solutions. This study aims to provide valuable insights to offer theoretical guidance for the advancement of nanomaterial-assisted bacterial therapy.

Preparation of Multifunctional Seaweed Polysaccharides Derivatives Composite Hydrogel to Protect Ultraviolet B-Induced Photoaging In Vitro and In Vivo.

Seaweed polysaccharides can be used for protective skin photoaging which is caused by long-term exposure to ultraviolet B (UVB). In this study, a multifunctional composite hydrogel (FACP5) is prepared using sulfated galactofucan polysaccharides, alginate oligosaccharides as active ingredients, and polyacrylonitrile modified κ-Carrageenan as substrate. The properties of FACP5 show that it has good water retention, spreadability, and adhesion. The antiphotoaging activity is evaluated in vitro and in vivo. In vitro experiments demonstrate that the components of FACP5 exhibit good biocompatibility, antioxidant, and anti-tyrosinase activities, and could reduce the cell death rate induced by UVB. In vivo experiments demonstrate that, compared with the mice skin in model group, the skin water content treated with FACP5 increases by 29.80%; the thicknesses of epidermis and dermis decrease by 53.56% and 43.98%, respectively; the activities of catalase and superoxide dismutase increase by 1.59 and 0.72 times, respectively; the contents of interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α decrease by 19.21% and 17.85%, respectively; hydroxyproline content increases by 32.42%; the expression level of matrix metalloproteinase-3 downregulates by 42.80%. These results indicate that FACP5 has skin barrier repairing, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and inhibiting collagen degradation activies, FACP5 can be used as a skin protection remedy for photoaging.

A multifunctional composite nanoparticle with antibacterial activities, anti-inflammatory, and angiogenesis for diabetic wound healing.

The treatment of chronic diabetic wounds remains challenging due to the rapid bacterial infection, severe inflammation, and insufficient angiogenesis. To address these challenges, a novel multifunctional composite nanoparticle is developed by co-assembling antisolvent-induced co-assembling silk-fibroin ε-poly-l-Lysine nanoparticles (nSF-EPL) and further assembling nSF-EPL with polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) and exosome derived from human umbilical mesenchymal stem cells (Exo). Owing to the modification of EPL, PDRN and Exo, composite nanoparticles exhibited synergistic antibacterial action, anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis, which can significantly benefit for promoting wound healing. Release results show that the composite nanoparticles exhibit long-term sustained PDRN and Exo release profiles as well as outstanding release efficiency. Furthermore, in vitro studies show that the composite nanoparticles exhibit effective antibacterial activity, thus inducing an anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages phenotype and promoting angiogenesis. In vivo research results of investigations pertaining to diabetic wound healing show that the composite nanoparticles have good anti-inflammatory and angiogenesis capabilities, which can promote granulation tissue formation, collagen deposition, wound tissue epithelialization, and significantly accelerate skin healing. This study presents a promising strategy for the clinical treatment of chronic diabetic wounds.

Concerting magnesium implant degradation facilitates local chemotherapy in tumor-associated bone defect.

Effective management of malignant tumor-induced bone defects remains challenging due to severe systemic side effects, substantial tumor recurrence, and long-lasting bone reconstruction post tumor resection. Magnesium and its alloys have recently emerged in clinics as orthopedics implantable metals but mostly restricted to mechanical devices. Here, by deposition of calcium-based bilayer coating on the surface, a Mg-based composite implant platform is developed with tailored degradation characteristics, simultaneously integrated with chemotherapeutic (Taxol) loading capacity. The delicate modulation of Mg degradation occurring in aqueous environment is observed to play dual roles, not only in eliciting desirable osteoinductivity, but allows for modification of tumor microenvironment (TME) owing to the continuous release of degradation products. Specifically, the sustainable H2 evolution and Ca2+ from the implant is distinguished to cooperate with local Taxol delivery to achieve superior antineoplastic activity through activating Cyt-c pathway to induce mitochondrial dysfunction, which in turn leads to significant tumor-growth inhibition in vivo. In addition, the local chemotherapeutic delivery of the implant minimizes toxicity and side effects, but markedly fosters osteogenesis and bone repair with appropriate structure degradation in rat femoral defect model. Taken together, a promising intraosseous administration strategy with biodegradable Mg-based implants to facilitate tumor-associated bone defect is proposed.

Three-birds-with-one-stone: An eco-friendly and renewable humic acid-derived material application strategy for macrolide antibiotic detection and multifunctional composite film preparation.

This research proposes a simple and novel strategy for the green detection of antibiotics along with the reduction of microplastic and humic acid (HA) hazards. The entire process is based on a single-step solvent-sieving method to separate HA into insoluble (IHA) and soluble (SHA) components, subsequently recombining and designing the application according to the original characteristics of selected fractions in accordance with the zero-waste principle. IHA was applied as a dispersive solid phase extraction (DSPE) sorbent without chemical modification for the enrichment of trace MACs in complex biological matrices. The recovery of MACs was 74.06-100.84 % in the range of 2.5-1000 µg∙kg-1. Furthermore, SHA could be combined with biodegradable polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare multifunctional composite films. SHA endows the PVA film with favorable mechanical properties, excellent UV shielding as well as oxidation resistance performance. Compared with pure PVA, the tensile strength, toughness, antioxidant and UV-protection properties were increased to 157.3 Mpa, 258.6 MJ·m-3, 78.6 % and 60 % respectively. This study achieved a green and economically valuable utilization of all components of waste HA, introduced a novel approach for monitoring and controlling harmful substances and reducing white pollution. This has significant implications for promoting sustainable development and recovering valuable resources.

Polydopamine-Functionalized Strontium Alginate/Hydroxyapatite Composite Microhydrogel Loaded with Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Promotes Bone Formation and Angiogenesis.

Critical-size bone defects are a common and intractable clinical problem that typically requires filling in with surgical implants to facilitate bone regeneration. Considering the limitations of autologous bone and allogeneic bone in clinical applications, such as secondary damage or immunogenicity, injectable microhydrogels with osteogenic and angiogenic effects have received considerable attention. Herein, polydopamine (PDA)-functionalized strontium alginate/nanohydroxyapatite (Sr-Alg/nHA) composite microhydrogels loaded with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were prepared using microfluidic technology. This composite microhydrogel released strontium ions stably for at least 42 days to promote bone formation. The PDA coating can release VEGF in a controlled manner, effectively promote angiogenesis around bone defects, and provide nutritional support for new bone formation. In in vitro experiments, the composite microhydrogels had good biocompatibility. The PDA coating greatly improves cell adhesion on the composite microhydrogel and provides good controlled release of VEGF. Therefore, this composite microhydrogel effectively promotes osteogenic differentiation and vascularization. In in vivo experiments, composite microhydrogels were injected into critical-size bone defects in the skull of rats, and they were shown by microcomputed tomography and tissue sections to be effective in promoting bone regeneration. These findings demonstrated that this novel microhydrogel effectively promotes bone formation and angiogenesis at the site of bone defects.

Cross-Scale Industrial Manufacturing of Multifunctional Glass Fiber/Epoxy Composite Tubes via a Purposely Modified Filament Winding Production Line.

In the present research work is demonstrated a cross-scale manufacturing approach for the production of multifunctional glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite tubes with a purposely redesigned filament winding process. Up until now, limited studies have been reported towards the multiscale reinforcement direction of continuous fibers for the manufacturing of hierarchical composites at the industrial level. This study involved the development of two different multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) aqueous-based inks, which were employed for the modification of commercial glass fiber (GF) reinforcing tows via a bath coating unit in a pilot production line. The obtained multifunctional GFRP tubes presented a variety of characteristics in relation to their final mechanical, hydrothermal aging, electrical, thermal and thermoelectric properties. Results revealed that the two individual systems exhibited pronounced differences both in crushing behavior and durability performance. Interestingly, for lateral compression the MWCNT coatings comprising a polymeric dispersant minorly affected the mechanical response of the produced tubes. The crashworthiness indicators of the multifunctional tubes displayed a slight 5% variation to the respective reference values, combined with a more ductile behavior. Moreover, regarding the bulk electrical and thermal conductivity values, as well as the Seebeck coefficient factor, the corresponding tubes displayed a variance of 233% and 19% and an opposite semi-conducting sign denoting a p- and n-type character, respectively.

Pectin extracted from Premna Microphylla Turcz for preparation of a "sandwich" multi-property sensor film involved with deep eutectic solvent.

An acidic deep eutectic solvent (DES, choline chloride/citric acid) was used to efficiently extract edible pectin from Premna microphylla Turcz (PMTP) and further prepare the film sensor with the purpose of "four birds with one stone" with the roles of extractant, coalescent, conductivity promoter and bacteriostatic agent. The optimized extraction process accorded with pseudo second-order kinetics, which was carried out at 78.2 °C for 1.29 h with the solid-liquid ratio of 1:34.66 g/mL with the yield up to 0.8210 g/g. After comprehensive characterizations of pectin product, a simple casting method was used to prepare the PMTP-DES based composite film. It showed that the composite film has promising compatibility, smooth surface, good breathability and ideal homogeneity. After 30 power on/power off cycles at 10 V, it exhibited satisfied conductivity stability. Moreover, the PMTP-DES film could be simply assembled as the flexible visual temperature sensor, with sensitive response at breathing or finger touch; it exhibited the highest sensitivity of 134 %/°C when the external temperature changed from 15 to 55 °C. Besides, the composite film also has preferable antimicrobial activity. The whole results and findings were aimed to contribute for the raw material, composition, preparation, and functions of the existing flexible functional materials.

Multifunctional TiO2 Nanotube-Matrix Composites with Enhanced Photocatalysis and Lithium-Ion Storage Performances.

As a multifunctional material, TiO2 shows excellent performance in catalytic degradation and lithium-ion storage. However, high electron-hole pair recombination, poor conductivity, and low theoretical capacity severely limit the practical application of TiO2. Herein, TiO2 nanotube (TiO2 NT) with a novel double-layer honeycomb structure were prepared by two-step electrochemical anodization. Honeycombed TiO2 NT arrays possess clean top surfaces and a long-range ordering, which greatly facilitates the preparation of high-performance binary and ternary materials. A binary TiO2 nanotube@Au nanoparticle (TiO2 NT@Au NP) composite accompanied by appropriately concentrated and uniformly distributed gold particles was prepared in this work. Interestingly, the TiO2 nanotube@Au nanoparticle (TiO2 NT@Au NP) composites not only showed the excellent catalytic degradation effect of methylene blue, but also demonstrated large lithium-ion storage capacity (310.6 µAh cm-2, 1.6 times of pristine TiO2 NT). Based on the realization of the controllable fabrication of binary TiO2 nanotube@MoS2 nanosheet (TiO2 NT@MoS2 NS) composite, ternary TiO2 nanotube@MoS2 nanosheet@Au nanoparticle (TiO2 NT@MoS2 NS@Au NP) composite with abundant defects and highly ordered structure was also innovatively designed and fabricated. As expected, the TiO2 NT@MoS2 NS@Au NP anode exhibits extremely high initial discharge specific capacity (487.4 µAh cm-2, 2.6 times of pristine TiO2 NT) and excellent capacity retention (81.0%).

2D Materials (WS2, MoS2, MoSe2) Enhanced Polyacrylamide Gels for Multifunctional Applications.

Multifunctional polymer composite gels have attracted attention because of their high thermal stability, conductivity, mechanical properties, and fast optical response. To enable the simultaneous incorporation of all these different functions into composite gels, the best doping material alternatives are two-dimensional (2D) materials, especially transition metal dichalcogenides (TMD), which have been used in so many applications recently, such as energy storage units, opto-electronic devices and catalysis. They have the capacity to regulate optical, electronic and mechanical properties of basic molecular hydrogels when incorporated into them. In this study, 2D materials (WS2, MoS2 and MoSe2)-doped polyacrylamide (PAAm) gels were prepared via the free radical crosslinking copolymerization technique at room temperature. The gelation process and amount of the gels were investigated depending on the optical properties and band gap energies. Band gap energies of composite gels containing different amounts of TMD were calculated and found to be in the range of 2.48-2.84 eV, which is the characteristic band gap energy range of promising semiconductors. Our results revealed that the microgel growth mechanism and gel point of PAAm composite incorporated with 2D materials can be significantly tailored by the amount of 2D materials. Furthermore, tunable band gap energies of these composite gels are crucial for many applications such as biosensors, cartilage repair, drug delivery, tissue regeneration, wound dressing. Therefore, our study will contribute to the understanding of the correlation between the optical and electronic properties of such composite gels and will help to increase the usage areas so as to obtain multifunctional composite gels.

A biodegradable antibacterial alginate/carboxymethyl chitosan/Kangfuxin sponges for promoting blood coagulation and full-thickness wound healing.

Conventional wound-dressing materials with structural and functional deficiencies are not effective in promoting wound healing. The development of multifunctional wound dressings is emerging as a promising strategy to accelerate blood coagulation, inhibit bacterial infection, and trigger full-thickness wound into a regenerative process. Herein, multifunctional composite sponges were developed by incorporation of traditional Chinese medicine Kangfuxin (KFX) into alginate (AG)/carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC) via green crosslinking, electrostatic interaction, and freeze-drying methods. It is demonstrated that the AG/CMC/KFX (ACK) sponges exhibit a highly interconnected and porous structure, suitable water vapor transmittance, excellent elastic properties, antibacterial behavior, cytocompatibility, and rapid hemostasis. Further, in a rat full-thickness wounds model, the ACK sponge containing 10% KFX (ACK-10) significantly facilitates wound closure compared to the AC group and ACK sponge containing 5% and 15% KFX. Thus, the multifunctional ACK-10 composite sponge has great promise for the application of full-thickness wound healing.

Multifunctional Composite Coatings Based on Photoactive Metal-Oxide Nanopowders (MgO/TiO2) in Hydrophobic Polymer Matrix for Stone Heritage Conservation.

Multifunctional composite coatings composed of metal oxide nanoparticles dispersed in polymer matrices are an advanced solution to solve the problem of stone heritage deterioration. Their innovative design is meant to be stable, durable, transparent, easy to apply and remove, non-toxic, hydrophobic, and permeable. Coating formulations for the protection of buildings and monuments have been intensively researched lately. Such formulations are based on multifunctional composite coatings incorporating metal oxides. The present work aims to combine the hydrophobic properties of sodium polyacrylate (NaPAC16) with the antimicrobial effectiveness, with promising antimicrobial results even in the absence of light, and good compatibility of MgO (a safe to use, low cost and environmentally friendly material) and TiO2 (with antibacterial and antifungal properties), in order to develop coatings for stone materials protection. MgO (pure phase periclase) and TiO2 (pure phase anatase) nanopowders were prepared through sol-gel method, specifically routes. Aqueous dispersions of hydrophobically modified polymer (NaPAC16, polyacrylic acid sodium salt) and MgO/TiO2 nanopowders were deposited through layer-by-layer dip coating technique on glass slides and through immersion on stone fragments closely resembling the mosaic stone from the fourth century AD Roman Mosaic Edifice, from Constanta, Romania. The oxide nanopowders were characterized by: Thermal analysis (TG/DTA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), BET specific surface area and porosity, and UV-Vis spectroscopy for band gap determination. An aqueous dispersion of modified polyacrylate polymer and oxide nanopowders was deposited on different substrates (glass slides, red bricks, gypsum mortars). Film hydrophobicity was verified by contact angle measurements. The colour parameters were evaluated. Photocatalytic and antimicrobial activity of the powders and composite coatings were tested.

Elucidation of Conduction Mechanism in Graphene Nanoplatelets (GNPs)/Cement Composite Using Dielectric Spectroscopy.

Understanding the mechanisms that govern the conductive properties of multifunctional cement-materials is fundamental for the development of the new applications proposed to enhance the energy efficiency, safety and structural properties of smart buildings and infrastructures. Many fillers have been suggested to increase the electrical conduction in concretes; however, the processes involved are still not entirely known. In the present work, we investigated the effect of graphene nanoplatelets (1 wt% on the electrical properties of cement composites (OPC/GNPs). We found a decrease of the bulk resistivity in the composite associated to the enhancement of the charge transport properties in the sample. Moreover, the study of the dielectric properties suggests that the main contribution to conduction is given by water diffusion through the porous network resulting in ion conductivity. Finally, the results support that the increase of direct current in OPC/GNPs is due to pore refinement induced by graphene nanoplatelets.

A Colorimetric Immunoassay Based on Coordination Polymer Composite for the Detection of Carcinoembryonic Antigen.

Coordination polymers (CPs) as fascinating materials have been explored in a number of fields due to their diverse properties. In this work, we demonstrate the feasibility of CPs in the facile fabrication of multifunctional composites for establishing an immunoassay. To this end, a zinc(II)-based CP (ZnCP) with adenine as a bridge ligand was employed to integrate with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and anticarcinoembryonic antigen (anti-CEA) antibody, which produces ALP/anti-CEA@ZnCPs. Benefiting from the adaptive inclusion property of ZnCPs, the integrated ALP and anti-CEA can maintain their original catalytic activity and capture ability to target antigen, respectively. This allows the ALP/anti-CEA@ZnCPs to be a detection antibody for performing an immunoassay. Meanwhile, ZnCP as a host can effectively protect the loaded ALP and anti-CEA against harsh environments. On this basis, by using iron(II)-phenanthroline complex as a signal amplifier, a colorimetric immunoassay for CEA detection was developed, and a low detection limit of 21.1 pg/mL has been achieved. This immunoassay was successfully applied to determine CEA levels in serum samples with good recovery and precision. We believe that this study can not only provide a new method for CEA detection but also open up a new way for the rational design and fabrication of multifunctional composites.

Non-Isothermal Crystallization Behavior of PEEK/Graphene Nanoplatelets Composites from Melt and Glass States.

The effect of the graphene nanoplateletets (GNP), at concentration of 1, 5 and 10 wt %, in Poly ether ether ketone (PEEK) composite crystallization from melt and during cold crystallization were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and real time X-ray diffraction experiments. DSC results revealed a double effect of GNP: (a) nucleating effect crystallization from melt started at higher temperatures and (b) longer global crystallization time due to the restriction in the polymer chain mobility. This hindered mobility were proved by rheological behavior of nanocomposites, because to the increase of complex viscosity, G', G″ with the GNP content, as well as the non-Newtonian behavior found in composites with high GNP content. Finally, real time wide and small angle synchrotron X-ray radiation (WAXS/SAXS) X-ray measurements showed that GNP has not affected the orthorhombic phase of PEEK nor the evolution of the crystal phase during the crystallization processes. However, the correlation length of the crystal obtained by WAXS and the long period (L) by SAXS varied depending on the GNP content.